Catalase and PPARgamma2 genotype and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in Koreans

Zerumbone Protects Rats from Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Inhibiting Oxidative Outbursts and Inflammatory Cytokine Levels

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an immunocompromised disorder characterized by a marked increase in the synthesis of inflammatory molecules that stimulates the destruction of bones and cartilage. The conventional treatment modalities for RA are associated with adverse side effects and lack sensitivity, suggesting an immediate demand for alternate beneficial therapeutic remedies. The current study sought to understand more about zerumbone's anti-inflammatory properties in diagnosing collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in experimental animals. The current study observed that zerumbone reduced clinical severity in CIA-induced animals compared to healthy animals. Zerumbone administration significantly decreased (p < 0.001) the concentration of SOD, CAT, GR, and GSH in treatment groups. Zerumbone administration drove down significantly (p < 0.001) the concentration of inflammatory cytokine molecules. Zerumbone was effective in bringing significant changes in levels of MPO, NO, LDH, MMP-8, and ELA. The therapeutic potential of zerumbone was found to be associated with reduced joint destruction and restored normal histology in the cartilage and tissue. Adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity studies were used to determine the druglike properties of zerumbone. ProTox-II studies revealed that zerumbone did not possess toxic properties like hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and cytotoxicity. Therefore, the present study evaluated the therapeutic properties of zerumbone in CIA animal models.

Associations between the phenotype and genotype of MnSOD and catalase in periodontal disease

BACKGROUND

Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease in which pathogenic infections trigger a series of inflammatory responses and redox regulation. The hypothesis of this study was that a host's redox regulation, as modified by genetic polymorphisms, may affect periodontal disease activities (including the plaque index (PlI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and pocket depth (PD)) during periodontal therapy.

METHODS

In total, 175 patients diagnosed with periodontitis were recruited from the Department of Periodontology, Taipei Medical University Hospital. Both saliva samples and clinical measurements (PlI, BOP, and PD) were taken at the baseline and at 1 month after completing treatment. Salivary manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase, and corresponding genetic polymorphisms (MnSOD, T47C, rs4880 and Catalase, C-262 T, rs1001179) were determined. The extent of change (Δ) of MnSOD or catalase was calculated by subtracting the concentration after completing treatment from that at the baseline.

RESULTS

Subjects who carried the Catalase CC genotype had significantly higher salivary MnSOD or catalase levels. The MnSOD genotype had a significant effect on the percentage of PDs of 4~9 mm (p = 0.02), and salivary ΔMnSOD had a significant effect on the PlI (p = 0.03). The Catalase genotype had a significant effect on the PlI (p = 0.01~0.04), but the effect was not found for the mean PlI or PD. There was a significant interaction between the MnSOD genotype and salivary ΔMnSOD on PDs of 4~9 mm. After adjusting for gender, years of schooling, smoking status, and alcohol consumption, subjects with ΔMnSOD of < 0 μg/ml or Δcatalase of < 0 μg/ml had significantly higher 5.58- or 5.17-fold responses to scaling and root planing treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

The MnSOD T47C genotype interferes with the phenotype of salivary antioxidant level, alters MnSOD levels, and influences the PD recovery. MnSOD and catalase gene polymorphism associated with phenotype expression and susceptibility in periodontal root planing treatment responses.

The Pro12Ala polymorphism in the PPAR-γ2 gene is not associated with an increased risk of NAFLD in Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Several studies have demonstrated a significant association between Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-γ2 gene and metabolic disorders. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association of Pro12Ala polymorphism with increased risk of NAFLD in Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was performed on 145 healthy control subjects and 145 NAFLD patients with a history of type 2 diabetes. Pro12Ala polymorphism genotyping was performed using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique with the Bs1I restriction enzyme.

RESULTS

Our results demonstrated that CC and GG genotypes of Pro12Ala were found in the participants, but there was no statistically significant difference between NAFLD patients and healthy controls (P = 0.64 and χ2 = 0.21).

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-γ2 gene cannot be considered as a risk factor for NAFLD in the Iranian population.

Clinical variables and ethnicity may influenced by polymorphism of CAT -262C/T and MnSOD 47C/T antioxidant enzymes in Algerian type1 diabetes without complications

The latest studies in Algeria show that the frequency of type 1 diabetes (T1D) without complications is lower than that with complications and represents a significant burden in terms of cost and treatment. For this reason, we are interested in uncomplicated type1 diabetes and risk factors that are related to polymorphisms of antioxidant enzymes in order to prevent its complications. A total of 260 blood samples of young Algerian adults were examined. The genotypic analysis of Catalase gene (CAT -262C/T, rs1001179) and the superoxide dismutase gene (MnSOD 47C/T, rs4880) was performed by real-time PCR using TaqMan technology. The genotypic distribution of the CAT -262C/T promoter gene's polymorphism showed a significant difference between control and T1D patients for the CC genotype (p = 0.009; OR = 0.30) and for the T allele (p = 0.002; OR = 2.82). In addition, the genotypic distribution of the MnSOD 47C/T gene showed an association with T1D for the CT genotype (p = 0.040; OR = 2.37). Our results revealed that polymorphisms of CAT and MnSOD may be associated with physiopathology causing the onset of T1D. Our data, suggest that the genotypic frequencies of these SNPs appear to be influenced by clinical variables and by the Arab-Berber ethnic origin of the Algerian population.

PPARgamma-2 and ADRB3 polymorphisms in connective tissue diseases and lipid disorders

Background

The aim of the research genetic study was to investigate the association between variants (C1431T and Pro12Ala) of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARgamma-2) gene, Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta-3-adrenergic receptor gene and lipid profile in Polish population including group of 103 patients with connective tissue disease (CTD) and 103 sex-and age-matched controls in context of statin use.

Methods

Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured by routine methods, followed by genotyping (TagMan^® Genotyping Assays, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis). Nearly 30% of CTD patients used statins and 10% of the control group.

Results

Although there were no differences between alleles and genotypes prevalence between CTD vs control groups, interesting lipid-gene associations were noted in this study. A higher level of triglycerides (TAG) and TAG/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratios was observed in CTD patients compared to controls. Similar differences were noted in CTD and control groups without statin treatment. Atherogenic markers: the atherogenic index of plasma, TAG/HDL and low-density lipoprotein/HDL ratio were low in the analyzed groups. Of the six analyzed polymorphisms, the Pro12Pro or C14131C or Trp64Trp genotypes were related to higher TAG and TAG/HDL ratios in patients with CTD; however, the highest TAG values were observed in the presence of the Trp64Trp genotype.

Conclusion

Lipid disorders were present in both groups independent of statin treatment (mixed dyslipidemia and hypercholesterolemia were observed in the CTD and control groups, respectively). The risk of dyslipidemia increases with age. The presence of Pro12Pro, C14131C and Trp64Trp genotypes is related to higher TAG level in CTDs, and of these the Trp64Trp variant most reliably predicts hypertriglyceridemia.

Oxidative Stress and Catalase Gene

We studied the frequency of alleles and genotypes of CAT gene -262C>T polymorphism (rs1001179) in Russian and Buryat adolescents. The frequency of -262T allele was 28.31% in Russians and 16.84% in Buryats (p<0.01). In both ethnic groups, a correlation between the study polymorphism and concentration of diene conjugates was observed. Carriers of TT-genotype of CAT gene-262C>T polymorphism had lower level of diene conjugates than carriers of CT- and CC-genotypes.

Genetic disorders coupled to ROS deficiency

Maintaining the redox balance between generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for health. Disturbances such as continuously elevated ROS levels will result in oxidative stress and development of disease, but likewise, insufficient ROS production will be detrimental to health. Reduced or even complete loss of ROS generation originates mainly from inactivating variants in genes encoding for NADPH oxidase complexes. In particular, deficiency in phagocyte Nox2 oxidase function due to genetic variants (CYBB, CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, NCF4) has been recognized as a direct cause of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), an inherited immune disorder. More recently, additional diseases have been linked to functionally altered variants in genes encoding for other NADPH oxidases, such as for DUOX2/DUOXA2 in congenital hypothyroidism, or for the Nox2 complex, NOX1 and DUOX2 as risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease. A comprehensive overview of novel developments in terms of Nox/Duox-deficiency disorders is presented, combined with insights gained from structure-function studies that will aid in predicting functional defects of clinical variants.

Polymorphism of catalase gene (CAT C-262T) in women with endometriosis

Endometriosis is defined as the presence of ectopic endometrial glands and stroma outside of the uterine cavity. Recent studies have shown that the oxidative stress causes irreparable damage, which leads to oxidative enzymopathies. Catalase gene encodes an antioxidant enzyme, detoxifying hydrogen peroxide to H2O and O2. The aim of this study was to determine whether the polymorphism at position -262 in the promoter region of catalase gene (C-262T), which alters the expression and enzyme blood levels, could have an impact on the risk of endometriosis. Extracted DNA from peripheral blood leucocytes was genotyped using allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR). The χ(2)-test was used for statistical analyses. In endometriosis subjects, the frequencies of the CAT CC/CT/TT were 67.5%, 32.5% and 0%, respectively, while in healthy women, they were 12%, 68% and 20%, respectively. Significant differences in allele and genotype distribution among controls and patients were found (OR, 178.76 95% CI, 10.11-3159.1202; p = 0.0004). This study indicates that catalase C-262T polymorphism is associated with the endometriosis. Randomised multicentre trials with greater sample sizes are still needed to clarify our results.

Oxidative stress-related enzyme polymorphisms associated with the immunological biomarkers levels in heavy drinkers in Taiwan

BACKGROUND

Excessive alcohol intake can result in the oxidative stress in cells and the genetic variations of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes are responsible for the different degrees of toxicity of alcohol in several organs, such as the liver and immunological systems. We hypothesized that the alteration of oxidative stress due to some genetic variations of oxidative stress-related enzymes could result in changes of specific biomarkers, and heavy drinkers could be cautioned about the predictive likelihood to induce drinking-induced diseases.

METHODS

A total of 108 heavy drinkers and 106 nonheavy drinkers were enrolled and the hematological, biochemical, and immunological tests were measured; the genotypes of oxidative stress-related enzymes, including manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD1183T>C), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1Pro198Leu), catalase (CAT-262C>T), and myeloperoxidase (MPO-463G>A), were assayed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).

RESULTS

For the males, the levels of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), malondialdehyde (MDA), CD4(+), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and IL-6 were significantly different between the two groups. Furthermore, there were higher proportions of CD19(+) cells and lower TNF-α levels in heavy drinkers with the MnSOD C carriers, and there were higher percentages of CD19(+) cells and IL-6 levels in heavy drinkers with the combined genotypes of MnSOD C carriers and MPO A carriers.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that heavy drinkers may be cautioned predictive likelihood for them to induce drinking-induced diseases by analyzing their MnSOD genotypes and immunological biomarkers.

Meta-analysis of associations between the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism and susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study was to examine whether a Proline (Pro)-to-Alanine (Ala) exchange at codon 12 (Pro12Ala) polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is associated with susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

METHODS

A meta-analysis was conducted on the association between the PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism and NAFLD, RA, and PsA.

RESULTS

Nine studies, including five on NAFLD, two on RA, and two on PsA, were available for the meta-analysis consisting of 8082 cases and 3790 controls. The meta-analysis revealed no association between the Ala allele of the PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism and NAFLD (odds ratios [OR]=0.936, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.672-1.302, p=0.693). However, stratification by ethnicity indicated an association between the Ala allele and NAFLD in East Asians (OR=0.700, 95% CI=0.496-0.987, p=0.042), but not in Europeans (OR=1.128, 95% CI=0.863-1.475, p=0.378). Analysis using the dominant model showed the same Ala allele pattern in East Asians and Europeans (OR=0.688, 95% CI=0.484-0.978, p=0.037; OR=1.051, 95% CI=0.782-1.413, p=0.742), demonstrating a significant association between the Ala allele and NAFLD in East Asians. The meta-analysis revealed no association between the Ala allele and RA in East Asians (OR=0.467, 95% CI=0.188-1.161, p=0.101), and no association was found between the Ala allele and PsA in Europeans (OR=0.869, 95% CI=0.465-1.627, p=0.662).

CONCLUSIONS

Our meta-analysis demonstrates that the PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to NAFLD in East Asians, but not in European populations.

Human catalase gene polymorphism (CAT C-262T) and risk of male infertility

Infertility is the failure of a couple to engender after endeavouring at least one full year of unprotected intercourse. It has been reported that reactive oxygen species contributed to pathogenesis of various disease. To inactivate ROS cells biosynthesise several antioxidant enzymes, one of them is catalase which contributes H2 O2 to H2 O and O2 . This study set out to delineate the association of catalase C-262T polymorphism with idiopathic male infertility. The study included 195 men with idiopathic infertility and 190 healthy volunteers. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes. Genotype and allele frequencies were determined in patients and controls using allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR). The prevalence of genotype frequencies of the CAT CC/CT/TT was 31.79%, 65.12% and 3.07%, respectively, in infertile subjects, as against 24.73%, 55.26% and 20%, respectively, in healthy volunteers. Statistical analysis has emerged significant difference from the comparison of either genotype (P < 0.05). Taking into accounts of results, the catalase C-262T polymorphism indicates that CAT-262T/T genotype confers less susceptibility to male infertility. Further studies with larger numbers of patients are required for further evaluation and confirmation of our finding.

Human catalase, its polymorphisms, regulation and changes of its activity in different diseases

Catalase (CAT) is a well-studied enzyme that plays an important role in protecting cells against the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide. In human, it has been implicated in different physiological and pathological conditions. This review summarizes the information available on the function and role of CAT polymorphisms in pathogenesis of various pathophysiological states as well as on the regulation of CAT gene expression. Numerous studies have described the CAT polymorphisms and their link with various diseases. Changes in the CAT levels were reported in many different diseases and polymorphisms in the CAT gene were shown to be associated with different pathophysiological states, e.g. hypertension, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, asthma, bone metabolism or vitiligo. Regulation of the CAT gene expression plays an important role in the levels of CAT. The catalase gene expression is regulated by various mechanisms involving e.g. peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), p53 protein and hypermethylation of CpG islands in the catalase promoter. Transcription of the CAT gene is mainly influenced by the -262 C/T and -844 A/G polymorphisms. A common polymorphism -262 C/T in the promoter region has been found to be associated with altered CAT activities. Apart from genetic factors, the activities of CAT may be affected by age, seasonal variations, physical activity, or a number of chemical compounds. Future investigations are necessary to elucidate the role of CAT in pathogenesis of oxidative stress-related diseases.

Association of Pro12Ala (rs1801282) variant of PPAR gamma with rheumatoid arthritis in a Pakistani population

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) belongs to a receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors, encoded by PPARG gene. Role of PPARγ has been well established in variety of metabolic disorders and in regulation of inflammation. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the association of PPARG (Pro12Ala; rs1801282) in clinically definite Pakistani Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients and matching controls. The genotypes of the Pro12Ala variant in the PPARG were determined in a sample of 300 Pakistanis, including 150 RA cases and 150 controls. The genotyping was performed using Amplification Refractory Mutation System-Polymerase Chain Reaction (ARMS-PCR) method, and the data was analyzed through Graphpad Prism 5 V software. Allele-specific primer set (two forward: PPARG-F1, PPARG-F2 and a common reverse primer: PPARG-R) was used for amplification, and the product was resolved on 2 % agarose gel. The CC (ProPro) genotype has higher frequency in controls than RA cases [75 (50.0 %) vs. 51 (34.0 %)], whereas the CG (ProAla) genotype has relatively same frequencies in both cases and controls [72 (48.0 %) vs. 70 (46.6 %)]. However, significantly higher frequency of GG (AlaAla) genotype was observed in cases [27 (18.0 %) vs. 5 (3.3 %); χ2 18.54; p < 0.0001]. Furthermore, the minor allele G has significantly higher allele frequency in cases having same trend and direction of association (OR 1.991(1.412-2.808); p < 0.0001). These observations suggest that Pro12Ala (rs1801282), a coding variant in the PPARG gene, is associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Pakistanis.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is among the most prevalent chronic human health disorders and the most common form of arthritis. It is a leading cause of disability in developed countries. This disease is characterized by cartilage deterioration, synovitis, and remodeling of the subchondral bone. There is not yet a satisfactory treatment to stop or arrest this disease process. Although several candidates for therapeutic approaches have been put forward, recent studies suggest that activation of the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is an interesting target for this disease. PPARγ is a ligand-activated transcription factor and member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Agonists of PPARγ inhibit inflammation and reduce synthesis of cartilage degradation products both in vitro and in vivo, and reduce the development/progression of cartilage lesions in OA animal models. This review will highlight the recent experimental studies on the presence of PPARγ in articular tissues and its effect on inflammatory and catabolic responses in chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts, as well as the protective effects of PPARγ ligands in arthritis experimental models. Finally, the role of PPARγ polymorphism in the pathogenesis of OA and related musculoskeletal diseases will also be discussed.

CAT C-262T and GPX1 Pro198Leu polymorphisms in a Turkish population

Oxidative stress is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of considerable number of complex diseases. The antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) are important components of cell defense against oxidative stress, and polymorphisms in the genes which regulate their expression may contribute to differences in susceptibility of individuals to oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of CAT C-262T and GPX1 Pro198Leu genotypic variants in a Turkish population. Genotyping analyses of CAT and GPX1 were conducted in 250 unrelated, healthy volunteers by the PCR-RFLP assay. The allele frequencies were 0.784 (C) and 0.216 (T) for CAT and 0.636 (C) and 0.364 (T) for GPX1 Pro198Leu. The genotype frequencies were 0.632 (CC), 0.304 (CT), and 0.064 (TT) for CAT and 0.416 (CC), 0.44 (CT), and 0.144 (TT) for GPX1 Pro198Leu. The genotype frequencies did not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The results are compared with those of other reported populations. They showed marked ethnic group differences.

The interrelation of glutathione reductase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glucose-6-phosphate in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis, a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial joints, ultimately leading to joint destruction and permanent disability, affecting 1% of the world population. Oxidative stress in rheumatoid inflammation, due to the fact that antioxidant systems are impaired in RA and caused by fee radicals, might have an essential role in etiology of RA. This review includes the interrelation of antioxidants against free radicals in RA patients. There is much evidence that antioxidant team that covers glutathione reductase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glucose-6-phopshate destroy reactive oxygen species and other free radicals through enzymatic as well as nonenzymatic means. The change in relative levels of antioxidants vis-à-vis free radical formation and level could be used as indicators for effective and earlier diagnosis of RA.