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Kolahgar-Azari S, Kagkoura A, Mamalis D, Blackford JR, Valluri P, Sefiane K, Koutsos V. Semicrystalline Polymer Micro/Nanostructures Formed by Droplet Evaporation of Aqueous Poly(ethylene oxide) Solutions: Effect of Solution Concentration. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:15063-15076. [PMID: 36442152 PMCID: PMC9753751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Deposits formed after evaporation of sessile droplets, containing aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene oxide), on hydrophilic glass substrates were studied experimentally and mathematically as a function of the initial solution concentration. The macrostructure and micro/nanostructures of deposits were studied using stereo microscopy and atomic force microscopy. A model, based on thin-film lubrication theory, was developed to evaluate the deposit macrostructure by estimating the droplet final height. Moreover, the model was extended to evaluate the micro/nanostructure of deposits by estimating the rate of supersaturation development in connection with the driving force of crystallization. Previous studies had only described the macrostructure of poly(ethylene oxide) deposits formed after droplet evaporation, whereas the focus of our study was the deposit micro/nanostructures. Our atomic force microscopy study showed that regions close to the deposit periphery were composed of predominantly semicrystalline micro/nanostructures in the form of out-of-plane lamellae, which require a high driving force of crystallization. However, deposit central areas presented semicrystalline micro/nanostructures in the form of in-plane terraces and spirals, which require a lower driving force of crystallization. Increasing the initial concentration of solutions led to an increase in the lengths and thicknesses of the out-of-plane lamellae at the deposits' periphery and enhanced the tendency to form spirals in the central areas. Our numerical study suggested that the rate of supersaturation development and thus the driving force of crystallization increased from the center toward the periphery of droplets, and the supersaturation rate was lower for solutions with higher initial concentrations at each radius. Therefore, periphery areas of droplets with lower initial concentrations were suitable for the formation of micro/nanostructures which require higher driving forces, whereas central areas of droplets with higher initial concentration were desirable for the formation of micro/nanostructures which require lower driving forces. These numerical results were in good qualitative agreement with the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Kolahgar-Azari
- School
of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, U.K.
| | - Antonia Kagkoura
- School
of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, U.K.
| | - Dimitrios Mamalis
- Offshore
Renewable Energy Catapult, Offshore House, Albert Street, Blyth NE24 1LZ, U.K.
| | - Jane R. Blackford
- School
of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, U.K.
| | - Prashant Valluri
- School
of Engineering, Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, U.K.
| | - Khellil Sefiane
- School
of Engineering, Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, U.K.
| | - Vasileios Koutsos
- School
of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, U.K.
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Zhang D, Ding L, Yang F, Lan F, Cao Y, Xiang M. Effect of annealing on the microvoid formation and evolution during biaxial stretching of β nucleated isotactic polypropylene. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1758136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Investigation on microstructures, melting and crystallization behaviors, mechanical and processing properties of β-isotactic polypropylene /CaCO3 toughening masterbatch composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Palacios JK, Tercjak A, Liu G, Wang D, Zhao J, Hadjichristidis N, Müller AJ. Trilayered Morphology of an ABC Triple Crystalline Triblock Terpolymer. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guoming Liu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dujin Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Mi D, Liu H, Zhang L, Wang T, Zhang X, Zhang J. The Changes of Microstructure and Physical Properties of Isotactic Polypropylene/β Nucleation Agent/Polyolefin Elastomer Induced by Annealing Following Processing. J MACROMOL SCI B 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2015.1087451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Giller C, Gururajan G, Wei J, Zhang W, Hwang W, Chase DB, Rabolt JF, Sita LR. Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrospinning of Architecturally-Discrete Isotactic−Atactic−Isotactic Triblock Stereoblock Polypropene Elastomers. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102134y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Giller
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Giriprasath Gururajan
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, United States
| | - Wonseok Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, United States
| | - D. Bruce Chase
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - John F. Rabolt
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Sita
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, United States
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8
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Li X, Wu H, Han L, Huang T, Wang Y, Bai H, Zhou Z. Annealing induced microstructure and fracture resistance changes in isotactic polypropylene/ethylene-octene copolymer blends with and without β-phase nucleating agent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Subramanian G, Ozisik R. Simultaneous estimation of the phase content and lamellar thickness in isotactic polypropylene by the simulated annealing of wide-angle X-ray scattering data. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Bai H, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Han L, Li Y, Liu L, Zhou Z, Men Y. Influence of Annealing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Isotactic Polypropylene with β-Phase Nucleating Agent. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9001269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Bai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science & Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Erhuan Road, North I, No. 111, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science & Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Erhuan Road, North I, No. 111, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Liang Han
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science & Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Erhuan Road, North I, No. 111, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science & Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Erhuan Road, North I, No. 111, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science & Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Erhuan Road, North I, No. 111, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P. R. China
| | - Zuowan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science & Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Erhuan Road, North I, No. 111, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Men
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, P. R. China
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11
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Lu Q, Dou Q. β-Crystal formation of isotactic polypropylene induced by N, N’-dicyclohexylsuccinamide. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-008-9259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Dou Q, Lu QL, Li HD. Effect of Metallic Salts of Malonic Acid on the Formation of β Crystalline Form in Isotactic Polypropylene. J MACROMOL SCI B 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00222340802216053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Dou
- a Department of Polymer Science, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Technology , Nanjing, China
| | - Qu-Liang Lu
- a Department of Polymer Science, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Technology , Nanjing, China
| | - Huai-Dong Li
- a Department of Polymer Science, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Technology , Nanjing, China
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Dou Q. A Comparison of the Effects of Calcium Glutarate and Pimelate on the Formation of β Crystalline Form in Isotactic Poly(propylene). J MACROMOL SCI B 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00222340701746119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Dou
- a Department of Polymer Science , College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology , Nanjing, P. R. China
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14
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Dou Q, Lu QL. Effect of calcium malonate on the formation ofβcrystalline form in isotactic poly(propylene). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Dou Q. Effect of Metallic Salts of Pimelic Acid and Crystallization Temperatures on the Formation of β Crystalline Form in Isotactic Poly(propylene). J MACROMOL SCI B 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00222340701581334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Dou
- a Department of Polymer Science , College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology , Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Varga J. β-MODIFICATION OF ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE: PREPARATION, STRUCTURE, PROCESSING, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATION. J MACROMOL SCI B 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/mb-120013089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- József Varga
- a Department of Plastics and Rubber Technology , Budapest University of Technology and Economics , P.O. Box 92, Budapest, H-1521, Hungary
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17
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Zhang C, Hu H, Wang X, Yao Y, Dong X, Wang D, Wang Z, Han CC. Formation of cylindrite structures in shear-induced crystallization of isotactic polypropylene at low shear rate. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Dou Q. Effect of the composition ratio of pimelic acid/calcium stearate bicomponent nucleator and crystallization temperature on the production of β crystal form in isotactic polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Kanchanasopa M, Manias E, Runt J. Solid-state microstructure of poly(l-lactide) and l-lactide/meso-lactide random copolymers by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Biomacromolecules 2003; 4:1203-13. [PMID: 12959585 DOI: 10.1021/bm034063w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tapping mode atomic force microscopy was used to investigate the lamellar morphology of poly(l-lactide) and two poly(l-lactide-co-meso-lactide) random copolymers containing 3% and 6% meso-lactide. Samples were isothermally crystallized at selected temperatures, and qualitative and quantitative analyses of lamellar structure were performed using height and phase images. This is the first study of the morphology of polylactide stereocopolymers using a real-space probe, and the important effects of scanning parameters on the acquired images are described. More open spherulites with an abundance of screw dislocations between edge-on lamellar stacks were observed in samples crystallized at higher temperatures. Mean lamellar thicknesses are lower for the random copolymers compared to PLLA, particularly at lower DeltaT, in agreement with the results of our previous small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments. Mean lamellar thicknesses derived from the current real-space examination are in good agreement with those determined previously from SAXS. Internal surfaces-from microtomed specimens-were also studied to investigate the bulk crystal morphology. Although quantitative analysis was not feasible (for reasons discussed in the text), lamellar organization similar to that seen in the surface experiments is observed at high magnifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantana Kanchanasopa
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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21
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Pawlak A, Chapel JP, Piorkowska E. Morphology of iPP spherulites crystallized in a temperature gradient. J Appl Polym Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/app.11269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Li L, Chan CM, Yeung KL, Li JX, Ng KM, Lei Y. Direct Observation of Growth of Lamellae and Spherulites of a Semicrystalline Polymer by AFM. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma000273e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Engineering Materials Facility, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ming Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Engineering Materials Facility, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - King Lun Yeung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Engineering Materials Facility, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Jian-Xiong Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Engineering Materials Facility, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Kai-Mo Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Engineering Materials Facility, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Yuguo Lei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Engineering Materials Facility, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
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