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Galinski MR, Lapp SA, Peterson MS, Ay F, Joyner CJ, LE Roch KG, Fonseca LL, Voit EO. Plasmodium knowlesi: a superb in vivo nonhuman primate model of antigenic variation in malaria. Parasitology 2018; 145:85-100. [PMID: 28712361 PMCID: PMC5798396 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antigenic variation in malaria was discovered in Plasmodium knowlesi studies involving longitudinal infections of rhesus macaques (M. mulatta). The variant proteins, known as the P. knowlesi Schizont Infected Cell Agglutination (SICA) antigens and the P. falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 (PfEMP1) antigens, expressed by the SICAvar and var multigene families, respectively, have been studied for over 30 years. Expression of the SICA antigens in P. knowlesi requires a splenic component, and specific antibodies are necessary for variant antigen switch events in vivo. Outstanding questions revolve around the role of the spleen and the mechanisms by which the expression of these variant antigen families are regulated. Importantly, the longitudinal dynamics and molecular mechanisms that govern variant antigen expression can be studied with P. knowlesi infection of its mammalian and vector hosts. Synchronous infections can be initiated with established clones and studied at multi-omic levels, with the benefit of computational tools from systems biology that permit the integration of datasets and the design of explanatory, predictive mathematical models. Here we provide an historical account of this topic, while highlighting the potential for maximizing the use of P. knowlesi - macaque model systems and summarizing exciting new progress in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Galinski
- Emory Vaccine Center,Yerkes National Primate Research Center,Emory University,Atlanta,GA,USA
| | - S A Lapp
- Emory Vaccine Center,Yerkes National Primate Research Center,Emory University,Atlanta,GA,USA
| | - M S Peterson
- Emory Vaccine Center,Yerkes National Primate Research Center,Emory University,Atlanta,GA,USA
| | - F Ay
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology,La Jolla,CA 92037,USA
| | - C J Joyner
- Emory Vaccine Center,Yerkes National Primate Research Center,Emory University,Atlanta,GA,USA
| | - K G LE Roch
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience,Center for Disease and Vector Research,Institute for Integrative Genome Biology,University of California Riverside,CA 92521,USA
| | - L L Fonseca
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University,Atlanta,Georgia,30332-2000,USA
| | - E O Voit
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University,Atlanta,Georgia,30332-2000,USA
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Bauer L, Bassett J, Hövel P, Kyrychko YN, Blyuss KB. Chimera states in multi-strain epidemic models with temporary immunity. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2017; 27:114317. [PMID: 29195311 DOI: 10.1063/1.5008386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate a time-delayed epidemic model for multi-strain diseases with temporary immunity. In the absence of cross-immunity between strains, dynamics of each individual strain exhibit emergence and annihilation of limit cycles due to a Hopf bifurcation of the endemic equilibrium, and a saddle-node bifurcation of limit cycles depending on the time delay associated with duration of temporary immunity. Effects of all-to-all and non-local coupling topologies are systematically investigated by means of numerical simulations, and they suggest that cross-immunity is able to induce a diverse range of complex dynamical behaviors and synchronization patterns, including discrete traveling waves, solitary states, and amplitude chimeras. Interestingly, chimera states are observed for narrower cross-immunity kernels, which can have profound implications for understanding the dynamics of multi-strain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Bauer
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason Bassett
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Hövel
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuliya N Kyrychko
- Department of Mathematics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantin B Blyuss
- Department of Mathematics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
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Global properties of nested network model with application to multi-epitope HIV/CTL dynamics. J Math Biol 2017; 75:1025-1046. [PMID: 28220205 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-017-1102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical modeling and analysis can provide insight on the dynamics of ecosystems which maintain biodiversity in the face of competitive and prey-predator interactions. Of primary interests are the underlying structure and features which stabilize diverse ecological networks. Recently Korytowski and Smith (Theor Ecol 8(1):111-120, 2015) proved that a perfectly nested infection network, along with appropriate life history trade-offs, leads to coexistence and persistence of bacteria-phage communities in a chemostat model. In this article, we generalize their model in order to apply it to the within-host dynamics virus and immune response, in particular HIV and CTL (Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte) cells. Our model can describe sequential viral escape from dominant immune responses and rise in subdominant immune responses, consistent with observed patterns of HIV/CTL evolution. We find a Lyapunov function for the system which leads to rigorous characterization of persistent viral and immune variants, along with informing upon equilibria stability and global dynamics. Results are interpreted in the context of within-host HIV/CTL evolution and numerical simulations are provided.
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Kucharski AJ, Andreasen V, Gog JR. Capturing the dynamics of pathogens with many strains. J Math Biol 2015; 72:1-24. [PMID: 25800537 PMCID: PMC4698306 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-015-0873-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens that consist of multiple antigenic variants are a serious public health concern. These infections, which include dengue virus, influenza and malaria, generate substantial morbidity and mortality. However, there are considerable theoretical challenges involved in modelling such infections. As well as describing the interaction between strains that occurs as a result cross-immunity and evolution, models must balance biological realism with mathematical and computational tractability. Here we review different modelling approaches, and suggest a number of biological problems that are potential candidates for study with these methods. We provide a comprehensive outline of the benefits and disadvantages of available frameworks, and describe what biological information is preserved and lost under different modelling assumptions. We also consider the emergence of new disease strains, and discuss how models of pathogens with multiple strains could be developed further in future. This includes extending the flexibility and biological realism of current approaches, as well as interface with data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Kucharski
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Viggo Andreasen
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Roskilde University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Julia R Gog
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Blyuss KB, Kyrychko YN. Instability of disease-free equilibrium in a model of malaria with immune delay. Math Biosci 2014; 248:54-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Analysis of symmetries in models of multi-strain infections. J Math Biol 2013; 69:1431-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00285-013-0740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Doeschl-Wilson AB, Bishop SC, Kyriazakis I, Villanueva B. Novel methods for quantifying individual host response to infectious pathogens for genetic analyses. Front Genet 2012; 3:266. [PMID: 23413235 PMCID: PMC3571862 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose two novel approaches for describing and quantifying the response of individual hosts to pathogen challenge in terms of infection severity and impact on host performance. The first approach is a direct extension of the methodology for estimating group tolerance (the change in performance with respect to changes in pathogen burden in a host population) to the level of individuals. The second approach aims to capture the dynamic aspects of individual resistance and tolerance over the entire time course of infections. In contrast to the first approach, which provides a means to disentangle host resistance from tolerance, the second approach focuses on the combined effects of both characteristics. Both approaches provide new individual phenotypes for subsequent genetic analyses and come with specific data requirements. In particular, both approaches rely on the availability of repeated performance and pathogen burden measurements of individuals over the time course of one or several episodes of infection. Consideration of individual tolerance also highlights some of the assumptions hidden within the concept of group tolerance, indicating where care needs to be taken in trait definition and measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Doeschl-Wilson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
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Symmetry Breaking in a Model of Antigenic Variation with Immune Delay. Bull Math Biol 2012; 74:2488-509. [DOI: 10.1007/s11538-012-9763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Blyuss KB. The effects of symmetry on the dynamics of antigenic variation. J Math Biol 2012; 66:115-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00285-012-0508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mitchell JL, Carr TW. Synchronous versus asynchronous oscillations for antigenically varying Plasmodium falciparum with host immune response. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2011; 6:333-357. [PMID: 22873594 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2011.582169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We consider a deterministic intra-host model for Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria infection, which accounts for antigenic variation between n clonal variants of PfEMP1 and the corresponding host immune response (IR). Specifically, the model separates the IR into two components, specific and cross-reactive, respectively, in order to demonstrate that the latter can be a mechanism for the sequential appearance of variants observed in actual Pf infections. We show that a strong variant-specific IR relative to the cross-reactive IR favours the asynchronous oscillations (sequential dominance) over the synchronous oscillations in a number of ways. The decay rate of asynchronous oscillations is smaller than that for the synchronous oscillations, allowing for the parasite to survive longer. With the introduction of a delay in the stimulation of the IR, we show that only a small delay is necessary to cause persistent asynchronous oscillations and that a strong variant-specific IR increases the amplitude of the asynchronous oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Mitchell
- Department of Mathematics, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275-0156, USA
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Oscillations in an Intra-host Model of Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria Due to Cross-reactive Immune Response. Bull Math Biol 2009; 72:590-610. [DOI: 10.1007/s11538-009-9462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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