1
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Li Y, Yu M, Lu M. Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and current management of IL-1 mediated monogenic systemic autoinflammatory diseases, a literature review. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2022; 20:90. [PMID: 36253853 PMCID: PMC9575291 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-022-00728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic autoinflammatory diseases (SAIDs) are hyperinflammatory and immune-dysregulation conditions that present in childhood. This kind of disease is a rare disease with early-onset, severe condition and difficult diagnosis, which seriously affects the growth and development of children. Most children need a genetic diagnosis. However, with the limitation of access to genetic testing and the detection of somatic mutations, the diagnosis of SAIDs remains challenging. IL-1 is one of the important cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of SAIDs. Here we briefly review monogenic SAIDs mediated by aberrant IL-1 production, with the aim to further understand the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatments of IL-1 mediated SAIDs. METHODS Literature reviews were performed using "PubMed" and "Web of Science" by searching for the terms "autoinflammatory diseases" and "IL-1". RESULTS Monogenic SAIDs mediated by IL-1 include MKD, FMF, TRAPS, PAAND, PAPA, CAPS, DIRA, Majeed syndrome, NAIAD, NLRC4-MAS, PFIT, APLAID. Monogenic SAIDs have early onset, various clinical manifestations and difficult diagnosis, so early recognition and early treatment can reduce the complications and enhance the quality of life. CONCLUSIONS There are many kinds of IL-1 mediated SAIDs. Pediatricians should be alert to SAIDs in the face of the patients with repeated fever, repeated rash and poor effect of routine treatment. The patients should be carried out with gene testing and treatment in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandie Li
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Rheumatology Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Heath, NO.57 Zhugan Lane, Yan-an Road, Hangzhou, 310003 China
| | - Meiping Yu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Rheumatology Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Heath, NO.57 Zhugan Lane, Yan-an Road, Hangzhou, 310003 China
| | - Meiping Lu
- Department of Rheumatology Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Heath, NO.57 Zhugan Lane, Yan-an Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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2
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The efficacy and safety of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2022; 20:56. [PMID: 35906690 PMCID: PMC9338460 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-022-00716-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) is a rare autoinflammatory syndrome. Several reports have described allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in severely affected patients, sometimes with promising results. In view of the scarcity of data, this study aims to analyse the efficacy and safety of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) to give a more complete overview of this treatment. METHODS This multicentre retrospective study on behalf of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation aimed to include all MKD patients who had undergone allogeneic HSCT. All centres related to EMBT and centres that have reported cases of allogeneic HSCT in the literature were contacted via the EBMT data office. RESULTS We analyzed 9 patients (5 male). Treosulfan based conditioning was the most frequently used conditioning regimen. Engraftment occurred in all but one patient. Source of stem cells was cord blood (n = 2), peripheral blood stem cells (n = 4) and bone marrow (n = 5). Two patients needed a second transplantation due to an incomplete response or primary graft failure. Seven patients went into complete remission after stem cell transplantation. At final follow-up these patients reported no symptoms of MKD. Four patients suffered from grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). During follow-up two patients died due to transplantation related complications. CONCLUSION In conclusion, allogeneic stem cell transplantation represents an effective treatment for the most severely affected MKD patients. However, treatment-related morbidity and mortality are significant. Transplantation may be justified in patients with a severe disease course on conservative therapy.
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3
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Signa S, Dell’Orso G, Gattorno M, Faraci M. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in systemic autoinflammatory diseases - the first one hundred transplanted patients. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:667-689. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2078704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Signa
- Center for Autoinflammatory diseases and Immunodeficiencies, IRCSS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Dell’Orso
- Hematopoietic stem cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology-Oncology, IRCSS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Gattorno
- Center for Autoinflammatory diseases and Immunodeficiencies, IRCSS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Maura Faraci
- Hematopoietic stem cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology-Oncology, IRCSS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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4
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Kim H, Lee BH, Do HS, Kim GH, Kang S, Koh KN, Im HJ. Case Report: Mevalonic Aciduria Complicated by Acute Myeloid Leukemia After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782780. [PMID: 34950147 PMCID: PMC8691729 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mevalonic aciduria (MA) is the most severe clinical subtype of mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) caused by an inherited defect in the mevalonate pathway. The treatment of MKD focuses on the suppression of recurrent hyperinflammatory attacks using anti-inflammatory drugs. Recently, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) was shown to successfully ameliorate autoinflammatory attacks in patients with MKD. Here, we report a case of an infant who showed severe recurrent systemic inflammation and was diagnosed with MA. Although she responded to steroids, her symptoms relapsed after the dose was tapered, and organ deterioration occurred. Therefore, at the age of 11 months, HCT from a matched, unrelated donor was performed for curative treatment. However, at 50 days after transplantation, acute myeloid leukemia was diagnosed, which was chemo-refractory. A second HCT from her haploidentical father was performed to treat the acute myeloid leukemia, but the patient died of sepsis on day 4 after transplantation. This is the first report of malignancy following HCT for MA. Our findings suggest that normalizing the mevalonate pathway after HCT in patients with MKD impacts patients differently depending on the clinical spectrum and severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyery Kim
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Beom Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Sang Do
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gu-Hwan Kim
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunghan Kang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Nam Koh
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho Joon Im
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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5
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Vinit C, Georgin-Lavialle S, Theodoropoulou A, Barbier C, Belot A, Mejbri M, Pillet P, Pachlopnik J, Poignant S, Rebelle C, Woerner A, Koné-Paut I, Hentgen V. Real-Life Indications of Interleukin-1 Blocking Agents in Hereditary Recurrent Fevers: Data From the JIRcohort and a Literature Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:744780. [PMID: 34858402 PMCID: PMC8632237 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.744780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-1 inhibitors represent the main treatment in patients with colchicine-resistant/intolerant familial Mediterranean fever (crFMF), mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD), and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS). However, the reasons for the use of IL-1 inhibitors in these diseases are still not completely clarified. Objective Identify real-life situations that led to initiating anakinra or canakinumab treatment in hereditary recurrent fevers (HRFs), combining data from an international registry and an up-to-date literature review. Patients and Methods Data were extracted from the JIRcohort, in which clinical information (demographic data, treatment, disease activity, and quality of life) on patients with FMF, MKD, and TRAPS was retrospectively collected. A literature search was conducted using Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Results Complete data of 93 patients with HRF (53.8% FMF, 31.2% MKD, and 15.1% TRAPS) were analyzed. Data from both the registry and the literature review confirmed that the main reasons for use of IL-1 blockers were the following: failure of previous treatment (n = 57, 61.3% and n = 964, 75.3%, respectively), persistence of disease activity with frequent attacks (n = 44, 47.3% and n = 1,023, 79.9%) and/or uncontrolled inflammatory syndrome (n = 46, 49.5% and n = 398, 31.1%), severe disease complication or associated comorbidities (n = 38, 40.9% and n = 390, 30.4%), and worsening of patients' quality of life (n = 36, 38.7% and n = 100, 7,8%). No reasons were specified for 12 (16.4%) JIRcohort patients and 154 (12%) patients in the literature. Conclusion In the absence of standardized indications for IL-1 inhibitors in crFMF, MKD, and TRAPS, these results could serve as a basis for developing a treat-to-target strategy that would help clinicians codify the therapeutic escalation with IL-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Vinit
- General Pediatrics, Versailles Hospital, Versailles, France
- CEREMAIA (French reference center for auto-inflammatory diseases and inflammatory amyloidosis), Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sophie Georgin-Lavialle
- CEREMAIA (French reference center for auto-inflammatory diseases and inflammatory amyloidosis), Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sorbonne University, Tenon Hospital (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Aikaterini Theodoropoulou
- Pediatric Immuno-Rheumatology of Western Switzerland, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Pediatric Immuno-Rheumatology Department, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexandre Belot
- Pediatric Nephrology Rheumatology and Dermatology, CHU Lyon, Lyon, France
- RAISE (Centre de référence des rhumatismes inflammatoires et maladies auto-immunes systémiques de l’enfant), Paris, France
| | - Manel Mejbri
- Pediatric Immuno-Rheumatology of Western Switzerland, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Pediatric Immuno-Rheumatology Department, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Pillet
- Pediatrics and Immunology, CHU Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Woerner
- Pediatric Cardiology and Rheumatology, UKBB Hospital, Bâle, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Koné-Paut
- CEREMAIA (French reference center for auto-inflammatory diseases and inflammatory amyloidosis), Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Pediatric Rheumatology Department, Bicêtre Hospital, APHP, University of Paris Saclay, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Véronique Hentgen
- General Pediatrics, Versailles Hospital, Versailles, France
- CEREMAIA (French reference center for auto-inflammatory diseases and inflammatory amyloidosis), Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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6
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Faraci M, Giardino S, Podestà M, Pierri F, Dell'Orso G, Beccaria A, Neves JF, Volpi S, Gattorno M. Haploidentical α/β T-cell and B-cell depleted stem cell transplantation in severe mevalonate kinase deficiency. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:4850-4854. [PMID: 33410495 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mevalonic aciduria represents the most severe form of mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD). Patients with mevalonic aciduria have an incomplete response even to high doses of anti-cytokine drugs such as anakinra or canakinumab and stem cell transplantation (SCT) represents a possible therapy for this severe disease. METHODS We report the first two children affected by severe MKD who received haploidentical α/β T-cell and B-cell depleted SCT. Both patients received a treosulfan-based conditioning regimen and one received a second haploidentical-SCT for secondary rejection of the first. RESULTS Both patients obtained a stable full donor engraftment with a complete regression of clinical and biochemical inflammatory signs, without acute organ toxicity or acute and chronic GvHD. In both, the urinary excretion of mevalonic acid remained high post-transplant in the absence of any inflammatory signs. CONCLUSION Haploidentical α/β T-cell and B-cell depleted SCT represents a potential curative strategy in patients affected by MKD. The persistence of urinary excretion of mevalonic acid after SCT, probably related to the ubiquitous expression of MVK enzyme, suggests that these patients should be carefully monitored after SCT to exclude MKD clinical recurrence. Prophylaxis with anakinra in the acute phase after transplant could represent a safe and effective approach. Further biological studies are required to clarify the pathophysiology of inflammatory attacks in MKD in order to better define the therapeutic role of SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Faraci
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology-Oncology
| | - Stefano Giardino
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology-Oncology
| | | | - Filomena Pierri
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology-Oncology
| | - Gianluca Dell'Orso
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Hematology-Oncology
| | - Andrea Beccaria
- Hematology Unit, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - João Farela Neves
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Dona Estefânia- CHLC, EPE.,CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Centro Malattie Auto-infiammatorie e Immunodeficienze, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Gattorno
- Centro Malattie Auto-infiammatorie e Immunodeficienze, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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7
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Politiek FA, Waterham HR. Compromised Protein Prenylation as Pathogenic Mechanism in Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency. Front Immunol 2021; 12:724991. [PMID: 34539662 PMCID: PMC8446354 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) is an autoinflammatory metabolic disorder characterized by life-long recurring episodes of fever and inflammation, often without clear cause. MKD is caused by bi-allelic pathogenic variants in the MVK gene, resulting in a decreased activity of the encoded enzyme mevalonate kinase (MK). MK is an essential enzyme in the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, which generates both non-sterol and sterol isoprenoids. The inflammatory symptoms of patients with MKD point to a major role for isoprenoids in the regulation of the innate immune system. In particular a temporary shortage of the non-sterol isoprenoid geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) is increasingly linked with inflammation in MKD. The shortage of GGPP compromises protein prenylation, which is thought to be one of the main causes leading to the inflammatory episodes in MKD. In this review, we discuss current views and the state of knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms in MKD, with particular focus on the role of compromised protein prenylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frouwkje A Politiek
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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8
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Abinun M, Slatter MA. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in paediatric rheumatic disease. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2021; 33:387-397. [PMID: 34261117 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A small proportion of children affected by rheumatic diseases suffer from severe, progressive disease, resistant to conventional antirheumatic therapies and to biologic agents interfering with inflammatory cytokines, costimulatory molecules expressed on immune system cells and intracellular signalling pathways. Adding to the poor prognosis is a high risk from significant morbidity and mortality associated with long-term treatment with multiple, often combined anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents. Carefully selected patients from this unfortunate group may benefit from treatment with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS The majority of patients with severe paediatric rheumatic and autoinflammatory diseases treated with autologous and/or allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation achieved long-term remission. However, the incidence of disease relapse and transplant related morbidity and mortality is still significant. SUMMARY Careful patient and donor selection, timing of the transplant earlier in the course of disease rather than the 'last resort' and choosing the most suitable conditioning regimen for each individual patient are the major factors favouring successful outcome. Close co-operation between the patients, their family, and involved medical teams is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Abinun
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University
| | - Mary A Slatter
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, National Health Service Foundation Trust, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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9
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Shiraki M, Williams E, Yokoyama N, Shinoda K, Nademi Z, Matsumoto K, Nihira H, Honda Y, Izawa K, Nishikomori R, Slatter MA, Cant AJ, Gennery AR, Ohnishi H, Kanegane H. Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Ameliorates Autoinflammation in A20 Haploinsufficiency. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1954-1956. [PMID: 34427832 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuka Shiraki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, , 501-1194, Japan
| | - Eleri Williams
- Children's Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Zohreh Nademi
- Children's Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kana Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nihira
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Honda
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazushi Izawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuta Nishikomori
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mary A Slatter
- Children's Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Andrew J Cant
- Children's Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew R Gennery
- Children's Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ohnishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, , 501-1194, Japan. .,Clinical Genetics Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Kanegane
- Department of Child Health and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Jeyaratnam J, Frenkel J. Management of Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency: A Pediatric Perspective. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1150. [PMID: 32582214 PMCID: PMC7289972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) is an inborn error of metabolism leading to a syndrome characterized by recurrent inflammation. This clinically manifests itself as fever and can be accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms, oral ulcers, cervical lymphadenopathy, and skin rash. Methods: We searched Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane, and CINAHL for relevant articles. All articles were screened by both authors. Relevant articles were included in this review. Results: The interleukin-1 antagonist canakinumab is the only well-studied and effective treatment for MKD patients with 35% of patients reaching complete remission in a large randomized controlled trial. Other therapeutic options include glucocorticoids and the IL-1 antagonist anakinra, although the level of evidence for these treatments is weaker. If patients fail to these treatments, the biologicals etanercept or tocilizumab can be used. Mildly affected patients might benefit from cheaper, less invasive treatments such as paracetamol and NSAIDs. Conclusion: Canakinumab is the only evidence-based treatment for mevalonate kinase deficiency. However, the costs limit availability for many patients. Cheaper and more readily available options include glucocorticoids, anakinra, etanercept, and tocilizumab, although there is limited evidence supporting these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerold Jeyaratnam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Joost Frenkel
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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11
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Szymanski AM, Dávila Saldaña B, Ferreira CR, Loechelt B, Jung L. Mevalonic aciduria: Does stem cell transplant fully cure disease? Pediatr Transplant 2020; 24:e13604. [PMID: 31651069 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
MA is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by episodes of inflammation and periodic fevers. In its most severe form, it can result in facial dysmorphism, growth inhibition, ataxia, liver dysfunction, intellectual disability, and at times can be fatal. A number of case reports exist stating that SCT is curative in these patients. We present the case of a patient diagnosed with MA at birth, who underwent SCT at the age of 14 months with intent to cure. She achieved complete engraftment and urine mevalonate became undetectable. However, 18 months following transplant, she developed frequent episodes of fevers, rashes, arthritis, and a rising urinary mevalonate. She was subsequently diagnosed with relapse. She now requires treatment with steroids and canakinumab to manage her disease. This case is the first report of disease relapse following transplant for MA. It runs contrary to prior reports that SCT is fully curative of MA and suggests that transplant may instead provide a means of decreasing disease severity without entirely eradicating the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marie Szymanski
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Blachy Dávila Saldaña
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carlos R Ferreira
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brett Loechelt
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lawrence Jung
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
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