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Shirdel Z, Fekrirad Z. Efflux Pump Inhibitor Potentiates the Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2024; 42:314-320. [PMID: 38536111 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2023.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Acinetobacter baumannii, a nosocomial pathogen, poses a major public health problem due to generating resistance to several antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (APDI) employs a nontoxic dye as a photosensitizer (PS) and light to produce reactive oxygen species that destroy bacterial cells. The intracellular concentration of PS could be affected by factors such as the function of efflux pumps to emit PS from the cytosol. Objective: To evaluate the augmentation effect of an efflux pump inhibitor, verapamil, three multidrug-resistant A. baumannii were subjected to APDI by erythrosine B (EB). Methods and results: The combination of EB and verapamil along with irradiation at 530 nm induced a lethal effect and more than 3 log colony-forming unit reduction to all A. baumannii strains in planktonic state. In contrast, EB and irradiation alone could produce only a sublethal effect on two of the strains. Conclusions: These data suggest that verapamil increases the intracellular concentration of EB, which potentiates the lethal efficacy of APDI. Verapamil could be applied with EB and green light to improve their antimicrobial efficacy against A. baumannii-localized infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shirdel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Fekrirad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Zdubek A, Maliszewska I. On the Possibility of Using 5-Aminolevulinic Acid in the Light-Induced Destruction of Microorganisms. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3590. [PMID: 38612403 PMCID: PMC11011456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) is a method that specifically kills target cells by combining a photosensitizer and irradiation with light at the appropriate wavelength. The natural amino acid, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), is the precursor of endogenous porphyrins in the heme biosynthesis pathway. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms of 5-ALA synthesis in biological hosts. The effectiveness of 5-ALA-aPDI in destroying various groups of pathogens (viruses, fungi, yeasts, parasites) was presented, but greater attention was focused on the antibacterial activity of this technique. Finally, the clinical applications of 5-ALA in therapies using 5-ALA and visible light (treatment of ulcers and disinfection of dental canals) were described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irena Maliszewska
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
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He L, Yang S, Xuan W, Zhen X, Qi Q, Qi Y, Li Q, Du M, Hamblin MR, Huang L. Phenylalanine-Arginine-β-Naphthylamide Enhances the Photobactericidal Effect of Methylene Blue on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2023; 41:569-575. [PMID: 37870413 PMCID: PMC10615054 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2023.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effectiveness, dosing sequence, concentration, and mechanism of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) using methylene blue (MB) plus phenylalanine-arginine-β-naphthylamide (PAβN) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: P. aeruginosa bacterial suspension was incubated with MB for different times (5-240 min), and then, 10 J/cm2 red light was irradiated. The efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) PAβN (10-100 μg/mL) was combined with MB (1-20 μM) in different sequences (PAβN-first, PAβN+MB, PAβN-after). Colony-forming units were then determined by serial dilution. Results: Using MB 10 μM plus 10 J/cm2, the killing effect of MB-aPDI on P. aeruginosa increased first and then decreased with longer incubation time. The killing effect of MB+PAβN-aPDI on P. aeruginosa was better than that of MB-aPDI (p < 0.05) by up to 2 logs. PAβN-first had the best killing effect, whereas PAβN-after had the worst killing effect. The killing effect increased with PAβN concentration and at 100 μg/mL reached 5.1 logs. Conclusions: The EPI PAβN enhanced the bactericidal effect of MB-aPDI on P. aeruginosa, especially when added before MB. It is proposed that MB is a substrate of the resistance-nodulation-division family efflux pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shanlin Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Weijun Xuan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangxi International Zhuang Medical Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiumei Zhen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yongqi Qi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qingxiang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Meixia Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg–Doornfontein Campus, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Xu J, Yao H, Li Y, Liao Q, Wan X, Liu L, Ma X, Tao H, Wang HL, Xu Y. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation as an alternative approach to inhibit the growth of Cronobacter sakazakii by fine-tuning the activity of CpxRA two-component system. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1063425. [PMID: 36733775 PMCID: PMC9886882 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1063425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen primarily found in powdered infant formula (PIF). To date, it remains challenging to control the growth of this ubiquitous bacterium. Herein, antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) was first employed to inactivate C. sakazakii. Through 460 nm light irradiation coupled with hypocrellin B, the survival rate of C. sakazakii was diminished by 3~4 log. The photokilling effect was mediated by the attenuated membrane integrity, as evidenced by PI staining. Besides, scanning electron microscopy showed the deformed and aggregated cell cluster, and intracellular ROS was augmented by 2~3 folds when light doses increase. In addition to planktonic cells, the biofilm formation of C. sakazakii was also affected, showing an OD590nm decline from 0.85 to 0.25. In terms of molecular aspects, a two-component system called CpxRA, along with their target genes, was deregulated during illumination. Using the knock-out strain of ΔCpxA, the bacterial viability was reduced by 2 log under aPDI, a wider gap than the wildtype strain. Based on the promoted expression of CpxR and OmpC, aPDI is likely to play its part through attenuating the function of CpxRA-OmpC pathway. Finally, the aPDI system was applied to PIF, and C. sakazakii was inactivated under various desiccated or heated storage conditions. Collectively, aPDI serves as an alternative approach to decontaminate C. sakazakii, providing a new strategy to reduce the health risks caused by this prevalent foodborne pathogen.
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Hohlfeld BF, Gitter B, Kingsbury CJ, Flanagan KJ, Steen D, Wieland GD, Kulak N, Senge MO, Wiehe A. Dipyrrinato-Iridium(III) Complexes for Application in Photodynamic Therapy and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation. Chemistry 2021; 27:6440-6459. [PMID: 33236800 PMCID: PMC8248005 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The generation of bio-targetable photosensitizers is of utmost importance to the emerging field of photodynamic therapy and antimicrobial (photo-)therapy. A synthetic strategy is presented in which chelating dipyrrin moieties are used to enhance the known photoactivity of iridium(III) metal complexes. Formed complexes can thus be functionalized in a facile manner with a range of targeting groups at their chemically active reaction sites. Dipyrrins with N- and O-substituents afforded (dipy)iridium(III) complexes via complexation with the respective Cp*-iridium(III) and ppy-iridium(III) precursors (dipy=dipyrrinato, Cp*=pentamethyl-η5 -cyclopentadienyl, ppy=2-phenylpyridyl). Similarly, electron-deficient [IrIII (dipy)(ppy)2 ] complexes could be used for post-functionalization, forming alkenyl, alkynyl and glyco-appended iridium(III) complexes. The phototoxic activity of these complexes has been assessed in cellular and bacterial assays with and without light; the [IrIII (Cl)(Cp*)(dipy)] complexes and the glyco-substituted iridium(III) complexes showing particular promise as photomedicine candidates. Representative crystal structures of the complexes are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F. Hohlfeld
- Institut für Chemie u. BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
- biolitec research GmbHOtto-Schott-Str. 1507745JenaGermany
| | | | - Christopher J. Kingsbury
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine InstituteTrinity Centre for Health SciencesTrinity College Dublin, The University of DublinSt James's HospitalDublin8Ireland
| | - Keith J. Flanagan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine InstituteTrinity Centre for Health SciencesTrinity College Dublin, The University of DublinSt James's HospitalDublin8Ireland
| | - Dorika Steen
- biolitec research GmbHOtto-Schott-Str. 1507745JenaGermany
| | | | - Nora Kulak
- Institut für Chemie u. BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
- Institut für ChemieOtto-von-Guericke-Universität MagdeburgUniversitätsplatz 239106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine InstituteTrinity Centre for Health SciencesTrinity College Dublin, The University of DublinSt James's HospitalDublin8Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS)Technical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
| | - Arno Wiehe
- Institut für Chemie u. BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
- biolitec research GmbHOtto-Schott-Str. 1507745JenaGermany
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Rapacka-Zdonczyk A, Wozniak A, Nakonieczna J, Grinholc M. Development of Antimicrobial Phototreatment Tolerance: Why the Methodology Matters. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2224. [PMID: 33672375 PMCID: PMC7926562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to rapidly growing antimicrobial resistance, there is an urgent need to develop alternative, non-antibiotic strategies. Recently, numerous light-based approaches, demonstrating killing efficacy regardless of microbial drug resistance, have gained wide attention and are considered some of the most promising antimicrobial modalities. These light-based therapies include five treatments for which high bactericidal activity was demonstrated using numerous in vitro and in vivo studies: antimicrobial blue light (aBL), antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI), pulsed light (PL), cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), and ultraviolet (UV) light. Based on their multitarget activity leading to deleterious effects to numerous cell structures-i.e., cell envelopes, proteins, lipids, and genetic material-light-based treatments are considered to have a low risk for the development of tolerance and/or resistance. Nevertheless, the most recent studies indicate that repetitive sublethal phototreatment may provoke tolerance development, but there is no standard methodology for the proper evaluation of this phenomenon. The statement concerning the lack of development of resistance to these modalities seem to be justified; however, the most significant motivation for this review paper was to critically discuss existing dogma concerning the lack of tolerance development, indicating that its assessment is more complex and requires better terminology and methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rapacka-Zdonczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (A.R.-Z.); (A.W.); (J.N.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, The Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Wozniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (A.R.-Z.); (A.W.); (J.N.)
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (A.R.-Z.); (A.W.); (J.N.)
| | - Mariusz Grinholc
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (A.R.-Z.); (A.W.); (J.N.)
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7
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Parasuraman P, R Y T, Shaji C, Sharan A, Bahkali AH, Al-Harthi HF, Syed A, Anju VT, Dyavaiah M, Siddhardha B. Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Decorated with Methylene Blue Potentiated the Photodynamic Inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E709. [PMID: 32751176 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of multidrug resistance among microorganisms has directed a mandate towards a hunt for the development of alternative therapeutic modalities. In this context, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is sprouted as a novel strategy to mitigate biofilms and planktonic cells of pathogens. Nanoparticles (NPs) are reported with unique intrinsic and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, silver NPs (AgNPs) were investigated in this study to determine their ability to potentiate the aPDT of photosensitizer against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biologically synthesized AgNPs were surface coated with methylene blue (MB) and studied for their aPDT against planktonic cells and biofilms of bacteria. The nano-conjugates (MB-AgNPs) were characterized for their size, shape and coated materials. MB-AgNPs showed significant phototoxicity against both forms of test bacteria and no toxicity was observed in the dark. Moreover, activity of MB-AgNPs was comparatively higher than that of the free MB, which concludes that MB-AgNPs could be an excellent alternative to combat antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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8
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Hamblin MR, Abrahamse H. Oxygen-Independent Antimicrobial Photoinactivation: Type III Photochemical Mechanism? Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9020053. [PMID: 32023978 PMCID: PMC7168166 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the early work of the 1900s it has been axiomatic that photodynamic action requires the presence of sufficient ambient oxygen. The Type I photochemical pathway involves electron transfer reactions leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals), while the Type II pathway involves energy transfer from the PS (photosensitizer) triplet state, leading to production of reactive singlet oxygen. The purpose of the present review is to highlight the possibility of oxygen-independent photoinactivation leading to the killing of pathogenic bacteria, which may be termed the "Type III photochemical pathway". Psoralens can be photoactivated by ultraviolet A (UVA) light to produce DNA monoadducts and inter-strand cross-links that kill bacteria and may actually be more effective in the absence of oxygen. Tetracyclines can function as light-activated antibiotics, working by a mixture of oxygen-dependent and oxygen independent pathways. Again, covalent adducts may be formed in bacterial ribosomes. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation can be potentiated by addition of several different inorganic salts, and in the case of potassium iodide and sodium azide, bacterial killing can be achieved in the absence of oxygen. The proposed mechanism involves photoinduced electron transfer that produces reactive inorganic radicals. These new approaches might be useful to treat anaerobic infections or infections in hypoxic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa;
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Huang L, Ma L, Xuan W, Zhen X, Zheng H, Chen W, Hamblin MR. Exploration of Copper-Cysteamine Nanoparticles as a New Type of Agents for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2019; 15:2142-2148. [PMID: 31462378 PMCID: PMC6731549 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2019.2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Copper-cysteamine (Cu-Cy) nanoparticles (NPs) are a new type of sensitizers that can be activated by UV light, X-rays, microwaves and ultrasound to produce reactive oxygen species for cancer treatment. Here, for the first time, we explored Cu-Cy NPs for bacteria inactivation by treating gram-positive bacteria (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii), respectively. The results show that Cu-Cy NPs are very effective in killing gram-positive bacteria but are quite limited in killing gram-negative bacteria yet. The major killing mechanism is cell damage by singlet oxygen and Cu-Cy NPs are potential agents for bacteria inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530022, China
| | - Lun Ma
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0059, United States
| | - Weijun Xuan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, First Clinical Medical College and Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Xiumei Zhen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530022, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0059, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0059, United States
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02138, USA
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10
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Abstract
Tetracyclines are well established antibiotics but show phototoxicity as a side effect. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation uses nontoxic dyes combined with harmless light to destroy microbial cells by reactive oxygen species. Tetracyclines (demeclocycline and doxycycline) can act as light-activated antibiotics by binding to bacterial cells and killing them only upon illumination. The remaining tetracyclines can prevent bacterial regrowth after illumination has ceased. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation can be potentiated by potassium iodide. Azide quenched the formation of iodine, but not hydrogen peroxide. Demeclotetracycline (but not doxycycline) iodinated tyrosine after light activation in the presence of potassium iodide. Bacteria are killed by photoactivation of tetracyclines in the absence of oxygen. Since topical tetracyclines are already used clinically, blue light activation may increase the bactericidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard – MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, Gauteng, South Africa
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Xuan W, Huang L, Wang Y, Hu X, Szewczyk G, Huang YY, El-Hussein A, Bommer JC, Nelson ML, Sarna T, Hamblin MR. Amphiphilic tetracationic porphyrins are exceptionally active antimicrobial photosensitizers: In vitro and in vivo studies with the free-base and Pd-chelate. J Biophotonics 2019; 12:e201800318. [PMID: 30667177 PMCID: PMC6646111 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) employs the combination of nontoxic photosensitizing dyes and visible light to kill pathogenic microorganisms regardless of drug-resistance, and can be used to treat localized infections. A meso-substituted tetra-methylpyridinium porphyrin with one methyl group replaced by a C12 alkyl chain (FS111) and its Pd-derivative (FS111-Pd) were synthesized and tested as broad-spectrum antimicrobial photosensitizers when excited by blue light (5 or 10 J/cm2 ). Both compounds showed unprecedented activity, with the superior FS111-Pd giving 3 logs of killing at 1 nM, and eradication at 10 nM for Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. For the Gram-negative Escherichia coli, both compounds produced eradication at 100 nM, while against the fungal yeast Candida albicans, both compounds produced eradication at 500 nM. Both compounds could be categorized as generators of singlet oxygen (ΦΔ = 0.62 for FS111 and 0.71 for FS111-Pd). An in vivo study was carried out using a mouse model of localized infection in a partial thickness skin abrasion caused by bioluminescent Gram-negative uropathogenic E. coli. Both compounds were effective in reducing bioluminescent signal in a dose-dependent manner when excited by blue light (405 nm), but aPDI with FS111-Pd was somewhat superior both during light and in preventing recurrence during the 6 days following PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Xuan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, First Clinical Medical College and Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liyi Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ahmed El-Hussein
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- The National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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12
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Chien CT, Chen YC, Liu YC, Liang SH, Lin HH, Lin CH. The antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation resistance of Candida albicans is modulated by the Hog1 pathway and the Cap1 transcription factor. Med Mycol 2019; 57:618-627. [PMID: 30289464 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most important fungal pathogen afflicting humans, particularly immunocompromised patients. However, currently available antifungal drugs are limited and ineffective against drug-resistant strains. The development of new drugs or alternative therapeutic approaches to control fungal infections is urgent and necessary. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a new promising therapy for eradicating microorganism infections through combining visible light, photosensitizers, and oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although cytoprotective responses induced by photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been well studied in cancer cells, the mechanisms by which C. albicans responds to PDI are largely unknown. In this study, we first demonstrated that PDI induces C. albicans Hog1p activation. Deletion of any of the SSK2, PBS2, and HOG1 genes significantly decreased the survival rate after photochemical reactions, indicating that the Hog1 SAPK pathway is required for tolerance to PDI. Furthermore, the basic leucine zipper transcription factor Cap1 that regulates several downstream antioxidant genes was highly expressed during the response to PDI, and loss of CAP1 also resulted in decreased C. albicans survival rates. This study demonstrates the importance of the Hog1 SAPK and the Cap1 transcription factor, which regulates in resistance to PDI-mediated oxidative stress in C. albicans. Understanding the mechanisms by which C. albicans responds to PDI and consequently scavenges ROS will be very useful for the further development of therapeutics to control fungal infectious diseases, particularly those of the skin and mucosal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ting Chien
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chun Liu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsien-Hen Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Hamblin MR, Abrahamse H. Inorganic Salts and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Mechanistic Conundrums? Molecules 2018; 23:E3190. [PMID: 30514001 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently discovered that the photodynamic action of many different photosensitizers (PSs) can be dramatically potentiated by addition of a solution containing a range of different inorganic salts. Most of these studies have centered around antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation that kills Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in suspension. Addition of non-toxic water-soluble salts during illumination can kill up to six additional logs of bacterial cells (one million-fold improvement). The PSs investigated range from those that undergo mainly Type I photochemical mechanisms (electron transfer to produce superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals), such as phenothiazinium dyes, fullerenes, and titanium dioxide, to those that are mainly Type II (energy transfer to produce singlet oxygen), such as porphyrins, and Rose Bengal. At one extreme of the salts is sodium azide, that quenches singlet oxygen but can produce azide radicals (presumed to be highly reactive) via electron transfer from photoexcited phenothiazinium dyes. Potassium iodide is oxidized to molecular iodine by both Type I and Type II PSs, but may also form reactive iodine species. Potassium bromide is oxidized to hypobromite, but only by titanium dioxide photocatalysis (Type I). Potassium thiocyanate appears to require a mixture of Type I and Type II photochemistry to first produce sulfite, that can then form the sulfur trioxide radical anion. Potassium selenocyanate can react with either Type I or Type II (or indeed with other oxidizing agents) to produce the semi-stable selenocyanogen (SCN)2. Finally, sodium nitrite may react with either Type I or Type II PSs to produce peroxynitrate (again, semi-stable) that can kill bacteria and nitrate tyrosine. Many of these salts (except azide) are non-toxic, and may be clinically applicable.
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Peddinti BST, Scholle F, Ghiladi RA, Spontak RJ. Photodynamic Polymers as Comprehensive Anti-Infective Materials: Staying Ahead of a Growing Global Threat. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:25955-25959. [PMID: 30044089 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To combat the global threat posed by surface-adhering pathogens that are becoming increasingly drug-resistant, we explore the anti-infective efficacy of bulk thermoplastic elastomer films containing ∼1 wt % zinc-tetra(4- N-methylpyridyl)porphine (ZnTMPyP4+), a photoactive antimicrobial that utilizes visible light to generate singlet oxygen. This photodynamic polymer is capable of inactivating five bacterial strains and two viruses with at least 99.89% and 99.95% success, respectively, after exposure to noncoherent light for 60 min. Unlike other anti-infective methodologies commonly requiring oxidizing chemicals, carcinogenic radiation, or toxic nanoparticles, our approach is nonspecific and safe/nontoxic, and sustainably relies on the availability of just oxygen and visible light.
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15
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Hamblin MR, Abrahamse H. Can light-based approaches overcome antimicrobial resistance? Drug Dev Res 2018; 80:48-67. [PMID: 30070718 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The relentless rise of antibiotic resistance is considered one of the most serious problems facing mankind. This mini-review will cover three cutting-edge approaches that use light-based techniques to kill antibiotic-resistant microbial species, and treat localized infections. First, we will discuss antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation using rationally designed photosensitizes combined with visible light, with the added possibility of strong potentiation by inorganic salts such as potassium iodide. Second, the use of blue and violet light alone that activates endogenous photoactive porphyrins within the microbial cells. Third, it is used for "safe UVC" at wavelengths between 200 nm and 230 nm that can kill microbial cells without damaging host mammalian cells. We have gained evidence that all these approaches can kill multidrug resistant bacteria in vitro, and they do not induce themselves any resistance, and moreover can treat animal models of localized infections caused by resistant species that can be monitored by noninvasive bioluminescence imaging. Light-based antimicrobial approaches are becoming a growing translational part of anti-infective treatments in the current age of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
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16
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Huang L, Xuan W, Zadlo A, Kozinska A, Sarna T, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation is potentiated by the addition of selenocyanate: Possible involvement of selenocyanogen? J Biophotonics 2018; 11:e201800029. [PMID: 29488327 PMCID: PMC6105409 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria mediated by the phenothiazinium dye, methylene blue (MB), was potentiated by the addition of potassium thiocyanate (10 mM). The mechanism was suggested to involve a singlet oxygen-mediated reaction with SCN to form sulfite and cyanide and then to produce sulfur trioxide radical anion. We now report that potassium selenocyanate (concentrations up to 100 mM) can also potentiate (up to 6 logs of killing) aPDI mediated by a number of different photosensitizers (PS): MB, rose bengal and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin dihydrochloride (as low as 200 nM). When a mixture of selenocyanate with these PS in solution was illuminated and then bacteria were added after the light, there was up to 6 logs of killing (Gram-negative > Gram-positive) but the antibacterial species decayed rapidly (by 20 minutes). Our hypothesis to explain this antibacterial activity is the formation of selenocyanogen (SeCN)2 by reaction with singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) as shown by quenching of 1 O2 by SeCN and increased photoconsumption of oxygen. The fact that lead tetraacetate reacted with SeCN (literature preparation of (SeCN)2 ) also produced a short-lived antibacterial species supports this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weijun Xuan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, First Clinical Medical College and Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Andrzej Zadlo
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kozinska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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17
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Huang L, Wang M, Huang YY, El-Hussein A, Wolf LM, Chiang LY, Hamblin MR. Progressive cationic functionalization of chlorin derivatives for antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation and related vancomycin conjugates. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:638-651. [PMID: 29701222 PMCID: PMC5955822 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00389g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
It is known that multiple cationic charges are required to produce broad-spectrum antimicrobial photosensitizers (PS) for photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) or photodynamic therapy of bacteria and fungi. In the present study we describe the synthesis and aPDI testing of a set of derivatives prepared from the parent pheophytin molecule with different numbers of attached side arms (1-3) each consisting of five quaternized cationic groups (pentacationic), producing the corresponding [Zn2+]pheophorbide-a-N(C2N+C1C3)5 (Zn-Phe-N5+, 5 charges), [Zn2+]chlorin e6-[N(C2N+C1C3)5]2 (Zn-Chl-N10+, 10 charges) and [Zn2+]mesochlorin e6-[N(C2N+C1C3)5]3 (Zn-mChl-N15+, 15 charges). Moreover, a conjugate between Zn-Phe-N5+ and the antibiotic vancomycin called Van-[Zn2+]-m-pheophorbide-N(C2N+C1C3)5 (Van-Zn-mPhe-N5+) was also prepared. The aPDI activities of all compounds were based on Type-II photochemistry (1O2 generation). We tested these compounds against Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Gram-negative Escherichia coli, and the fungal yeast Candida albicans. All three compounds were highly active against MRSA, giving eradication (≥6 logs of killing) with <1.0 μM and 10 J cm-2 of 415 nm light. The order of activity was Zn-Phe-N5+ > Zn-Chl-N10+ > Zn-mChl-N15+. In the case of E coli the activity was much lower (eradication was only possible with 50 μM Zn-mChl-N15+ and 20 J cm-2). The order of activity was the reverse of that found with MRSA (Zn-mChl-N15+ > Zn-Chl-N10+ > Zn-Phe-N5+). Activity against C. albicans was similar to E. coli with Zn-mChl-N15+ giving eradication. The activity of Van-Zn-mPhe-N5+ was generally lower than that of Zn-Phe-N5+ (except for E. coli). Red (660 nm) light was also effective as might be expected from the absorption spectra. An initial finding that Van-Zn-mPhe-N5+ might have higher activity against vancomycin resistant Enterococcus fecium (VRE) strains (compared to vancomycin sensitive strains) was disproved when it was found that VRE strains were also more sensitive to aPDI with Zn-Phe-N5+. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of Van-Zn-mPhe-N5+ were higher than those of Van alone, showing that the antibiotic properties of the Van moiety were lessened in the conjugate. In conclusion, Zn-Phe-N5+ is a highly active PS against Gram-positive species and deserves further testing. Increasing the number of cationic charges increased aPDI efficacy on C. albicans and Gram-negative E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA.
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ahmed El-Hussein
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA and The National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science (NILES), Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Lawrence M Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA.
| | - Long Y Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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18
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Wozniak A, Grinholc M. Combined Antimicrobial Activity of Photodynamic Inactivation and Antimicrobials-State of the Art. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:930. [PMID: 29867839 PMCID: PMC5952179 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) is a promising tool for the eradication of life-threatening pathogens with different profiles of resistance. This study presents the state-of-the-art published studies that have been dedicated to analyzing the bactericidal effects of combining aPDI and routinely applied antibiotics in in vitro (using biofilm and planktonic cultures) and in vivo experiments. Furthermore, the current paper reviews the methodology used to obtain the published data that describes the synergy between these antimicrobial approaches. The authors are convinced that even though the combined efficacy of aPDI and antimicrobials could be investigated with the wide range of methods, the use of a unified experimental methodology that is in agreement with antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is required to investigate possible synergistic cooperation between aPDI and antimicrobials. Conclusions concerning the possible synergistic activity between the two treatments can be drawn only when appropriate assays are employed. It must be noticed that some of the described papers were just aimed at determination if combined treatments exert enhanced antibacterial outcome, without following the standard methodology to evaluate the synergistic effect, but in most of them (18 out of 27) authors indicated the existence of synergy between described antibacterial approaches. In general, the increase in bacterial inactivation was observed when both therapies were used in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Wozniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Grinholc
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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19
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Rineh A, Dolla NK, Ball AR, Magana M, Bremner JB, Hamblin MR, Tegos GP, Kelso MJ. Attaching the NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitor INF55 to Methylene Blue Enhances Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Vitro and in Vivo. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:756-766. [PMID: 28799332 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) uses photosensitizers (PSs) and harmless visible light to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and kill microbes. Multidrug efflux systems can moderate the phototoxic effects of PSs by expelling the compounds from cells. We hypothesized that increasing intracellular concentrations of PSs by inhibiting efflux with a covalently attached efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) would enhance bacterial cell phototoxicity and reduce exposure of neighboring host cells to damaging ROS. In this study, we tested the hypothesis by linking NorA EPIs to methylene blue (MB) and examining the photoantimicrobial activity of the EPI-MB hybrids against the human pathogen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Photochemical/photophysical and in vitro microbiological evaluation of 16 hybrids carrying four different NorA EPIs attached to MB via four linker types identified INF55-(Ac)en-MB 12 as a lead. Compound 12 showed increased uptake into S. aureus cells and enhanced aPDI activity and wound healing effects (relative to MB) in a murine model of an abrasion wound infected by MRSA. The study supports a new approach for treating localized multidrug-resistant MRSA infections and paves the way for wider exploration of the EPI-PS hybrid strategy in aPDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardeshir Rineh
- Illawarra Health
and Medical Research Institute and School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Naveen K. Dolla
- Illawarra Health
and Medical Research Institute and School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | | | - Maria Magana
- Department
of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Athens 115 28, Greece
| | - John B. Bremner
- Illawarra Health
and Medical Research Institute and School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department
of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | | | - Michael J. Kelso
- Illawarra Health
and Medical Research Institute and School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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20
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Wen X, Zhang X, Szewczyk G, El-Hussein A, Huang YY, Sarna T, Hamblin MR. Potassium Iodide Potentiates Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation Mediated by Rose Bengal in In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e00467-17. [PMID: 28438946 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00467-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rose bengal (RB) is a halogenated xanthene dye that has been used to mediate antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation for several years. While RB is highly active against Gram-positive bacteria, it is largely inactive in killing Gram-negative bacteria. We have discovered that addition of the nontoxic salt potassium iodide (100 mM) potentiates green light (540-nm)-mediated killing by up to 6 extra logs with the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the Gram-positive bacterium methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and the fungal yeast Candida albicans The mechanism is proposed to be singlet oxygen addition to iodide anion to form peroxyiodide, which decomposes into radicals and, finally, forms hydrogen peroxide and molecular iodine. The effects of these different bactericidal species can be teased apart by comparing the levels of killing achieved in three different scenarios: (i) cells, RB, and KI are mixed together and then illuminated with green light; (ii) cells and RB are centrifuged, and then KI is added and the mixture is illuminated with green light; and (iii) RB and KI are illuminated with green light, and then cells are added after illumination with the light. We also showed that KI could potentiate RB photodynamic therapy in a mouse model of skin abrasions infected with bioluminescent P. aeruginosa.
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Abstract
It is known that noncationic porphyrins such as Photofrin (PF) are effective in mediating antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) of Gram-positive bacteria or fungi. However, the aPDI activity of PF against Gram-negative bacteria is accepted to be extremely low. Here we report that the nontoxic inorganic salt potassium iodide (KI) at a concentration of 100 mM when added to microbial cells (108/mL) + PF (10 μM hematoporphyrin equivalent) + 415 nm light (10 J/cm2) can eradicate (>6 log killing) five different Gram-negative species (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii), whereas no killing was obtained without KI. The mechanism of action appears to be the generation of microbicidal molecular iodine (I2/I3-) as shown by comparable bacterial killing when cells were added to the mixture after completion of illumination and light-dependent generation of iodine as detected by the formation of the starch complex. Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is much more sensitive to aPDI (200-500 nM PF), and in this case potentiation by KI may be mediated mainly by short-lived iodine reactive species. The fungal yeast Candida albicans displayed intermediate sensitivity to PF-aPDI, and killing was also potentiated by KI. The reaction mechanism occurs via singlet oxygen (1O2). KI quenched 1O2 luminescence (1270 nm) at a rate constant of 9.2 × 105 M-1 s-1. Oxygen consumption was increased when PF was illuminated in the presence of KI. Hydrogen peroxide but not superoxide was generated from illuminated PF in the presence of KI. Sodium azide completely inhibited the killing of E. coli with PF/blue light + KI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious
Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China 530021
- Wellman Center
for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry,
Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry,
Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center
for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Harvard−MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Deng X, Tang S, Wu Q, Tian J, Riley WW, Chen Z. Inactivation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by antimicrobial photodynamic technology using methylene blue. J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96:1601-1608. [PMID: 25989459 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading causative pathogen of gastroenteritis often related to contaminated seafood. Photodynamic inactivation has been recently proposed as a strategy for killing cells and viruses. The objective of this study was to verify the bactericidal effects caused by photodynamic inactivation using methylene blue (MB) over V. parahaemolyticus via flow cytometry, agarose gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Vibrio parahaemolyticus counts were determined using the most probable number method. A scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope were employed to intuitively analyze internal and external cell structure. RESULTS Combination of MB and laser treatment significantly inhibited the growth of V. parahaemolyticus. The inactivation rate of V. parahaemolyticus was >99.99% and its counts were reduced by 5 log10 in the presence of 0.05 mg mL(-1) MB when illuminated with visible light (power density 200 mW cm(-2)) for 25 min. All inactivated cells showed morphological changes, leakage of cytoplasm and degradation of protein and DNA. CONCLUSION Results from this study indicated that photodynamic technology using MB produced significant inactivation of V. parahaemolyticus mainly brought about by the degradation of protein and DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Deng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shuze Tang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Juan Tian
- Department of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - William W Riley
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhenqiang Chen
- Department of Photoelectrical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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