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Boissinot J, Adamek K, Jones AMP, Normandeau E, Boyle B, Torkamaneh D. Comparative restriction enzyme analysis of methylation (CREAM) reveals methylome variability within a clonal in vitro cannabis population. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1381154. [PMID: 38872884 PMCID: PMC11169872 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1381154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The primary focus of medicinal cannabis research is to ensure the stability of cannabis lines for consistent administration of chemically uniform products to patients. In recent years, tissue culture has emerged as a valuable technique for genetic preservation and rapid multiplication of cannabis clones. However, there is concern that the physical and chemical conditions of the growing media can induce somaclonal variation, potentially impacting the viability and uniformity of clones. To address this concern, we developed Comparative Restriction Enzyme Analysis of Methylation (CREAM), a novel method to assess DNA methylation patterns and used it to study a population of 78 cannabis clones maintained in tissue culture. Through bioinformatics analysis of the methylome, we successfully detected 2,272 polymorphic methylated regions among the clones. Remarkably, our results demonstrated that DNA methylation patterns were preserved across subcultures within the clonal population, allowing us to distinguish between two subsets of clonal lines used in this study. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of the epigenetic variability within clonal lines in medicinal cannabis produced through tissue culture techniques. This knowledge is crucial for understanding the effects of tissue culture on DNA methylation and ensuring the consistency and reliability of medicinal cannabis products with therapeutic properties. Additionally, the CREAM method is a fast and affordable technology to get a first glimpse at methylation in a biological system. It offers a valuable tool for studying epigenetic variation in other plant species, thereby facilitating broader applications in plant biotechnology and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Boissinot
- Département de phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche et d’innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut intelligence et données (IID), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Kristian Adamek
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Eric Normandeau
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Brian Boyle
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Davoud Torkamaneh
- Département de phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche et d’innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut intelligence et données (IID), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Mazurek M, Siekierzyńska A, Piechowiak T, Spinardi A, Litwińczuk W. Comprehensive Analysis of Highbush Blueberry Plants Propagated In Vitro and Conventionally. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:544. [PMID: 38203713 PMCID: PMC10779370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro culture allows the production of numerous plants with both desirable and undesirable traits. To investigate the impact of the propagation method on highbush blueberry plants, an analysis was performed on four groups of differentially propagated plants: in vitro with axillary (TC-Ax) or adventitious shoots (TC-Ad), conventionally (SC) and using a mixed method (TC/SC). The analysis included plant features (shoot length and branching, chlorophyll and fluorescence and DNA methylation) and fruit properties (antioxidant compounds). The data obtained indicated significant differences between plants propagated conventionally and in vitro, as well as variations among plants derived from in vitro cultures with different types of explants. SC plants generally exhibited the lowest values of morphological and physiological parameters but produced fruits richest in antioxidant compounds. TC/SC plants were dominant in length, branching and fluorescence. Conversely, TC-Ax plants produced fruits with the lowest levels of antioxidant compounds. The methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) technique was employed to detect molecular differences. TC-Ad plants showed the highest methylation level, whereas SC plants had the lowest. The overall methylation level varied among differentially propagated plants. It can be speculated that the differences among the analysed plants may be attributed to variations in DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Mazurek
- Department of Physiology and Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Environment Management and Protection University of Rzeszow, Ćwiklińskiej 2, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Siekierzyńska
- Department of Physiology and Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Environment Management and Protection University of Rzeszow, Ćwiklińskiej 2, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.S.)
| | - Tomasz Piechowiak
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, St. Cwiklinskiej 1a, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Anna Spinardi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Wojciech Litwińczuk
- Department of Physiology and Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Environment Management and Protection University of Rzeszow, Ćwiklińskiej 2, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.S.)
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Parreño R, Rodríguez-Alcocer E, Martínez-Guardiola C, Carrasco L, Castillo P, Arbona V, Jover-Gil S, Candela H. Turning Garlic into a Modern Crop: State of the Art and Perspectives. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1212. [PMID: 36986902 PMCID: PMC10057115 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Garlic is cultivated worldwide for the value of its bulbs, but its cultivation is challenged by the infertility of commercial cultivars and the accumulation of pathogens over time, which occurs as a consequence of vegetative (clonal) propagation. In this review, we summarize the state of the art of garlic genetics and genomics, highlighting recent developments that will lead to its development as a modern crop, including the restoration of sexual reproduction in some garlic strains. The set of tools available to the breeder currently includes a chromosome-scale assembly of the garlic genome and multiple transcriptome assemblies that are furthering our understanding of the molecular processes underlying important traits like the infertility, the induction of flowering and bulbing, the organoleptic properties and resistance to various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Parreño
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eva Rodríguez-Alcocer
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | | | - Lucía Carrasco
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Purificación Castillo
- Departamento I+D, Coopaman S.C.L., Carretera Peñas De San Pedro, km 1.6, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Sara Jover-Gil
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Héctor Candela
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
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Sheeja TE, Kumar IPV, Giridhari A, Minoo D, Rajesh MK, Babu KN. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism: Applications and Recent Developments. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2222:187-218. [PMID: 33301096 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0997-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AFLP or amplified fragment length polymorphism is a PCR-based molecular technique that uses selective amplification of a subset of digested DNA fragments from any source to generate and compare unique fingerprints of genomes. It is more efficient in terms of time, economy, reproducibility, informativeness, resolution, and sensitivity, compared to other popular DNA markers. Besides, it requires very small quantities of DNA and no prior genome information. This technique is widely used in plants for taxonomy, genetic diversity, phylogenetic analysis, construction of high-resolution genetic maps, and positional cloning of genes, to determine relatedness among cultivars and varietal identity, etc. The review encompasses in detail the various applications of AFLP in plants and the major advantages and disadvantages. The review also considers various modifications of this technique and novel developments in detection of polymorphism. A wet-lab protocol is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thotten Elampilay Sheeja
- Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, Kerala, India.
- Division of Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, Kerala, India.
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Application of the MSAP Technique to Evaluate Epigenetic Changes in Plant Conservation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207459. [PMID: 33050382 PMCID: PMC7589462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic variation, and particularly DNA methylation, is involved in plasticity and responses to changes in the environment. Conservation biology studies have focused on the measurement of this variation to establish demographic parameters, diversity levels and population structure to design the appropriate conservation strategies. However, in ex situ conservation approaches, the main objective is to guarantee the characteristics of the conserved material (phenotype and epi-genetic). We review the use of the Methylation Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism (MSAP) technique to detect changes in the DNA methylation patterns of plant material conserved by the main ex situ plant conservation methods: seed banks, in vitro slow growth and cryopreservation. Comparison of DNA methylation patterns before and after conservation is a useful tool to check the fidelity of the regenerated plants, and, at the same time, may be related with other genetic variations that might appear during the conservation process (i.e., somaclonal variation). Analyses of MSAP profiles can be useful in the management of ex situ plant conservation but differs in the approach used in the in situ conservation. Likewise, an easy-to-use methodology is necessary for a rapid interpretation of data, in order to be readily implemented by conservation managers.
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Orłowska R, Bednarek PT. Precise evaluation of tissue culture-induced variation during optimisation of in vitro regeneration regime in barley. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:33-50. [PMID: 32048207 PMCID: PMC7170832 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-00973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The Taguchi method and metAFLP analysis were used to optimise barley regenerants towards maximum and minimum levels of tissue culture-induced variation. The subtle effects of symmetric and asymmetric methylation changes in regenerants were identified. Plant tissue cultures (PTCs) provide researchers with unique materials that accelerate the development of new breeding cultivars and facilitate studies on off-type regenerants. The emerging variability of regenerants derived from PTCs may have both genetic and epigenetic origins, and may be desirable or degrade the value of regenerated plants. Thus, it is crucial to determine how the PTC variation level can be controlled. The easiest way to manipulate total tissue culture-induced variation (TTCIV) is to utilise appropriate stress factors and suitable medium components. This study describes the optimisation of in vitro tissue culture-induced variation in plant regenerants derived from barley anther culture, and maximizes and minimizes regenerant variation compared with the source explants. The approach relied on methylation amplified fragment length polymorphism (metAFLP)-derived TTCIV characteristics, which were evaluated in regenerants derived under distinct tissue culture conditions and analysed via Taguchi statistics. The factors that may trigger TTCIV included CuSO4, AgNO3 and the total time spent on the induction medium. The donor plants prepared for regeneration purposes had 5.75% and 2.01% polymorphic metAFLP loci with methylation and sequence changes, respectively. The level of TTCIV (as the sum of all metAFLP characteristics analyzed) identified in optimisation and verification experiments reached 7.51 and 10.46%, respectively. In the trial designed to produce a minimum number of differences between donor and regenerant plants, CuSO4 and AgNO3 were more crucial than time, which was not a significant factor. In the trial designed to produce a maximum number of differences between donor and regenerant plants, all factors had comparable impact on variation. The Taguchi method reduced the time required for experimental trials compared with a grid method and suggested that medium modifications were required to control regenerant variation. Finally, the effects of symmetric and asymmetric methylation changes on regenerants were identified using novel aspects of the metAFLP method developed for this analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Orłowska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Błonie, 05-870, Radzików, Poland
| | - Piotr Tomasz Bednarek
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Błonie, 05-870, Radzików, Poland.
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Pozzi FI, Green GY, Barbona IG, Rodríguez GR, Felitti SA. CleanBSequences: an efficient curator of biological sequences in R. Mol Genet Genomics 2020; 295:837-841. [PMID: 32300860 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-020-01671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a new method and tool to solve a common problem of molecular biologists and geneticists who use molecular markers in their scientific research and developments: curation of sequences. Omic studies conducted by molecular biologists and geneticists usually involve the use of molecular markers. AFLP, cDNA-AFLP, and MSAP are examples of markers that render information at the genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics levels, respectively. These three types of molecular markers use adaptors that are the template for PCR amplification. The sequences of the adaptors have to be eliminated for the analysis of the results. Since a large number of sequences are usually obtained in these studies, this clean-up of the data could demand long time and work. To automate this work, an R package, named CleanBSequences, was created that allows the sequences to be curated massively, quickly, without errors and can be used offline. The curating is performed by aligning the forward and/or reverse primers or ends of cloning vectors with the sequences to be removed. After the alignment, new subsequences are generated without biological fragments not desired by the user, i.e., sequences needed by the techniques. In conclusion, the CleanBSequences tool facilitates the work of researchers, reducing time, effort, and working errors. Therefore, the present tool would respond to the problems related to the curation of sequences obtained from the use of some types of molecular markers. In addition to the above, being an open source, CleanBSequences is a flexible tool that has the potential to be used in future improvements to respond to new problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia I Pozzi
- Instituto de Tecnología Agropecuaria, EEA Marcos Juárez, Ruta 12 km. 3, 2580, Marcos Juárez, Córdoba, Argentina. .,Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2125ZAA, Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Gisela Y Green
- Cátedra de Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2170, Casilda, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ivana G Barbona
- Cátedra de Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2125ZAA, Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gustavo R Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario (IICAR) (CONICET-UNR), Zavalla, Argentina.,Cátedra de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2125ZAA, Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Silvina A Felitti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario (IICAR) (CONICET-UNR), Zavalla, Argentina
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Fan X, Chen J, Wu Y, Teo C, Xu G, Fan X. Genetic and Global Epigenetic Modification, Which Determines the Phenotype of Transgenic Rice? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1819. [PMID: 32155767 PMCID: PMC7084647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic technologies have been applied to a wide range of biological research. However, information on the potential epigenetic effects of transgenic technology is still lacking. Here, we show that the transgenic process can simultaneously induce both genetic and epigenetic changes in rice. We analyzed genetic, epigenetic, and phenotypic changes in plants subjected to tissue culture regeneration, using transgenic lines expressing the same coding sequence from two different promoters in transgenic lines of two rice cultivars: Wuyunjing7 (WYJ7) and Nipponbare (NP). We determined the expression of OsNAR2.1 in two overexpression lines generated from the two cultivars, and in the RNA interference (RNAi) OsNAR2.1 line in NP. DNA methylation analyses were performed on wild-type cultivars (WYJ7 and NP), regenerated lines (CK, T0 plants), segregation-derived wild-type from pOsNAR2.1-OsNAR2.1 (SDWT), pOsNAR2.1-OsNAR2.1, pUbi-OsNAR2.1, and RNAi lines. Interestingly, we observed global methylation decreased in the T0 regenerated line of WYJ7 (CK-WJY7) and pOsNAR2.1-OsNAR2.1 lines but increased in pUbi-OsNAR2.1 and RNAi lines of NP. Furthermore, the methylation pattern in SDWT returned to the WYJ7 level after four generations. Phenotypic changes were detected in all the generated lines except for SDWT. Global methylation was found to decrease by 13% in pOsNAR2.1-OsNAR2.1 with an increase in plant height of 4.69% compared with WYJ7, and increased by 18% in pUbi-OsNAR2.1 with an increase of 17.36% in plant height compared with NP. This suggests an absence of a necessary link between global methylation and the phenotype of transgenic plants with OsNAR2.1 gene over-expression. However, epigenetic changes can influence phenotype during tissue culture, as seen in the massive methylation in CK-WYJ7, T0 regenerated lines, resulting in decreased plant height compared with the wild-type, in the absence of a transformed gene. We conclude that in the transgenic lines the phenotype is mainly determined by the nature and function of the transgene after four generations of transformation, while the global epigenetic modification is dependent on the genetic background. Our research suggests an innovative insight in explaining the reason behind the occurrence of transgenic plants with random and undesirable phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.F.); (J.C.); (G.X.)
| | - Jingguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.F.); (J.C.); (G.X.)
- CAAS-IRRI Joint Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Germplasm Enhancement, Agricultural Genomics Institute in Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Yufeng Wu
- Bioinformatics Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - CheeHow Teo
- Centre of Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.F.); (J.C.); (G.X.)
| | - Xiaorong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.F.); (J.C.); (G.X.)
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9
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Genome size analysis of field grown and somatic embryo regenerated plants in Allium sativum L. J Appl Genet 2020; 61:25-35. [PMID: 31919659 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-019-00536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an efficient in vitro propagation protocol has been developed from clove explants of Allium sativum L., one of the oldest vegetable and medicinal plant used worldwide. Garlic is propagated vegetatively as cross-fertilization is strictly precluded due to sterile flowers. Due to a low rate of multiplication, limited genetic improvement possibility and increased germplasm degradation, plant tissue culture becomes an efficient and preferred tool for quality and rapid propagation of garlic. Here, the clove explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog basal medium amended with different concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) namely 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP), and 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Within 2 weeks of inoculation, white compact callus was formed, maximum callus induction frequency (85.99%) was on 1.5 mg l-1 2, 4-D added MS medium. Induced callus transformed into an embryogenic callus on 2, 4-D and BAP amended MS medium with highest embryogenic frequency (77.7%) was noted on 0.25 mg l-1 2, 4-D and 1.0 mg l-1 BAP added medium. Embryogenic callus differentiated into progressive stages of somatic embryos starting from globular, scutellar, and finally to coleoptilar stage of the embryo. Histological and scanning electron microscopic study of embryogenic callus was conducted, showing different stages of embryos, their origin and development, re-confirming somatic embryogenesis incidence in A. sativum. Green and mature somatic embryos were germinated and converted into plantlets on 0.5 mg l-1 BAP amended MS medium. The in vitro regenerated plants were cultured separately in IBA and NAA supplemented media for root induction. The MS medium amended with 1.0 mg l-1 IBA proved to be the best PGR treatment in inducing roots. The rooted plants were acclimatized and transferred ex vitro with about 87% survival rate. Cytological and flow cytometric analyses were performed to assess the genetic stability of in vitro regenerated plants. Cytological studies of in vitro regenerated plants showed 2n = 16 chromosome number and did not reveal any numerical variation in chromosomes. Flow cytometry was employed to measure the 2C DNA content of somatic embryo regenerated A. sativum plants and compared with in vivo grown garlic. The histogram peaks of relative 2C DNA content of in vitro regenerated plantlets were similar to the corresponding 2C DNA peak of in vivo grown plants. Flow cytometric 2C DNA content of embryo regenerated and field-grown A. sativum plants were the same, i.e., 33.45 pg and 33.56 pg, respectively, confirming genetic similarity. In conclusion, the present cytological and flow cytometric study suggest that the in vitro culture conditions are quite safe, did not encourage genetic alterations, and regenerants were "true to type."
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Akomeah B, Quain MD, Ramesh SA, Anand L, Rodríguez López CM. Common garden experiment reveals altered nutritional values and DNA methylation profiles in micropropagated three elite Ghanaian sweet potato genotypes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208214. [PMID: 31026262 PMCID: PMC6485893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiency is the cause of multiple diseases in developing countries. Staple crop biofortification is an efficient means to combat such deficiencies in the diets of local consumers. Biofortified lines of sweet potato (Ipomoea batata L. Lam) with enhanced beta-carotene content have been developed in Ghana to alleviate Vitamin A Deficiency. These genotypes are propagated using meristem micropropagation to ensure the generation of virus-free propagules. In vitro culture exposes micropropagated plants to conditions that can lead to the accumulation of somaclonal variation with the potential to generate unwanted aberrant phenotypes. However, the effect of micropropagation induced somaclonal variation on the production of key nutrients by field-grown plants has not been previously studied. Here we assessed the extent of in vitro culture induced somaclonal variation, at a phenotypic, compositional and genetic/epigenetic level, by comparing field-maintained and micropropagated lines of three elite Ghanaian sweet potato genotypes grown in a common garden. Although micropropagated plants presented no observable morphological abnormalities compared to field maintained lines, they presented significantly lower levels of iron, total protein, zinc, and glucose. Methylation Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism analysis showed a high level of in vitro culture induced molecular variation in micropropagated plants. Epigenetic, rather than genetic variation, accounts for most of the observed molecular variability. Taken collectively, our results highlight the importance of ensuring the clonal fidelity of the micropropagated biofortified lines in order to reduce potential losses in the nutritional value prior to their commercial release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Akomeah
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1 Glen Osmond, South Africa, Australia
- The Waite Research Institute and The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1 Glen Osmond, South Africa, Australia
- CSIR-Crops Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Sunita A Ramesh
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1 Glen Osmond, South Africa, Australia
- The Waite Research Institute and The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1 Glen Osmond, South Africa, Australia
| | - Lakshay Anand
- Environmental Epigenetics and Genetics Group, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States America
| | - Carlos M. Rodríguez López
- The Waite Research Institute and The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1 Glen Osmond, South Africa, Australia
- Environmental Epigenetics and Genetics Group, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Marfil C, Ibañez V, Alonso R, Varela A, Bottini R, Masuelli R, Fontana A, Berli F. Changes in grapevine DNA methylation and polyphenols content induced by solar ultraviolet-B radiation, water deficit and abscisic acid spray treatments. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:287-294. [PMID: 30599305 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Environment and crop management shape plant's phenotype. Argentinean high-altitude vineyards are characterized by elevated solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) and water deficit (D) that enhance enological quality for red winemaking. These signals promote phenolics accumulation in leaves and berries, being the responses mediated by abscisic acid (ABA). DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that regulates gene expression and may affect grapevine growth, development and acclimation, since methylation patterns are mitotically heritable. Berry skins low molecular weight polyphenols (LMWP) were characterized in field grown Vitis vinifera L. cv. Malbec plants exposed to contrasting UV-B, D, and ABA treatments during one season. The next season early fruit shoots were epigenetically (methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism; MSAP) and biochemically (LMWP) characterized. Unstable epigenetic patterns and/or stochastic stress-induced methylation changes were observed. UV-B and D were the treatments that induced greater number of DNA methylation changes respect to Control; and UV-B promoted global hypermethylation of MSAP epiloci. Sequenced MSAP fragments associated with UV-B and ABA showed similarities with transcriptional regulators and ubiquitin ligases proteins activated by light. UV-B was associated with flavonols accumulation in berries and with hydroxycinnamic acids in the next season fruit shoots, suggesting that DNA methylation could regulate the LMWP accumulation and participate in acclimation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Marfil
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Almte. Brown 500, M5507, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Verónica Ibañez
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Almte. Brown 500, M5507, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Alonso
- Catena Institute of Wine (CIW), Bodega Catena Zapata, Cobos S/n, M5509, Agrelo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Anabella Varela
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Almte. Brown 500, M5507, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Rubén Bottini
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Almte. Brown 500, M5507, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Masuelli
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Almte. Brown 500, M5507, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ariel Fontana
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Almte. Brown 500, M5507, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Federico Berli
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Almte. Brown 500, M5507, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina.
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DNA Methylation Analysis in Barley and Other Species with Large Genomes. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 30460570 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8944-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Detailed DNA methylation analyses in plant species with large and highly repetitive genomes can be challenging as well as costly. Here, we describe a complete protocol for a high-throughput DNA methylation changes analysis using Methylation-Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism Sequencing (MSAP-Seq; Chwialkowska et al., Front Plant Sci. 8: 2056 (2017)). This method allows detailed information about DNA methylation changes in large and complex genomes to be obtained at a relatively low cost. MSAP-Seq is based on conventional MSAP marker analysis and employs all its basic steps such as restriction cleavage with methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, ligation of universal adapters, and PCR amplification. However, the traditional gel-based amplicon separation is replaced by direct, global sequencing with next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods. Consequently, MSAP-Seq allows for parallel analysis of hundreds of thousands of different CCGG sites and evaluation of their DNA methylation state. This technique especially targets to genic regions, so it is well suited for large genomes with low gene density, such as barley and other plants with large genomes.
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Zhang T, Zhao X, Jiang L, Yang X, Chen Y, Song X, Lu Y, Peng J, Zheng H, Wu Y, MacFarlane S, Chen J, Yan F. p15 encoded by Garlic virus X is a pathogenicity factor and RNA silencing suppressor. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1515-1521. [PMID: 30207520 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic virus X (GarVX) encodes a 15 kDa cysteine-rich protein (CRP). To investigate the function(s) of p15, its subcellular localization, role as a symptom determinant and capacity to act as a viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) were analysed. Results showed that GFP-tagged p15 was distributed in the cytoplasm, nucleus and nucleolus. Expression of p15 from PVX caused additional systemic foliar malformation and led to increased accumulation of PVX, showing that p15 is a virulence factor for reconstructed PVX-p15. Moreover, using a transient agro-infiltration patch assay and a Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) movement complementation assay, it was demonstrated that p15 possesses weak RNA silencing suppressor activity. Removal of an amino acid motif resembling a nuclear localization signal (NLS) prevented p15 from accumulating in the nucleus but did not abolish its silencing suppression activity. This study provides the first insights into the multiple functions of the GarVX p15 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Zhang
- 1College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xing Zhao
- 1College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Liangliang Jiang
- 2Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
- 3State Key laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
- 4College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xue Yang
- 1College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Ying Chen
- 1College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xijiao Song
- 5Public Lab, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- 2Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
- 3State Key laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- 2Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
- 3State Key laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- 2Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
- 3State Key laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- 1College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Stuart MacFarlane
- 6The James Hutton Institute, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Jianping Chen
- 2Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
- 3State Key laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Fei Yan
- 2Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
- 3State Key laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
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Abstract
Oryza sativa indica (cv. IR64) and Oryza sativa japonica (cv. TNG67) vary in their regeneration efficiency. Such variation may occur in response to cultural environments that induce somaclonal variation. Somaclonal variations may arise from epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation. We hypothesized that somaclonal variation may be associated with the differential regeneration efficiency between IR64 and TNG67 through changes in DNA methylation. We generated the stage-associated methylome and transcriptome profiles of the embryo, induced calli, sub-cultured calli, and regenerated calli (including both successful and failed regeneration) of IR64 and TNG67. We found that stage-associated changes are evident by the increase in the cytosine methylation of all contexts upon induction and decline upon regeneration. These changes in the methylome are largely random, but a few regions are consistently targeted at the later stages of culture. The expression profiles showed a dominant tissue-specific difference between the embryo and the calli. A prominent cultivar-associated divide in the global methylation pattern was observed, and a subset of cultivar-associated differentially methylated regions also showed stage-associated changes, implying a close association between differential methylation and the regeneration programs of these two rice cultivars. Based on these findings, we speculate that the differential epigenetic regulation of stress response and developmental pathways may be coupled with genetic differences, ultimately leading to differential regeneration efficiency. The present study elucidates the impact of tissue culture on callus formation and delineates the impact of stage and cultivar to determine the dynamics of the methylome and transcriptome in culture.
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15
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Hao DC, Xiao PG. Deep in shadows: Epigenetic and epigenomic regulations of medicinal plants. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Chwialkowska K, Korotko U, Kosinska J, Szarejko I, Kwasniewski M. Methylation Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism Sequencing (MSAP-Seq)-A Method for High-Throughput Analysis of Differentially Methylated CCGG Sites in Plants with Large Genomes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2056. [PMID: 29250096 PMCID: PMC5714927 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modifications and DNA methylation, mutually regulate chromatin structure, maintain genome integrity, and affect gene expression and transposon mobility. Variations in DNA methylation within plant populations, as well as methylation in response to internal and external factors, are of increasing interest, especially in the crop research field. Methylation Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism (MSAP) is one of the most commonly used methods for assessing DNA methylation changes in plants. This method involves gel-based visualization of PCR fragments from selectively amplified DNA that are cleaved using methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes. In this study, we developed and validated a new method based on the conventional MSAP approach called Methylation Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism Sequencing (MSAP-Seq). We improved the MSAP-based approach by replacing the conventional separation of amplicons on polyacrylamide gels with direct, high-throughput sequencing using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and automated data analysis. MSAP-Seq allows for global sequence-based identification of changes in DNA methylation. This technique was validated in Hordeum vulgare. However, MSAP-Seq can be straightforwardly implemented in different plant species, including crops with large, complex and highly repetitive genomes. The incorporation of high-throughput sequencing into MSAP-Seq enables parallel and direct analysis of DNA methylation in hundreds of thousands of sites across the genome. MSAP-Seq provides direct genomic localization of changes and enables quantitative evaluation. We have shown that the MSAP-Seq method specifically targets gene-containing regions and that a single analysis can cover three-quarters of all genes in large genomes. Moreover, MSAP-Seq's simplicity, cost effectiveness, and high-multiplexing capability make this method highly affordable. Therefore, MSAP-Seq can be used for DNA methylation analysis in crop plants with large and complex genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Chwialkowska
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Urszula Korotko
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Kosinska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Szarejko
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Kwasniewski
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Miroslaw Kwasniewski
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17
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Adu-Gyamfi R, Wetten A, Marcelino Rodríguez López C. Effect of Cryopreservation and Post-Cryopreservation Somatic Embryogenesis on the Epigenetic Fidelity of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158857. [PMID: 27403857 PMCID: PMC4942035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED While cocoa plants regenerated from cryopreserved somatic embryos can demonstrate high levels of phenotypic variability, little is known about the sources of the observed variability. Previous studies have shown that the encapsulation-dehydration cryopreservation methodology imposes no significant extra mutational load since embryos carrying high levels of genetic variability are selected against during protracted culture. Also, the use of secondary rather than primary somatic embryos has been shown to further reduce the incidence of genetic somaclonal variation. Here, the effect of in vitro conservation, cryopreservation and post-cryopreservation generation of somatic embryos on the appearance of epigenetic somaclonal variation were comparatively assessed. To achieve this we compared the epigenetic profiles, generated using Methylation Sensitive Amplified Polymorphisms, of leaves collected from the ortet tree and from cocoa somatic embryos derived from three in vitro conditions: somatic embryos, somatic embryos cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen and somatic embryos generated from cryoproserved somatic embryos. Somatic embryos accumulated epigenetic changes but these were less extensive than in those regenerated after storage in LN. Furthermore, the passage of cryopreserved embryos through another embryogenic stage led to further increase in variation. Interestingly, this detected variability appears to be in some measure reversible. The outcome of this study indicates that the cryopreservation induced phenotypic variability could be, at least partially, due to DNA methylation changes. KEY MESSAGE Phenotypic variability observed in cryostored cocoa somatic-embryos is epigenetic in nature. This variability is partially reversible, not stochastic in nature but a directed response to the in-vitro culture and cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Adu-Gyamfi
- Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Andy Wetten
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berks, RG6 6AS, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Marcelino Rodríguez López
- Environmental Epigenetics and Genetics Group, Plant Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
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