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Auanassova A, Yessirkepov M, Zimba O, Ahmed S, Mruthyunjaya P. Diagnostic delays in systemic vasculitides. Rheumatol Int 2024; 44:1003-1011. [PMID: 38587659 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-024-05582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Systemic vasculitides are among the less common disorders encountered in routine rheumatology practice. The low incidence and heterogeneous presentation at onset can potentially lead to delayed diagnosis. Not recognizing these in the early phase may prove detrimental, as some vasculitis may progress to a catastrophic course with major morbidity or mortality. The causes of diagnostic delay may vary among different types of vasculitis and may also be disease-, patient-, or physician-related. Disease-related factors include the myriad presentations with diverse and non-specific symptoms, mimicking other conditions like infections. In addition, some forms have prolonged prodromal phases before evident organ damage. Limited awareness among healthcare professionals, particularly outside rheumatology, and a lack of readily available diagnostic tools contribute to missed diagnoses. Delays in seeking care due to non-specific symptoms or lack of access to specialist care can worsen outcomes. The economic burden also increases with delayed diagnosis and damage accrual when the disease remains unrecognized or untreated for prolonged periods. Although the causes of vasculitis are numerous, including secondary causes, in this review, we focus on diagnostic delays in primary vasculitides and suggest potential steps to identify and treat these diseases early. These include educating both healthcare professionals and the public about the signs and symptoms of vasculitis; expanding the rheumatology workforce and facilitating timely referrals; implementing readily available and reliable tests for early detection; and streamlining care and diagnostic pathways. Such measures have the potential to improve the overall outcomes of the disease, with prolonged remission, minimal damage accrual, and improved quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akerke Auanassova
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Marlen Yessirkepov
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
| | - Olena Zimba
- Department of Clinical Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine #2, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, L'viv, Ukraine
| | - Sakir Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Prakashini Mruthyunjaya
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
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Redondo-Rodriguez R, Mena-Vázquez N, Cabezas-Lucena AM, Manrique-Arija S, Mucientes A, Fernández-Nebro A. Systematic Review and Metaanalysis of Worldwide Incidence and Prevalence of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) Associated Vasculitis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092573. [PMID: 35566698 PMCID: PMC9106044 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the worldwide incidence and prevalence of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). Methods: A systematic search of Medline and Embase was conducted until June 2020 for studies that analyzed the incidence and prevalence of patients aged >16 years diagnosed with AAV in different geographical areas. A meta-analysis was undertaken to estimate the pooled incidence per million person-years and prevalence per million persons in AAV overall and for each subtype of AAV: granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). The 95% confidence interval (CI) and I2 for heterogeneity were calculated. Results: The meta-analysis included 25 studies that met the inclusion criteria and covered a total of 4547 patients with AAV. Frequency increased over time. The global pooled incidence (95% CI) was 17.2 per million person-years (13.3−21.6) and the global pooled prevalence (95% CI) was 198.0 per million persons (187.0−210.0). The pooled incidence per million person-years for each AAV subtype varied from highest to lowest, as follows: GPA, 9.0; MPA, 5.9; and EGPA, 1.7. The individual pooled prevalence per million persons was, as follows: GPA, 96.8; MPA, 39.2; and EGPA, 15.6. AAV was more predominant in the northern hemisphere. By continent, a higher incidence in America and pooled prevalence of AAV was observed in America and Europe. Conclusion: The pooled incidence and prevalence of AAV seem to be increasing over time and are higher in the case of GPA. AAV was generally more frequent (incidence and prevalence) in the northern hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Redondo-Rodriguez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC de Reumatología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (R.R.-R.); (A.M.C.-L.); (S.M.-A.); (A.M.); (A.F.-N.)
| | - Natalia Mena-Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC de Reumatología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (R.R.-R.); (A.M.C.-L.); (S.M.-A.); (A.M.); (A.F.-N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alba María Cabezas-Lucena
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC de Reumatología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (R.R.-R.); (A.M.C.-L.); (S.M.-A.); (A.M.); (A.F.-N.)
| | - Sara Manrique-Arija
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC de Reumatología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (R.R.-R.); (A.M.C.-L.); (S.M.-A.); (A.M.); (A.F.-N.)
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29016 Malaga, Spain
| | - Arkaitz Mucientes
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC de Reumatología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (R.R.-R.); (A.M.C.-L.); (S.M.-A.); (A.M.); (A.F.-N.)
| | - Antonio Fernández-Nebro
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC de Reumatología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (R.R.-R.); (A.M.C.-L.); (S.M.-A.); (A.M.); (A.F.-N.)
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29016 Malaga, Spain
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Jeong W, Yun SH, Kim JS. Differential Diagnosis of Churg-Strauss Syndrome with Tingling Sensation and Weakness of the Lower Extremities. Anesth Pain Med 2018; 8:e84179. [PMID: 30719419 PMCID: PMC6347737 DOI: 10.5812/aapm.84179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS; or eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis) is an extremely rare autoimmune condition characterized by hypereosinophilia and vasculitis of small or medium-sized blood vessels, occurring in patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Case Presentation A 47-year-old man (height, 175.8 cm and weight, 74.8 kg) complained of a tingling sensation in his leg. He had a history of hypertension and asthma in the previous two years, and history of sinus surgery for sinusitis in the previous one year. He showed weight loss of 6 kg during the last month, and the signal intensity of the bone marrow on magnetic resonance imaging was diffusively reduced to be less than or equal to the disc. These findings indicated a hematologic disease and the possibility of malignancy. However, a nerve conduction study suggested multiple mononeuropathies. In addition, his laboratory findings showed peripheral eosinophilia and positivity for myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody. Therefore, CSS was strongly suspected. Conclusions Churg-Strauss syndrome is considered to be a condition with variable presentation and is difficult to diagnose because it has various clinical symptoms and disease progression. This study reports on a case with CSS, who underwent nerve biopsy and cholecystectomy for pathological confirmation because of various symptoms, and early diagnosis was difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- WooSeong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
| | - So Hui Yun
- Departement of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
- Corresponding Author: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea. Tel: +82-647171811,
| | - Jin Seok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
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Update on the epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes of systemic vasculitides. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2018; 32:271-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hospital Morbidity Database for Epidemiological Studies on Churg-Strauss Syndrome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 980:19-25. [PMID: 28255916 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Churg-Strauss syndrome or more accurately eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a small-vessel necrotizing vasculitis with a characteristic late-onset allergic rhinitis and asthma. The use of hospital morbidity database is an important element of the epidemiological analysis of this rare disease. The present study was undertaken to assess the incidence of EGPA and factors related to its epidemiology in Poland; the first analysis of the kind in Poland, enabling a comparison in the European context. This is a retrospective, population-based study using hospital discharge records with EGPA diagnosis, collected for a National Institute of Public Health survey covering the period from 2008 to 2013. The group consisted of 344 patients (206 females and 138 males) with the first-time hospitalization for EGPA. The major findings are that the annual incidence of EGPA in Poland was 1.5 per million (95% confidence intervals: 1.2-1.8), with the point prevalence of 8.8 per million at the end of 2013. A greater incidence of EGPA was observed in the regions with urban predominance. We conclude that discharge records may be a useful element of epidemiological studies on EGPA.
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Watts RA, Mahr A, Mohammad AJ, Gatenby P, Basu N, Flores-Suárez LF. Classification, epidemiology and clinical subgrouping of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 30 Suppl 1:i14-22. [PMID: 25805746 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now 25 years since the first European studies on vasculitis--the anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) standardization project. Over that period of time, there have been major developments in the classification of the vasculitides, which has permitted the conduct of high-quality epidemiology studies. Studying the epidemiology of rare diseases such as the ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV) poses considerable challenges to epidemiologists. The first is the need for a clear definition of a case with good differentiation from similar disorders. The second is case capture. The vasculitides are rare, and therefore, a large population is required to determine the incidence and prevalence, and this poses questions of feasibility. A large population increases the risk of incomplete case detection but permits a reasonable number of cases to be collected in a practicable time frame, whereas a smaller population requires a much longer time frame to collect the necessary cases, which may also not be feasible. Statistical methods of capture-recapture analysis enable estimates to be made of the number of missing cases. The third is case ascertainment. The AAV are virtually always managed in secondary care, and therefore, hospital-based case ascertainment may be appropriate. Fourthly, the rarity of the conditions makes prospective case-control studies investigating risk factors difficult to conduct because the population size required to achieve statistical confidence is in excess of that which is readily available. Thus, much of the data on risk factors are derived from retrospective studies with inherent potential bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Watts
- Department of Rheumatology, Ipswich Hospital and Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Alfred Mahr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Saint-Louis, University Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Aladdin J Mohammad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Rheumatology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Vasculitis and Lupus Clinic, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Gatenby
- Department of Immunology, The Canberra Hospital and Medical School Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Neil Basu
- Musculoskeletal Collaboration (Epidemiology Group), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Luis Felipe Flores-Suárez
- Primary Systemic Vasculitides Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
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Baldwin C, Wolter NE, Pagnoux C. Ear, nose, and throat involvement in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3402/acmo.v3.27181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Abstract
The noninfectious, inflammatory vasculitides include giant cell arteritis, Takayasu disease, Churg-Strauss angiitis, Wegener disease, polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, Buerger disease, amyloid-β-related angiitis, and isolated vasculitis of the central nervous system. While these disorders are relatively uncommon, they produce a variety of neurologic diseases including muscle disease, mononeuropathy multiplex, polyneuropathy, cranial nerve palsies, visual loss, seizures, an encephalopathy, venous thrombosis, ischemic stroke, and intracranial hemorrhage. The multisystem vasculitides often have stereotypical clinical findings that reflect disease of the kidney, sinuses, lungs, skin, joints, or cardiovascular system. These disorders also usually have abnormalities found on serologic testing. Isolated vasculitis of the central nervous system is more difficult to diagnose because the clinical and brain imaging findings are relatively nonspecific. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid will demonstrate changes consistent with an inflammatory process. Arteriography often shows areas of segmental narrowing affecting multiple intracranial vessels and brain/meningeal biopsy may be required to establish the diagnosis. Management of patients with a multisystem vasculitis or isolated vasculitis of the central nervous system is centered on the administration of immunosuppressive agents. In many cases, corticosteroids remain the mainstay of medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold P Adams
- Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care Stroke Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Abstract
The pulmonary vasculitides are a rare group of heterogeneous disorders unified by the histopathologic finding of inflammation and destruction of the blood vessel wall. Diagnosis of these disorders is exceptionally challenging, given their highly variable clinical presentation, their relative rarity, and the overlap of the signs and symptoms of vasculitis with much more common entities. However, advances in the management of vasculitis allow for accurate diagnosis, risk stratification in the individual patient, and the implementation of evidence-based, effective pharmacologic therapies. This concise clinical review addresses the diagnosis and management of the patient with pulmonary vasculitis and provides an up-to-date review of the state of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen K Frankel
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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