Treatment of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Stent Angioplasty for the Treatment of Cerebral Vasospasm: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Several case series and prospective cohorts have reported the use of stent retrievers (SR) and specifically designed expanding stents (ES) to perform in situ mechanical stent angioplasty to treat cerebral vasospasm in subarachnoid vasospasm.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to review and conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this novel technique.

DATA SOURCES

A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to established protocols. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases up to June 2024, including variations of "stent," "expanding device," "vasospasm," "subarachnoid hemorrhage." Original studies reporting treatment outcomes for vasospasm by using SR/ES in more than 5 patients were included.

STUDY SELECTION

Pooled data from 8 studies, comprising 156 patients and 428 targeted vessels treated with stent angioplasty for vasospasm were analyzed.

DATA ANALYSIS

We evaluated rates of angiographic success, complications, recurrence, and neurologic improvement. Meta-analysis was performed by using a random-effects model.

DATA SYNTHESIS

The angiographic success rate was 81.8% (95% CI: 70.6-89.3). Subgroup analysis showed a success rate of 86.5% (95% CI: 62.6-96.1) with ES and 80.5% (95%CI: 62.6-93.1) with SR. Overall complication rate was 1.1% (95% CI: 0.0-3.6), due to clot formation or hemorrhage. Recurrence of vasospasm was noted in 12.8% (95% CI: 5.2-28.1) while neurologic improvement was seen in 65.9% (95% CI: 51.1-78.1) of the cases. Finally, it should be noted that all included studies used stent angioplasty in combination with intra-arterial vasodilators.

LIMITATIONS

Our meta-analysis is limited by selection and reporting biases, as well as high heterogeneity. Moreover, the overall low quality of available evidence is the main limitation of our results.

CONCLUSIONS

Combination of stent angioplasty and intra-arterial vasodilators was found to have high rates of angiographic success and low incidences of adverse events. Randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm their efficacy and safety compared with medical and balloon angioplasty treatments.

Functional outcomes following endovascular treatment of vasospasm secondary to aneurysmal subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Single center retrospective analysis

INTRODUCTION

Endovascular treatment of post-hemorrhagic cerebral vasospasm (PHCV) has the potential to improve functional outcomes but there continues to be limited data reported in the literature.

OBJECTIVE

To retrospectively review our institution's experience treating PHCV endovascularly and report clinical outcome data.

METHODS

Patients who experienced nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and were treated with endovascular therapy were identified using ICD and CPT codes. Demographic, clinical, and outcome variables were then collected via review of electronic medical records. The primary outcome measure was rate of modified Rankin Score (mRS) ≤ 2 at discharge as well as 1, 3, and 6 months after discharge. Discharge disposition, angiographic response to treatment, and complication rates were secondary outcomes. A subgroup analysis was performed on patients treated with retrievable stents.

RESULTS

In a 12.5 year period, 1396 patients with nontraumatic SAH were treated, and of these 82/1396 (5.9 %) were treated endovascularly for vasospasm. 200 total interventions were performed on 82 patients. 29.7 % of patients had radiographic delayed cerebral ischemia. The complication rates were 3.5 % per procedure and 4.9 % per patient. 40.7 % of patients had good neurologic outcomes (mRS ≤ 2) at any time point. In-hospital mortality was 11 % and 6-month mortality was 21 %. Higher presenting Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) predicted good neurologic outcome in univariable logistic regression (OR = 1.33, p = 0.026). Patients that underwent mechanical angioplasty were significantly younger than those who did not (46 years vs 53 years, p = 0.003). 11 cases of retrievable stent angioplasty were performed, yielding a complication rate of 9 % which was comparable to the complication rate of patients treated with balloon angioplasty (4.3 %, p = 0.54).

CONCLUSIONS

Our experience with endovascular treatment of PHCV results in similar functional outcomes and complication rates to the literature. Better presenting GCS predicts good functional outcomes in patients with PHCV treated endovascularly. Patients undergoing mechanical angioplasty tended to be younger. Retrievable stents produced similar rates of complications and good functional outcomes to balloon angioplasty patients.

Risk Factors for Unfavorable Functional Outcome after Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Vasospasm following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Cerebral vasospasm remains a strong predictor of poor outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Endovascular treatment of vasospasm can be considered when conservative treatment options are exhausted, but its superiority over standard treatment remains a subject of critical debate. This study focuses on patients with clinically relevant vasospasm after aSAH who underwent endovascular vasospasm treatment and aims to analyze patients' individual risk factors, intensity, and extent of cerebral vasospasm associated with poor functional outcomes after aSAH.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with aSAH admitted at a tertiary stroke center between January 2016 and December 2022. Patients with medically refractory cerebral vasospasm necessitating at least 1 endovascular intervention were analyzed. Primary end point was defined as functional outcome defined as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores after 6 months. Secondary end point was the occurrence of cerebral infarctions following cerebral vasospasm.

RESULTS

Overall, 138 patients received endovascular treatment due to cerebral vasospasm, including 322 treatments, with 78 patients receiving more than 1 endovascular treatment. In 65.2% (90) of patients, cerebral vasospasm developed in both hemispheres; in 16.7% (23), cerebral vasospasm occurred involving the posterior circulation; and in 10.1% (14), percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was performed. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed an association of higher age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.05, 95% CI: 1.0-1.1), higher Hunt and Hess grades (aOR, 2.12, 95% CI: 1.38-3.24), the occurrence of rebleeding (aOR, 4.97, 95% CI: 1.0-24.65), and bihemispheric vasospasm (aOR, 4.05, 95% CI: 1.4-11.72) with unfavorable outcome (mRS 3-6). Further analysis showed that higher age (aOR, 1.07, 95% CI: 1.03-1.13) was associated with an increased risk of developing vasospasm-associated infarctions.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate an association between bihemispheric cerebral vasospasm and poor functional outcomes after aSAH. This finding supports a more aggressive treatment strategy in patients developing bihemispheric vasospasm to prevent unfavorable disease courses.

Hyponatremia Incidence After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Association with Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

Hyponatremia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is common; however, the incidence, and association with vasospasm, morbidity, and mortality, has yet to be defined. We aimed to identify incidence of hyponatremia after aSAH, and quantify its association with measurable outcomes.

METHODS

A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted (international prospective register of systematic reviews ID CRD42022363472). Articles published in MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library between January 1990 and January 2024 were included. Hyponatremia definitions, incidence during admission, and association among vasospasm, length of hospital stay, and poor outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale 3 or less) were identified. Pooled incidence rates and binary and continuous outcomes were calculated using random effects meta-analysis models.

RESULTS

In total, 52 studies (10,512 patients) were included. Most studies included patients admitted to tertiary neuroscience centers (61.5%, N = 32), or critical care units (23.1%, N = 11). Sodium of less than 135 mmol/L was the most commonly used hyponatremia definition (84.6%, N = 44). The pooled incidence of hyponatremia was 37.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 31.7%-42.4%). Hyponatremia increased the risk of vasospasm (15 studies; odds ratio: 2.93; 95% CI: 1.77-4.84), and length of hospital stay (3 studies, 16.4 days vs. 8.0 days, mean difference 8.5 [95% CI: 4.6-12.4]), but was not associated with poor outcome (10 studies; odds ratio 1.15; 95% CI 0.44-3.02). These findings remained when carrying out sensitivity analysis for different hyponatremia and outcome definitions, bias, and aSAH populations.

CONCLUSIONS

Hyponatremia is common in aSAH, may increase the likelihood of vasospasm, but in isolation does not appear to affect overall outcomes. Managing hyponatremia effectively should be a priority for treating clinicians.

Electroacupuncture protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via regulating P2×7R expression

Background

Ischemic stroke is a serious clinical condition that is challenging to cure; therefore, slowing down the depletion of ATP is crucial to enhancing the tolerance of ischemic tissue through preconditioning. Electroacupuncture (EA) preconditioning induces tolerance to cerebral ischemia; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear.

Objective

The P2×7 receptor (P2×7R) mediates the stimulation of microglial cells and is involved in the development of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) damage. We hypothesized that the protective effect of EA preconditioning is associated with the downregulation of P2×7R expression.

Methods

We performed EA at the "Baihui" and "Fengfu" for 30 min before establishing a rat model of cerebral I/R induced based on the middle cerebral artery occlusion model (MCAO). MCAO rats were administered a ventricular injection of 2 '(3')-O-(4-benzoyl) adenosine triphosphate (BzATP), a P2×7R agonist, 30 min before EA. Neurologic scoring, infarction volume, and expression of cytokines, Bcl-2 and Bax, Iba1, P2×7R, p38, and phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) in ischemia penumbra were detected 24 h after cerebral I/R.

Results

EA preconditioning ameliorated neurologic scoring, decreased infarction volume, and neuronal injury, and decreased cytokine release, while BzATP exacerbated cerebral I/R damage and inflammation events, unlike the favorable efficacy of EA. EA inhibited the expression of Iba-1, P2×7R, and p-p38/p38 in the ischemic penumbra, whereas BzATP reversed this effect.

Conclusions

EA could induce cerebral tolerance to I/R damage by suppressing P2×7R expression and release of inflammatory factors.

Iatrogenic arterial vasospasm during mechanical thrombectomy requiring treatment with intra-arterial nimodipine might be associated with worse outcomes

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Vasospasm is a common iatrogenic event during mechanical thrombectomy (MT). In such circumstances, intra-arterial nimodipine administration is occasionally considered. However, its use in the treatment of iatrogenic vasospasm during MT has been poorly studied. We investigated the impact of iatrogenic vasospasm treated with intra-arterial nimodipine on outcomes after MT for large vessel occlusion stroke.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective analysis of the multicenter observational registry Endovascular Treatment in Ischemic Stroke (ETIS). Consecutive patients treated with MT between January 2015 and December 2022 were included. Patients treated with medical treatment alone, without MT, were excluded. We also excluded patients who received another in situ vasodilator molecule during the procedure. Outcomes were compared according to the occurrence of cervical and/or intracranial arterial vasospasm requiring intraoperative use of in situ nimodipine based on operator's decision, using a propensity score approach. The primary outcome was a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0-2 at 90 days. Secondary outcomes included excellent outcome (mRS score 0-1), final recanalization, mortality, intracranial hemorrhage and procedural complications. Secondary analyses were performed according to the vasospasm location (intracranial or cervical).

RESULTS

Among 13,678 patients in the registry during the study period, 434 received intra-arterial nimodipine for the treatment of MT-related vasospasm. In the main analysis, comparable odds of favorable outcome were observed, whereas excellent outcome was significantly less frequent in the group with vasospasm requiring nimodipine (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.63-0.97). Perfect recanalization, defined as a final modified Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction score of 3 (aOR 0.63, 95% CI 0.42-0.93), was also rarer in the vasospasm group. Intracranial vasospasm treated with nimodipine was significantly associated with worse clinical outcome (aOR 0.64, 95% CI 0.45-0.92), in contrast to the cervical location (aOR 1.37, 95% CI 0.54-3.08).

CONCLUSION

Arterial vasospasm occurring during the MT procedure and requiring intra-arterial nimodipine administration was associated with worse outcomes, especially in case of intracranial vasospasm. Although this study cannot formally differentiate whether the negative consequences were due to the vasospasm itself, or nimodipine administration or both, there might be an important signal toward a substantial clinical impact of iatrogenic vasospasm during MT.

Neuroradiological diagnosis and therapy of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage

BACKGROUND

Cerebral damage after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) results from various, sometimes unrelated causes. After the initial hemorrhage trauma with an increase in intracranial pressure, induced vasoconstriction, but also microcirculatory disturbances, inflammation and pathological electrophysiological processes (cortical spreading depolarization) can occur in the course of the disease, resulting in delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). In the neuroradiological context, cerebral vasospasm (CVS) remains the focus of diagnostic imaging and endovascular therapy as a frequent component of the genesis of DCI.

METHODS

The amount of blood leaked during aneurysm rupture (which can be detected by CT, for example) correlates with the occurrence and severity of CVS. CT perfusion is then an important component in determining the indication for endovascular spasm therapies (EST). These include intra-arterial drug administration (also as long-term microcatheter treatment) and mechanical procedures (balloon angioplasty, vasodilatation using other instruments such as stent retrievers, stenting).

CONCLUSION

This review summarizes the current findings on the diagnosis and treatment of CVS after aneurysmal SAH from a neuroradiological perspective, taking into account the complex and up-to-date international literature.

KEY POINTS

· Vasospasm is a frequent component of the multifactorial genesis of delayed cerebral ischemia after SAH and remains the focus of diagnosis and treatment in the neuroradiological context.. · The initial extent of SAH on CT is associated with the occurrence and severity of vasospasm.. · CT perfusion is an important component in determining the indication for endovascular spasm therapy.. · Endovascular spasm therapies include local administration of medication (also as long-term therapies with microcatheters) and mechanical procedures (balloon angioplasty, dilatation using other devices such as stent retreivers, stenting)..

CITATION FORMAT

· Neumann A, Schacht H, Schramm P. Neuroradiological diagnosis and therapy of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; 196: 1125 - 1133.

Sustained efficacy of angioplasty for cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Risk features and device comparison

BACKGROUND

Cerebral vasospasm is a leading source of delayed morbidity and mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Angioplasty may improve vasospasm, while optimal target and device selection remains controversial. This study aimed to identify features and devices associated with sustained efficacy.

METHODS

We identified consecutive patients who underwent angioplasty for aSAH vasospasm. The primary outcome was a composite of adequate angioplasty (residual narrowing < 50 %) without complications. Secondary outcomes included rates of refractory/recurrent vasospasm and sustained improvement at follow-up. Associated features were identified through multivariable analysis. Outcomes were compared between balloon and Comaneci/stentriever in a propensity-score-matched cohort.

RESULTS

A total of 149 vasospastic segments underwent angioplasty: 61.7 % in the proximal anterior circulation (ICA, M1, A1), 20.1 % in distal segments (A2 and M2) and 18.1 % in the posterior circulation. Adequate angioplasty was achieved without complication in 83.2 % of vessels, with a sustainable effect in 84.3 % at follow-up. Refractory/recurrent vasospasm was observed in 17.4 %, yielding a 10.1 % retreatment rate. Notably, only 35.3 % of vessels undergoing inadequate angioplasty demonstrated improvement at follow-up. Angioplasty targeting distal MCA (adjusted OR, 0.10) or BA-V4 (aOR, 0.10), and inadequate angioplasty (aOR, 0.03) were unfavorable predictors for sustained improvement. Efficacy outcomes were similar between balloon and Comaneci/stentriever in a matched subgroup analysis.

CONCLUSION

Angioplasty, when achieving residual narrowing < 50 %, demonstrated sustained improvement for vasospasm. Novel devices may exhibit comparable efficacy to balloon angioplasty for selected segments.

CTP for the Screening of Vasospasm and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Aneurysmal SAH: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Delayed cerebral ischemia and vasospasm are the most common causes of late morbidity following aneurysmal SAH, but their diagnosis remains challenging.

PURPOSE

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the diagnostic performance of CTP for detection of delayed cerebral ischemia and vasospasm in the setting of aneurysmal SAH.

DATA SOURCES

Studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of CTP in the setting of aneurysmal SAH were searched on the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Clinical Answers, Cochrane Methodology Register, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, American College of Physicians Journal Club, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Health Technology Assessment, National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database, PubMed, and Google Scholar from their inception to September 2023.

STUDY SELECTION

Thirty studies were included, encompassing 1786 patients with aneurysmal SAH and 2302 CTP studies. Studies were included if they compared the diagnostic accuracy of CTP with a reference standard (clinical or radiologic delayed cerebral ischemia, angiographic spasm) for the detection of delayed cerebral ischemia or vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal SAH. The primary outcome was accuracy for the detection of delayed cerebral ischemia or vasospasm.

DATA ANALYSIS

Bivariate random effects models were used to pool outcomes for sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio. Subgroup analyses for individual CTP parameters and early-versus-late study timing were performed. Bias and applicability were assessed using the modified QUADAS-2 tool.

DATA SYNTHESIS

For assessment of delayed cerebral ischemia, CTP demonstrated a pooled sensitivity of 82.1% (95% CI, 74.5%-87.8%), specificity of 79.6% (95% CI, 73.0%-84.9%), positive likelihood ratio of 4.01 (95% CI, 2.94-5.47), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.23 (95% CI, 0.12-0.33). For assessment of vasospasm, CTP showed a pooled sensitivity of 85.6% (95% CI, 74.2%-92.5%), specificity of 87.9% (95% CI, 79.2%-93.3%), positive likelihood ratio of 7.10 (95% CI, 3.87-13.04), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.16 (95% CI, 0.09-0.31).

LIMITATIONS

QUADAS-2 assessment identified 12 articles with low risk, 11 with moderate risk, and 7 with a high risk of bias.

CONCLUSIONS

For delayed cerebral ischemia, CTP had a sensitivity of >80%, specificity of >75%, and a low negative likelihood ratio of 0.23. CTP had better performance for the detection of vasospasm, with sensitivity and specificity of >85% and a low negative likelihood ratio of 0.16. Although the accuracy offers the potential for CTP to be used in limited clinical contexts, standardization of CTP techniques and high-quality randomized trials evaluating its impact are required.

Evolving frontiers: endovascular strategies for the treatment of delayed cerebral ischemia

Cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia represent a very challenging aspect of cerebrovascular pathophysiology, most commonly subarachnoid hemorrhage, with significantly high mortality if left untreated. Considerable advances have been made in medical treatment and prompt diagnosis, while newer endovascular modalities have recently been proposed for cases of resistant cerebral vasospasm. However, there is still paucity of data regarding which and whether a single endovascular technique is non inferior to the pharmacological standard of care. In this review, we aim to summarize the current funds of knowledge concerning cerebral vasospasm and the emerging role of the endovascular techniques for its treatment.

Cisternal nicardipine for prevention of delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a comparative retrospective cohort study

PURPOSE

Intrathecal vasoactive drugs have been proposed in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) to manage cerebral vasospasm (CV). We analyzed the efficacy of intracisternal nicardipine compared to intraventricular administration to a control group (CG) to determine its impact on delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and functional outcomes. Secondary outcomes included the need for intra-arterial angioplasties and the safety profile.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of all adult patients admitted for a high modified Fisher grade aSAH between January 2015 and April 2022. All patients with significant radiological CV were included. Three groups of patients were defined based on the CV management: cisternal nicardipine (CN), ventricular nicardipine (VN), and no intrathecal nicardipine (control group).

RESULTS

Seventy patients met the inclusion criteria. Eleven patients received intracisternal nicardipine, 18 intraventricular nicardipine, and 41 belonged to the control group. No cases of DCI were observed in the CN group (p = 0.02). Patients with intracisternal nicardipine had a reduced number of intra-arterial angioplasties when compared to the control group (p = 0.03). The safety profile analysis showed no difference in complications across the three groups. Intrathecal (ventricular or cisternal) nicardipine therapy improved functional outcomes at 6 months (p = 0.04) when compared to the control group.

CONCLUSION

Administration of intrathecal nicardipine for moderate to severe CV reduces the rate of DCI and improved long-term functional outcomes in patients with high modified Fisher grade aSAH. This study also showed a relative benefit of cisternal over intraventricular nicardipine, thereby reducing the number of angioplasties performed in the post-treatment phase. However, these preliminary results should be confirmed with future prospective studies.

Early and recurrent cerebral vasospasms after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: The impact of age

INTRODUCTION

Cerebral vasospasms remain a strong predictor of poor outcome after aneurysmal SAH. The aim of this study was to describe the time course of relevant vasospasms after aneurysmal SAH and to determine the variables associated with early-onset or prolonged and recurrent vasospasms.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We conducted a retrospective, single-center study of consecutive adult patients with aneurysmal SAH admitted between 2016 and 2022 at our tertiary stroke center. Relevant vasospasms, defined as vessel narrowing detected in DSA in combination with clinical deterioration or new perfusion deficit, were detected according to our in-house algorithm and eventually treated endovascularly. The primary endpoint was the diagnosis of relevant vasospasms. As secondary endpoints, the time from hemorrhage to the onset of vasospasms and the time from the first to the last endovascular intervention were measured.

RESULTS

Of 368 patients with aneurysmal SAH, 135 (41.0%) developed relevant vasospasms. The median time between ictus and detection of vasospasms was 8 days (IQR: 6-10). Patients with early-onset vasospasms were significantly younger (mean 52.7 ± 11.2 years vs 58.7 ± 11.5 years, p = 0.003) and presented more frequently vasospasm-related infarctions at discharge (58.8% vs 38.7%, p = 0.03). In 74 patients (54.8%), recurrent relevant vasospasms were observed despite endovascular treatment. Younger age and early onset were significantly associated with longer duration of relevant vasospasms (both p < 0.05).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Younger age was associated with early-onset and longer duration of relevant vasospasms in this study. More frequent clinical and diagnostic follow-up should be considered in this subgroup of patients that are at risk for poor outcomes.

Pharmacological Prevention of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

BACKGROUND

Causes of morbidity and mortality following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) include early brain injury and delayed neurologic deterioration, which may result from delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlie DCI, which often includes angiographic vasospasm (aVSP) of cerebral arteries.

METHODS

Despite the study of many pharmacological therapies for the prevention of DCI in aSAH, nimodipine-a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker-remains the only drug recommended universally in this patient population. A common theme in the research of preventative therapies is the use of promising drugs that have been shown to reduce the occurrence of aVSP but ultimately did not improve functional outcomes in large, randomized studies. An example of this is the endothelin antagonist clazosentan, although this agent was recently approved in Japan.

RESULTS

The use of the only approved drug, nimodipine, is limited in practice by hypotension. The administration of nimodipine and its counterpart nicardipine by alternative routes, such as intrathecally or formulated as prolonged release implants, continues to be a rational area of study. Additional agents approved in other parts of the world include fasudil and tirilazad.

CONCLUSIONS

We provide a brief overview of agents currently being studied for prevention of aVSP and DCI after aSAH. Future studies may need to identify subpopulations of patients who can benefit from these drugs and perhaps redefine acceptable outcomes to demonstrate impact.

Management of neurological complications related to aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A comparison of the bedside therapeutic algorithms

BACKGROUND

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is of the most serious emergencies in neurosurgical practice and continues to be associated with high morbidity and mortality. Beyond securing the ruptured aneurysm to prevent a rebleed, physicians continue to be concerned about potential complications such as cerebral vasospasm-delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), an area where management remains highly variable. This study aimed at reviewing the most recent literature and assessing any up-to-date schemes for treating the most common aSAH neurological complications in adults that can be applied in daily clinical practice towards optimising outcomes.

METHODS

A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines on the management of aSAH neurological complications in adults. The literature surveyed was between 2016 and 2022 inclusive, using the Pubmed search engine. Comparisons between the methods suggested by existing therapeutic algorithms were discussed.

RESULTS

Six stepwise algorithms assisting the decision-making for treating cerebral vasospasm-DCI were recognised and compared. No algorithm was found for the management of any other neurological complications of aSAH. Despite differences in the algorithms, induced hypertension and endovascular therapy were common treatments in all approaches. Controversy in the therapeutic process of these complications surrounds not only the variability of methods but also their optimal application towards clinical outcome optimisation.

CONCLUSIONS

A universal approach to managing aSAH complications is lacking. Despite advances in the techniques to secure a ruptured aneurysm, there persist a high rate of neurological deficit and mortality, and several unanswered questions. More research is required towards stratification of current treatment algorithms as per the quality of their evidence.

Outcome analysis for patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and vasospasm including endovascular treatment

As a complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), vasospasm substantially contributes to its morbidity and mortality. We aimed at analyzing predictors of outcome for these patients including the role of endovascular treatment (ET). Our database was screened for patients with SAH treated in our Neuro-ICU from 2009 to 2019. Clinical parameters including functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale, mRS of 0-2 or 3-6 at discharge and after a median follow-up of 18 months) and details about ET were gathered on 465 patients, 241 (52%) of whom experienced vasospasm. Descriptive analyses were performed to identify explanatory variables for the dichotomized mRS score. A logistic regression model was fitted on 241 patients with vasospasm including age, Hunt and Hess Score, extraventricular drainage (EVD), forced hypertension, ET and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). The model found a Hunt and Hess Score of 5 (OR = 0.043, p = 0.008), requirement of EVD (OR = 0.161, p < 0.001), forced hypertension (OR = 0.242, p = 0.001), ET (OR = 0.431, p = 0.043) and DCI (OR = 0.229, p < 0.001) to be negative predictors of outcome while age was not. Use of intraarterial nimodipine alone (OR = 0.778, p = 0.705) or including balloon angioplasty (OR = 0.894, p = 0.902) and number of ETs per patient (OR = 0.757, p = 0.416) were not significant in a separate model with otherwise identical variables. While DCI is clearly associated with poor outcome, the influence of ET on outcome remains inconclusive. Limited by their retrospective nature and an indication bias, these data encourage a randomized assessment of ET.

Pre- and Post-Operative Online Prediction of Outcome in Patients Undergoing Endovascular Coiling after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Visual and Dynamic Nomograms

BACKGROUND

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) causes long-term functional dependence and death. Early prediction of functional outcomes in aSAH patients with appropriate intervention strategies could lower the risk of poor prognosis. Therefore, we aimed to develop pre- and post-operative dynamic visualization nomograms to predict the 1-year functional outcomes of aSAH patients undergoing coil embolization.

METHODS

Data were obtained from 400 aSAH patients undergoing endovascular coiling admitted to the People's Hospital of Hunan Province in China (2015-2019). The key indicator was the modified Rankin Score (mRS), with 3-6 representing poor functional outcomes. Multivariate logistic regression (MLR)-based visual nomograms were developed to analyze baseline characteristics and post-operative complications. The evaluation of nomogram performance included discrimination (measured by C statistic), calibration (measured by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and calibration curves), and clinical usefulness (measured by decision curve analysis).

RESULTS

Fifty-nine aSAH patients (14.8%) had poor outcomes. Both nomograms showed good discrimination, and the post-operative nomogram demonstrated superior discrimination to the pre-operative nomogram with a C statistic of 0.895 (95% CI: 0.844-0.945) vs. 0.801 (95% CI: 0.733-0.870). Each was well calibrated with a Hosmer-Lemeshow p-value of 0.498 vs. 0.276. Moreover, decision curve analysis showed that both nomograms were clinically useful, and the post-operative nomogram generated more net benefit than the pre-operative nomogram. Web-based online calculators have been developed to greatly improve the efficiency of clinical applications.

CONCLUSIONS

Pre- and post-operative dynamic nomograms could support pre-operative treatment decisions and post-operative management in aSAH patients, respectively. Moreover, this study indicates that integrating post-operative variables into the nomogram enhanced prediction accuracy for the poor outcome of aSAH patients.

Effect of Cilostazol in Animal Models of Cerebral Ischemia and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, appears to be a promising agent for preventing cerebral ischemia in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Here, the authors perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantitatively assess the effects of cilostazol on brain structural and functional outcomes in animal models of cerebral ischemia and subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced cerebral vasospasm.

METHODS

By using the PRISMA guidelines, a search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted to identify relevant studies. Study quality of each included study for both systematic reviews were scored by using an adapted 15-item checklist from the Collaborative Approach to Meta-Analysis of Animal Data from Experimental Studies. We calculated a standardized mean difference as effect size for each comparison. For each outcome, comparisons were combined by using random-effects modeling to account for heterogeneity, with a restricted maximum likelihood estimate of between-study variance.

RESULTS

A total of 22 (median [Q1, Q3] quality score of 7 [5, 8]) and 6 (median [Q1, Q3] quality score of 6 [6, 6]) studies were identified for cerebral ischemia and subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced cerebral vasospasm, respectively. Cilostazol significantly reduced the infarct volume in cerebral ischemia models with a pooled standardized mean difference estimate of - 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] [- 1.07 to - 0.70], p < 0.0001). Cilostazol significantly reduced neurofunctional deficits in cerebral ischemia models with a pooled standardized mean difference estimate of - 0.66 (95% CI [- 1.06 to - 0.28], p < 0.0001). Cilostazol significantly improved the basilar artery diameter in subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced cerebral vasospasm with a pooled standardized mean difference estimate of 2.30 (95% CI [0.94 to 3.67], p = 0.001). Cilostazol also significantly improved the basilar artery cross-section area with a pooled standardized mean estimate of 1.88 (95% CI [0.33 to 3.43], p < 0.05). Overall, there was between-study heterogeneity and asymmetry in the funnel plot observed in all comparisons.

CONCLUSIONS

Published animal data support the overall efficacy of cilostazol in reducing infarct volume and neurofunctional deficits in cerebral ischemia models and cerebral vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage models.

Evaluation of External Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation to Prevent Cerebral Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Due to Aneurysmal Rupture: A Randomized, Double-Blind Proof-of-Concept Pilot Trial (TRIVASOSTIM Study)

Cerebral vasospasm remains the most frequent and devastating complication after subarachnoid aneurysmal hemorrhage because of secondary cerebral ischemia and its sequelae. The underlying pathophysiology involves vasodilator peptide release (such as CGRP) and nitric oxide depletion at the level of the precapillary sphincters of the cerebral (internal carotid artery network) and dural (external carotid artery network) arteries, which are both innervated by craniofacial autonomic afferents and tightly connected to the trigeminal nerve and trigemino-cervical nucleus complex. We hypothesized that trigeminal nerve modulation could influence the cerebral flow of this vascular network through a sympatholytic effect and decrease the occurrence of vasospasm and its consequences. We conducted a prospective double-blind, randomized controlled pilot trial to compare the effect of 10 days of transcutaneous electrical trigeminal nerve stimulation vs. sham stimulation on cerebral infarction occurrence at 3 months. Sixty patients treated for aneurysmal SAH (World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies scale between 1 and 4) were included. We compared the radiological incidence of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3 months in moderate and severe vasospasm patients receiving trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS group) vs. sham stimulation (sham group). Our primary endpoint (the infarction rate at the 3-month follow-up) did not significantly differ between the two groups (p = 0.99). Vasospasm-related infarctions were present in seven patients (23%) in the TNS group and eight patients (27%) in the sham group. Ultimately, we were not able to show that TNS can decrease the rate of cerebral infarction secondary to vasospasm occurrence. As a result, it would be premature to promote trigeminal system neurostimulation in this context. This concept should be the subject of further research.

Utility of flow diverters in treatment of acutely ruptured uncoilable aneurysms of the posterior circulation of the brain

PURPOSE

Aim of this study is to evaluate safety and efficacy of flow diverters (FDs) in treatment of acutely ruptured posterior circulation aneurysms MATERIALS AND METHODS: Databases of three participating institutions were retrospectively scanned for patients in whom FD placement was attempted for treatment of acutely ruptured vertebrobasilar aneurysms. An interval of 14 days or fewer between the latest ictus and treatment was used as inclusion criterion. Patients with dolichoectasia of vertebrobasilar arteries were excluded. If necessary, adjunctive techniques including coiling or stenting were utilized. Clinical outcomes were graded using mWFNS (modified World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies Scale) and mRS (modified Rankin Scale). Aneurysmal occlusion was defined as Raymond-Roy Class 1. Spearman's (ρ) test was used to assess the correlation between variables. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess outcomes.

RESULTS

31 patients (25 women, mean age: 52.7 ± 15.2) harboring 32 aneurysms (16 non-saccular, mean size: 11.4 ± 7 mm) were included. Mean number of FDs used was 1.22 ± 0.42. In six cases, adjunctive coiling and in five cases, apposing stent placement were used. Overall mortality rate and procedure-related mortality rates were 22.5% (7/31) and 9.6% (3/31), respectively. At a mean imaging follow-up of 17.2 ± 12.6 months, total occlusion was achieved in 22 aneurysms (91.6%). Univariate analysis showed that mortality was positively correlated with vasospasm (ρ = 0.600, p < 0.05), higher mWFNS Scale (ρ = 0.685, p < 0.05), higher modified Fischer Score (ρ = 0.609, p < 0.05), higher mRS (ρ = 0.594, p < 0.05) on admission and negatively correlated with saccular morphology (ρ = -0.529, p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression identified mWFNS on admission as a significant predictor. (OR: 7.148, 95% CI 1.777-28.758, p: 0.01). Adjunctive coiling positively correlated with aneurysm occlusion. (ρ = 0.522, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The procedure-related morbidity and mortality is not negligible. However, the risks and efficacy associated with FDs are acceptable, especially when adjunctive coiling is possible, given the lack of treatment alternatives.

Cervical spinal cord stimulation for prevention and treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: clinical and radiographic outcomes of a prospective single-center clinical pilot study

BACKGROUND

Cerebral vasospasm induced by aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a major cause of high morbidity and mortality, for which there is no consistently effective treatment. Cervical spinal cord stimulation (cSCS) has been shown to induce vasodilatation and improve peripheral and cerebral blood flow in both animal and human studies. This pilot study was performed to assess the clinical effect and long-term results of cSCS treatment in aSAH patients.

METHODS

This was the first IRB- and US FDA-approved prospective non-randomized non-controlled study comprising of 12 aSAH patients (8 women, 4 men, age range 34-62 years) treated between May and November 2008. All patients underwent up to 2 weeks of cSCS with a single percutaneously implanted 8-contact electrode. Neurological outcomes at discharge and follow-up of up to 13 years and mortality/complications rates were analyzed.

RESULTS

All 12 aSAH patients underwent cSCS electrode implantation immediately after securing the aneurysm. Patients were stimulated for 10-14 consecutive days starting within 3 days of aneurysm rupture. Angiographic vasospasm occurred in six patients; two patients developed new vasospasm-related neurological symptoms; both recovered completely by discharge time. One patient died from unrelated multi-system failure; the rest were followed up clinically (average, 7.5 years; range, 12-151 months) and angiographically (average, 6.5 years; range, 36-125 months). No delayed ischemic neurological deficits/strokes and no cSCS-related adverse effects were observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Our short- and long-term data suggest that cSCS is feasible and safe for patients in the acute aSAH settings. Small size of the patient cohort and lack of control do not allow us to conclude whether cSCS is able to prevent cerebral vasospasm, decrease its severity, and improve clinical outcomes in aSAH patients. However, our findings support further clinical trials and development of cSCS as a new concept to prevent and treat cerebral vasospasm.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

CLINICALTRIALS

gov NCT00766844, posted on 10/06/2008.

Invasive Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Cerebral VasoSpasm after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (IMCVS)-A Phase 2 Randomized Controlled Trial

Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) is associated with delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The most frequently used form of rescue therapy for CVS is invasive endovascular therapy. Due to a lack of prospective data, we performed a prospective randomized multicenter trial (NCT01400360). A total of 34 patients in three centers were randomized to invasive endovascular treatment or conservative therapy at diagnosis of relevant CVS onset. Imaging data was assessed by a neuroradiologist blinded for treatment allocation. Primary outcome measure was development of DCI. Secondary endpoints included clinical outcome at 6 months after SAH. A total of 18 of the 34 patients were treated conservatively, and 16 patients were treated with invasive endovascular treatment for CVS. There was no statistical difference in the rate of cerebral infarctions either at initial or at the follow-up MRI between the groups. However, the outcome at 6 months was better in patients treated conservatively (mRs 2 ± 1.5 vs. 4 ± 1.8, p = 0.005). Invasive endovascular treatment for CVS does not lead to a lower rate of DCI but might lead to poorer outcomes compared to induced hypertension. The potential benefits of endovascular treatment for CVS need to be addressed in further studies, searching for a subgroup of patients who may benefit.

Acute hydrocephalus and delayed cerebral infarction after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

BACKGROUND

Delayed cerebral infarction (DCIn) following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a major cause of morbi-mortality; yet, the causes for DCIn remain incompletely understood.

OBJECTIVE

We tested the hypothesis that acute hydrocephalus could be related to the occurrence of DCIn, independently of the occurrence and severity of vasospasm.

METHODS

Radiological and clinical data of patients treated at a single large volume academic center for aSAH between 2017 and 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. DCIn was defined as imaging stigma of cerebral infarction visible on 6-week imaging follow-up after aSAH. Hydrocephalus was defined on baseline imaging as a relative bicaudate index above 1. Cerebral vasospasm was defined by reduction of artery diameter in comparison with initial diameter. We used uni- and multivariable models to test the associations between these variables, hydrocephalus and DCIn.

RESULTS

Of 164 included patients, vasospasm occurred in 58 patients (35.4%), and DCIn in 47 (28.7%). Acute hydrocephalus was present in 85 patients (51.8%) on baseline CT. No relation was found between acute hydrocephalus and delayed cerebral infarction in our multivariate analysis (adjusted OR: 1.20 95% CI [0.43-3.37]; p = 0.732). Only vasospasm occurrence was independently associated with DCIn (adjusted OR: 10.97 95% CI [4.60-26.01]).

CONCLUSION

Our study did not show an association between acute hydrocephalus and DCIn after aSAH, after adjustment for the presence and severity of cerebral vasospasm.

Trends in Utilization of Temporary and Permanent Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion and Catheter Cerebral Angiography for Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the United States

INTRODUCTION

We sought to analyze the rate of utilization of methods of cerebrospinal fluid diversion over time in a nationally representative cohort of patients admitted with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).

METHODS

The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was queried for patients admitted with aSAH from 2006 to 2018. Patients who received external ventricular drainage (EVD), lumbar drainage, ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS), and cerebral angiography were then identified. A Cochrane-Armitage test was conducted to assess the linear trend of proportions of EVD, lumbar drains, VPS, and mean cerebral angiograms per admission. Four regression analyses were conducted to infer the association of baseline variables to EVD, lumbar drain, VPS, and mean number of cerebral angiographies.

RESULTS

A total of 133,567 admissions were identified from 2006-2018 involving aSAH. Of these, 41.82% received EVD, 6.22% received lumbar drainage, 10.58% received VPS, and 75.03% had cerebral angiograms. There was an average upward trend of 1.57% in annual EVD utilization, downward trend of -0.28% in utilization of lumbar drainage, no changes in VPS utilization, and an upward trend of 0.04 angiograms per year (P < 0.001). There was a higher proportion of Black patients treated with EVD and VPS in both urban teaching hospitals and large hospitals.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results show the temporal trends in utilization of temporary and permanent methods of cerebrospinal fluid diversion and catheter cerebral angiography among patients with aSAH in the United States. The underutilization of VPS following EVD and the differences in EVD and VPS utilization depending on race and hospital size deserve further exploration.

Comparison of Symptomatic Vasospasm after Surgical Clipping and Endovascular Coiling

Vasospasm, initial neurological damage, rebleeding, and periprocedural complications are associated prognostic factors for clinical outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In this study, factors related to delayed ischemic neurological deficit (DIND) are evaluated using data from our institute for the last 18 years. Data from 2001 to 2018 of patients with aneurysmal SAH who underwent surgical clipping (SC) or endovascular coiling (EC) within 7 days of onset were retrospectively analyzed. Cases of mortality within 5 days after treatment were excluded. Multivariate analysis was used to identify the risk factors for DIND. In total, 840 cases of SAH were assessed; among these cases, 384 (45.7%) and 456 (54.3%) were treated with SC and EC, respectively. The frequency of DIND in the EC group was significantly less than that in the SC group (11.8% vs. 17.7%; p = 0.016). In the results of multivariate analysis, internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm and hemorrhagic complications were the risk factors for DIND. Cilostazol administration and EC were significant factors for vasospasm prevention after aneurysmal SAH (odds ratio of ICA aneurysm: 1.59, hemorrhagic complications: 1.76, SC: 1.51, and cilostazol administration: 0.51, respectively). Cilostazol administration was also a significant factor in patients who were treated with EC. ICA aneurysm, treatment strategy, hemorrhagic complications, and cilostazol administration were associated with DIND. Oral administration of cilostazol and avoiding hemorrhagic complications were effective in DIND prevention. If both treatments are available for ruptured aneurysms, clinicians should choose EC on the basis of its ability to prevent DIND.

Continuous Intraarterial Nimodipine Infusion for the Treatment of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Retrospective, Single-Center Cohort Trial

Background

Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) occurs after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Continuous intraarterial nimodipine infusion (CIAN) is a promising approach in patients with intracranial large vessel vasospasm (LVV). The objective of this retrospective single-center cohort study was to evaluate the outcome in aSAH-patients treated with CIAN.

Methods

CIAN was initiated and ended based on the clinical evaluation and transcranial Doppler (TCD), CT-angiography, CT-perfusion (PCT), and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Nimodipine (0.5–2.0 mg/h) was administered continuously through microcatheters placed in the extracranial internal carotid and/or vertebral artery. Primary outcome measures were Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at discharge and within 1 year after aSAH, and the occurrence of minor and major (<⅓ and >⅓ of LVV-affected territory) DCI-related infarctions in subsequent CT/MRI-scans. Secondary outcome measures were CIAN-associated complications.

Results

A total of 17 patients underwent CIAN. Median onset of CIAN was 9 (3–13) days after aSAH, median duration was 5 (1–13) days. A favorable outcome (GOS 4–5) was achieved in 9 patients (53%) at discharge and in 13 patients within 1 year (76%). One patient died of posthemorrhagic cerebral edema. Minor cerebral infarctions occurred in five and major infarctions in three patients. One patient developed cerebral edema possibly due to CIAN. Normalization of PCT-parameters within 2 days was observed in 9/17 patients. Six patients showed clinical response and thus did not require PCT imaging.

Conclusion

The favorable outcome in 76% of patients after 1 year is in line with previous studies. CIAN thus may be used to treat patients with severe therapy-refractory DCI.

Neuroprotective effect of dapsone in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

OBJECTIVE

In this study, the authors sought to define the differences in the incidence of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) between patients treated with dapsone and those treated with placebo. Secondary objectives were to define the clinical outcome at discharge and 3 months and the incidence of brain infarction.

METHODS

A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed and included patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) within 5 days from ictus who were candidates for aneurysm occlusion, and who had a Fisher grade of 3 or 4. Patients with sulfa or sulfone drug allergies, hemoglobin < 11 g/dl, known G6PD deficiency, and those refusing informed consent were excluded. A minimal relevant effect decrease of 35% in the incidence of DCI was established. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a regimen of dapsone 2.5 ml (100 mg) daily or a placebo (aluminum hydroxide suspension, 2.5 ml daily). Both groups received validated treatment for aneurysmal SAH. The appearance of DCI on CT was assessed in every patient at discharge and 3 months later. We used the chi-square test to compare the DCI incidence between both groups, and the Student t-test or nonparametric tests to compare quantitative variables.

RESULTS

Overall, 48 patients (70.8% women and 29.2% men) were included. The mean age was 50 years (SD 14.28 years, range 18-72 years). Prerandomization and postrandomization characteristics were balanced, except for the necessity of intra-arterial nimodipine administration in patients treated with placebo (15.4% vs 45.5%, p = 0.029. The incidence of DCI, the primary endpoint, for the whole cohort was 43.8% and was significantly lower in the dapsone group (26.9% vs 63.6%, p = 0.011). In addition, the irreversible DCI incidence was lower in the dapsone group (11.5% vs 54.5%, p = 0.12). A favorable modified Rankin Scale score was more frequent in the dapsone group at discharge and at 3 months (76.9% vs 36.4%, p = 0.005 and 80% vs 38.9%, p = 0.019, respectively). Also, the brain infarction incidence was lower in the dapsone group (19.2% vs 63.6%, p = 0.001). There was no difference between groups regarding adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS

Dapsone seems to play a role as a prophylactic agent in patients at high risk of developing DCI after aneurysmal SAH. A multicenter investigation is necessary to increase the study population and confirm the consistency of the results observed in this study.

Distribution of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage assessed using cone-beam CT angiography

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Cone-beam CT angiography (CB-CTA) provides a three-dimensional spatial resolution which is, so far, unmatched in clinical practice compared with other conventional techniques such as two-dimensional digital subtracted angiography. We aimed to assess the distribution of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) using CB-CTA.

METHODS

30 consecutive patients with aSAH undergoing vasospasm percutaneous balloon angioplasty (PBA) were recruited and underwent CB-CTA in this single-center prospective cohort series. Intracranial arteries were systematically analyzed by two independent observers from the large trunks to the distal cortical branches and perforators using a high-resolution reconstruction protocol. Intermediate and severe cerebral vasospasm was defined as 30-50% and >50% narrowing in the diameter of the vessel, respectively.

RESULTS

35 arterial cervical artery territories were analyzed, of which 80% were associated with clinical or radiological signs of delayed cerebral ischemia. The median spatial resolution was 150 µm (range 100-250 µm). Intermediate or severe vasospasm was observed in the proximal (86%, 95% CI 74% to 97%), middle (89%, 95% CI 78% to 99%), and distal (60%, 95% CI 44% to 76%) segments of the large trunks, as well as the cortical branches (11%, 95% CI 1% to 22%). No vasospasm was observed in basal ganglia or cortical perforators, or in arteries smaller than 900 µm. Vasospasm was more severe in middle or distal segments compared with proximal segments in 43% (95% CI 26% to 59%) of cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrated that symptomatic cerebral vasospasm following aSAH did not involve arteries smaller than 900 µm, and frequently predominated in middle or distal segments. These results offer new insights into the potential management options for vasospasm using PBA.

Intensive therapies of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a propensity-matched comparison of different center-driven strategies

BACKGROUND

Intensive therapies of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) have still controversial and unproven benefit. We aimed to compare the overall efficacy of two different center-driven strategies for the treatment of DCI respectively with and without vasospasm angioplasty.

METHODS

Two hundred consecutive patients with aSAH were enrolled in each of two northern European centers. In an interventional center, vasospasm angioplasty was indicated as first line rather than rescue treatment of DCI using distal percutaneous balloon angioplasty technique combined with intravenous milrinone. In non-interventional center, induced hypertension was the only intensive therapy of DCI. Radiological DCI (new cerebral infarcts not visible on immediate post-treatment imaging), death at 1 month, and favorable outcome at 6 months (modified Rankin scale score ≤ 2) were retrospectively analyzed by independent observers and compared between two centers before and after propensity score (PS) matching for baseline characteristics.

RESULTS

Baseline characteristics only differed between centers for age and rate of smokers and patients with chronic high blood pressure. In the interventional center, vasospasm angioplasty was performed in 38% of patients with median time from bleeding of 8 days (Q1 = 6.5;Q3 = 10). There was no significant difference of incidence of radiological DCI (9% vs.14%, P = 0.11), death (8% vs. 9%, P = 0.4), and favorable outcome 74% vs. 72% (P = 0.4) between interventional and non-interventional centers before and after PS matching.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest either that there is no benefit, or might be minimal, of one between two different center-driven strategies for intensive treatment of DCI. Despite potential lack of power or unknown confounders in our study, these results question the use of such intensive therapies in daily practice without further optimization and validation.

Primary results of the Vesalio NeVa VS for the Treatment of Symptomatic Cerebral Vasospasm following Aneurysm Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (VITAL) Study

BACKGROUND

Cerebral vasospasm (CV) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is linked to worse neurological outcomes. The NeVa VS is a novel cerebral dilation device based on predicate stent retrievers. We report the results of the Vesalio NeVa VS for the Treatment of Symptomatic Cerebral Vasospasm following aSAH (VITAL) Study.

METHODS

This was a single-arm prospective multicenter trial to assess the safety and probable benefit of the NeVa VS device to treat CV. Patients were screened and treated if they had CV >50% on non-invasive imaging confirmed by cerebral angiography. The vessel diameters were measured before and after treatment by an independent core laboratory. The primary endpoint was ≥50% vessel diameter immediately after treatment with the NeVa VS device.

RESULTS

Thirty patients with a mean age of 52±11 years and mean Hunt-Hess grade of 3.1±0.9 were enrolled. A total of 74 vessels were treated with an average of 1.3 deployments per vessel (95 deployments total). The mean pre-treatment narrowing of the target vessel (n=74) was 65.6% with reduction of the narrowing to 29.4% after treatment. The primary endpoint was achieved in 64 of 74 vessels (86.5%). In three of 95 total deployments (3.2%), thrombus at the site of deployment was observed during the procedure without apparent neurological sequelae.

CONCLUSIONS

The NeVa VS device appears to be a safe treatment to regain vessel diameter in severely narrowed intracranial arteries secondary to CV associated with aSAH. This treatment offers a new tool that allows for controlled vessel expansion to treat CV.

Effectiveness comparisons of drug therapies for postoperative aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients: network meta‑analysis and systematic review

Objective

To compare the effectiveness of various drug interventions in improving the clinical outcome of postoperative patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and assist in determining the drugs of definite curative effect in improving clinical prognosis.

Methods

Eligible Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) were searched in databases of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library (inception to Sep 2020). Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score, Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE) score or modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was used as the main outcome measurements to evaluate the efficacy of various drugs in improving the clinical outcomes of postoperative patients with aSAH. The network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted based on a random-effects model, dichotomous variables were determined by using odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), and a surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) was generated to estimate the ranking probability of comparative effectiveness among different drug therapies.

Results

From the 493 of initial citation screening, forty-four RCTs (n = 10,626 participants) were eventually included in our analysis. Our NMA results showed that cilostazol (OR = 3.35,95%CI = 1.50,7.51) was the best intervention to improve the clinical outcome of patients (SUCRA = 87.29%, 95%CrI 0.07–0.46). Compared with the placebo group, only two drug interventions [nimodipine (OR = 1.61, 95%CI 1.01,2.57) and cilostazol (OR = 3.35, 95%CI 1.50, 7.51)] achieved significant statistical significance in improving the clinical outcome of patients.

Conclusions

Both nimodipine and cilostazol have exact curative effect to improve the outcome of postoperative patients with aSAH, and cilostazol may be the best drug to improve the outcome of patients after aSAH operation. Our study provides implications for future studies that, the combination of two or more drugs with relative safety and potential benefits (e.g., nimodipine and cilostazol) may improve the clinical outcome of patients more effectively.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-021-02303-8.

Percutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation Induces Cerebral Vasodilation in a Dose-Dependent Manner

BACKGROUND

The trigeminal nerve directly innervates key vascular structures both centrally and peripherally. Centrally, it is known to innervate the brainstem and cavernous sinus, whereas peripherally the trigemino-cerebrovascular network innervates the majority of the cerebral vasculature. Upon stimulation, it permits direct modulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF), making the trigeminal nerve a promising target for the management of cerebral vasospasm. However, trigeminally mediated cerebral vasodilation has not been applied to the treatment of vasospasm.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the effect of percutaneous electrical stimulation of the infraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve (pTNS) on the cerebral vasculature.

METHODS

In order to determine the stimulus-response function of pTNS on cerebral vasodilation, CBF, arterial blood pressure, cerebrovascular resistance, intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebrospinal fluid calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentrations, and the diameter of cerebral vessels were measured in healthy and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) rats.

RESULTS

The present study demonstrates, for the first time, that pTNS increases brain CGRP concentrations in a dose-dependent manner, thereby producing controllable cerebral vasodilation. This vasodilatory response appears to be independent of the pressor response induced by pTNS, as it is maintained even after transection of the spinal cord at the C5-C6 level and shown to be confined to the infraorbital nerve by administration of lidocaine or destroying it. Furthermore, such pTNS-induced vasodilatory response of cerebral vessels is retained after SAH-induced vasospasm.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrates that pTNS is a promising vasodilator and increases CBF, cerebral perfusion, and CGRP concentration both in normal and vasoconstrictive conditions.

Length of hospital stay in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients without vasospasm on angiography: potential for a fast-track discharge cohort

BACKGROUND

Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) frequently suffer from vasospasm. We analyzed the association between absence of early angiographic vasospasm and early discharge.

METHODS

All aSAH patients treated from August 1, 2007, to July 31, 2019, at a single tertiary center were reviewed. Patients undergoing diagnostic digital subtraction angiography (DSA) on post-aSAH days 5 to 7 were analyzed; cohorts with and without angiographic vasospasm (angiographic reports by attending neurovascular surgeons) were compared. Primary outcome was hospital length of stay; secondary outcomes were intensive care unit length of stay, 30 day return to the emergency department (ED), and poor neurologic outcome, defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score >2.

RESULTS

A total of 298 patients underwent DSA on post-aSAH day 5, 6, or 7. Most patients (n=188, 63%) had angiographic vasospasm; 110 patients (37%) did not. Patients without vasospasm had a significantly lower mean length of hospital stay than vasospasm patients (18.0±7.1 days vs 22.4±8.6 days; p<0.001). The two cohorts did not differ significantly in the proportion of patients with mRS scores >2 at last follow-up or those returning to the ED before 30 days. After adjustment for Hunt and Hess scores, Fisher grade, admission Glasgow Coma Scale score, and age, logistic regression analysis showed that the absence of vasospasm on post-aSAH days 5-7 predicted discharge on or before hospital day 14 (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.8 to 6.4, p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

Lack of angiographic vasospasm 5 to 7 days after aSAH is associated with shorter hospitalization, with no increase in 30 day ED visits or poor neurologic outcome.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on patients with intracranial aneurysm rupture

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The present study aimed at evaluating the impact on the early outcome of patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms.

METHODS

Our study prospectively included 26 consecutive patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysm managed at our institution in context of COVID-19 pandemic between March 1st, 2020 and April, 26th, 2020 (2020 group). A group control included other 28 consecutive patients managed at the same institution for the same disease in 2019, during the same time frame (2019 group). On admission, poor neurological status was defined as WFNS score >3. Severe radiological status was defined by the presence of intracerebral hematoma, or/and acute hydrocephalus requiring further EVD or/and the presence of vasospasm on presentation. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the 2 distinct groups.

RESULTS

Rates of poor neurological presentation and severe radiological presentation on hospital admission were higher in the 2020 group (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). The delayed hospital admission was 2.7 days in 2020 group and 0.75 days in 2019 group (p = 0.005). Therefore, vasospasm's rate on presentation was also higher in the 2020 group (p = 0.04).

CONCLUSION

To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies demonstrating influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with urgent and severe intracranial aneurysmal disease. In case of recurrent COVID-19 pandemic, educating the population concerning specific symptoms such as sudden headache, neurological deficit or even sudden chest pain should be emphasized.

Effect of Surgical Arachnoid Plasty on Functional Outcome in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE

Various techniques have been performed to reduce subarachnoid clotting during aneurysmal neck clipping surgery. We considered that maintaining the physiologic cerebrospinal fluid circulation by performing arachnoid plasty after clipping during surgery would lead to the accelerated clearance of the subarachnoid clot.

METHODS

Patients in a prospectively maintained aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) database at our institution and with aSAH that fulfilled the criteria were selected for this study. The incidence of delayed cerebral ischemia, angiographic vasospasm, 3-month functional outcome, and the amount of subarachnoid clot on computed tomography were compared between the 2 groups after matching.

RESULTS

From 2006 through 2016, 228 clipping cases met the inclusion criteria. Using propensity score matching, 89 cases of clipping without arachnoid plasty were matched to 89 cases of clipping with arachnoid plasty. Univariate analyses showed that arachnoid plasty significantly reduced the occurrence of hydrocephalus and incidence of poor outcome. Arachnoid plasty statistically significantly reduces the occurrence of hydrocephalus (odds ratio 0.267, 95% confidence interval 0.074-0.963, P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis also showed that arachnoid plasty was the factor reducing poor outcome at 3 months after aSAH (odds ratio 0.222, 95% confidence interval 0.075-0.661, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The present study suggests that good hematoma clearance due to arachnoid formation reduced brain damage, cerebral vasospasm, and hydrocephalus, resulting in significantly fewer cases with poor functional prognosis. It therefore follows that procedures such as arachnoid plasty should be taken into consideration in order to improve outcome in surgical clipping.

Computational methods for visualizing and measuring verapamil efficacy for cerebral vasospasm

Cerebral vasospasm is a dreaded sequelae of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), requiring timely intervention with therapeutic goals of improving brain perfusion. There are currently no standardized real-time, objective assessments of the interventional procedures performed to treat vasospasm. Here we describe real-time techniques to quantify cerebral perfusion during interventional cerebral angiography. We retrospectively analyzed 39 consecutive cases performed to treat clinical vasospasm and quantified the changes in perfusion metrics between pre- and post- verapamil administrations. With Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) perfusion analysis, we are able to identify hypoperfused territories and quantify the exact changes in cerebral perfusion for each individual case and vascular territory. We demonstrate that perfusion analysis for DSA can be performed in real time. This provides clinicians with a colorized map which directly visualizes hypoperfused tissue, combined with associated perfusion statistics. Quantitative thresholds and analysis based on DSA perfusion may assist with real-time dosage estimation and help predict response to treatment, however future prospective analysis is required for validation.

Cortical Blood Flow Insufficiency Scores with Computed Tomography Perfusion can Predict Outcomes in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients: A Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

The World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) scale is widely accepted for predicting outcomes for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients. However, it is difficult to definitely predict outcomes for the most poor grade, WFNS grade 5. The present study aimed to investigate the prognostic ability of a novel classification using computed tomography perfusion (CTP) findings, called the cortical blood flow insufficiency (CBFI) scores.

METHODS

CTP was performed on admission for aneurysmal SAH followed by radical treatments within 72 hours of onset. Twenty-four cerebral cortex regions of interest (ROIs) were defined. CBFI was defined as Tmax > 4 s in each ROI, and CBFI scores were calculated based on the total number of ROIs with CBFI. Using the optimal cutoff value based on receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis to predict patient functional outcomes, CBFI scores were divided into "high" or "low" CBFI scores. Patient functional outcomes at 90 days were categorized based on modified Rankin Scale scores (0-3, favorable group; 4-6 unfavorable group) (0-4, non-catastrophic group; 5-6, catastrophic group).

RESULTS

Fifty-seven patients were included in this study, of whom 21 (36.8%) and 13 (22.8%) were in the unfavorable and the catastrophic groups, respectively. A factor predicting unfavorable and catastrophic outcomes was CBFI score cutoff value of 7 points (area under the curve, 0.73 and 0.81, respectively). In multivariable logistic regression analysis for unfavorable outcome, high CBFI scores (odds ratio (OR), 8.6; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-65.4; P = 0.04) and WFNS grade 5 (OR, 30.0; 95% CI, 4.5-201.0; P < 0.001) remained as independent predictors, while for catastrophic outcome, high CBFI scores (OR, 25.3; 95% CI, 3.3-194.0; P = 0.002) and age (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0-1.2; P = 0.02) remained as independent predictors. Conversely, WFNS grade 5 was not an independent predictor of catastrophic outcomes (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 0.6-24.0; P = 0.15). In high CBFI scores, the OR of the delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) occurrence was 9.6 (95% CI, 1.5-61.4; P = 0.02) after adjusting for age.

CONCLUSION

High CBFI scores could predict unfavorable and catastrophic outcomes for aneurysmal SAH patients and DCI occurrence.

Treatment of cerebral vasospasm secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage utilizing the Comaneci device

Delayed cerebral ischemia due to vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage continues to have high morbidity and mortality despite current treatments. This report highlights the use of the Comaneci (Rapid Medical, Yokneam, Israel), a device FDA approved for temporary coil embolization assistance, for the treatment of symptomatic vasospasm. Ten days post subarachnoid hemorrhage, a patient developed acute left-sided hemiparesis with angiographic vasospasm. Through a Headway 17 microcatheter, a Comaneci 17 was deployed in the right ICA terminus, M1, M2, A1, and, A2 segments resulting in improvement of angiographic vasospasm and the patient's left-sided hemiparesis. On the following day, a repeat angiogram demonstrated no recurrence of vasospasm. The patient had complete return on neurologic function by post bleed day 18 continuing to her four-week follow-up appointment. This case demonstrates the feasibility of the Comaneci device as an effective tool in the treatment of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Delayed Cerebral Infarction is Systematically Associated with a Cerebral Vasospasm of Large Intracranial Arteries

BACKGROUND

Whether delayed cerebral infarction (DCIn) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is driven by large artery vasospasm is still controversial.

OBJECTIVE

To study the association between DCIn and vasospasm by using quantitative assessment of vasospasm up to distal arteries with time and territorial-based correlation.

METHODS

Clinical and imaging data of 392 patients with aSAH treated at our center between 2012 and 2017 were reviewed. DCIn was defined as any cerebral infarction occurring within 3 to 21 d after ictus and not related to other specific cause. In patients with DCIn, vasospasm was assessed within 24 h around DCIn for each cerebral artery up to the end of the 2nd segments. DCIn and vasospasm analyses were blinded.

RESULTS

DCIn was found in 11% of patients (inter-rater k = 0.90, computed tomography (CT)-scan = 100%, follow-up MRI = 91%). Vasospasm was quantified in 258 artery territories including 66 with and 192 without DCIn (DSA = 93%, computed tomography angiography = 7%). Vasospasm was more severe in DCIn than in non-DCIn territories (60% [55-69] vs 20% [0-50], P < .001). Vasospasm was associated with DCIn in a "dose-dependent" manner (P for trend = .022). Every DCIn territory had a vasospasm ≥ 50%, including 39% only of distal artery segments. Only 9% of non-DCIn territories had vasospasm ≥ vasospasm in DCIn territories.

CONCLUSION

The necessary association between severe vasospasm and DCIn in our study brings additional arguments in favor of large artery vasospasm (especially of distal segments) as a major determinant of DCIn and a potential therapeutic target.

A Questionnaire Survey of Management of Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage in Poland

BACKGROUND

Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) remains a potentially devastating threat to the brain with a serious impact on mortality and morbidity. We attempted to investigate correspondence between the current guidelines for aSAH management and real clinical practice in Poland.

METHODS

A web-based questionnaire was performed between 03.2019 and 06.2019. Centres performing neuro-interventional radiology procedures and neuro-critical care were included (n = 29). One response from each hospital was recorded.

RESULTS

In three (10.4%) centres, there was no clear protocol for an interventional treatment plan. Endovascular embolisation was predominantly used in 11 (37.9%) hospitals, and microsurgical clipping, in 10 (34.5%). A written protocol for standard anaesthetic management was established only in six (20.7%) centres for coiling and in five (17.2%) for microsurgical clipping. The diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm was based on transcranial Doppler as the first-choice method in seven (24.1%) units. "3-H therapy" was applied by 15 (51.8%) respondents, and "2-H therapy", by four (13.8%) respondents. In only eight (27.6%) centres were all patients with aSAH being admitted to the ICU.

CONCLUSION

Many discrepancies exist between the available guidelines and clinical practice in aSAH treatment in Poland. Peri-procedural management is poorly standardised. Means must be undertaken to improve patient-oriented treatment and care.

Effect of treatment modality and cerebral vasospasm agent on patient outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in the elderly aged 75 years and older

Objective

We sought to examine whether the effect of treatment modality and drugs for cerebral vasospasm on clinical outcomes differs between elderly and non-elderly subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients in Japan.

Methods

We analyzed the J-ASPECT Study Diagnosis Procedure Combination database (n = 17,343) that underwent clipping or coiling between 2010 and 2014 in 579 hospitals. We stratified patients into two groups according to their age (elderly [≥75 years old], n = 3,885; non-elderly, n = 13,458). We analyzed the effect of treatment modality and anti-vasospasm agents (fasudil hydrochloride, ozagrel sodium, cilostazol, statin, eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA], and edaravone) on in-hospital poor outcomes (mRS 3–6 at discharge) and mortality using multivariable analysis.

Results

The elderly patients were more likely to be female, have impaired levels of consciousness and comorbidity, and less likely to be treated with clipping and anti-vasospasm agents, except for ozagrel sodium and statin. In-hospital mortality and poor outcomes were higher in the elderly (15.8% vs. 8.5%, 71.7% vs. 36.5%).

Coiling was associated with higher mortality (odds ratio 1.43, 95% confidence interval 1.2–1.7) despite a lower proportion of poor outcomes (0.84, 0.75–0.94) in the non-elderly, in contrast to no effect on clinical outcomes in the elderly.

A comparable effect of anti-vasospasm agents on mortality was observed between non-elderly and elderly for fasudil hydrochloride (non-elderly: 0.20, 0.17–0.24), statin (0.63, 0.50–0.79), ozagrel sodium (0.72, 0.60–0.86), and cilostazol (0.63, 0.51–0.77). Poor outcomes were inversely associated with fasudil hydrochloride (0.59, 0.51–0.68), statin (0.84, 0.75–0.94), and EPA (0.83, 0.72–0.94) use in the non-elderly. No effect of these agents on poor outcomes was observed in the elderly.

Conclusions

In contrast to the non-elderly, no effect of treatment modality on clinical outcomes were observed in the elderly. A comparable effect of anti-vasospasm agents was observed on mortality, but not on functional outcomes, between the non-elderly and elderly.

The effects of Cinnamaldehyde on early brain injury and cerebral vasospasm following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits

The neuroprotective and vasodilatory effects of cinnamaldehyde have been widely studied and documented. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that cinnamaldehyde exhibits therapeutic effects on subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced early brain injury and cerebral vasospasm. Thirty-two adult male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into four groups of eight rabbits: control, subarachnoid hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage + vehicle, and subarachnoid hemorrhage + cinnamaldehyde. An intraperitoneal dose of 50 mg/kg cinnamaldehyde was administered 5 min following an intracisternal blood injection, followed by three further daily injections at identical doses. The animals were sacrificed 72 h after subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced. The cross-sectional areas and arterial wall thicknesses of the basilar artery were measured and hippocampal degeneration scores were evaluated. Treatment with cinnamaldehyde was effective in providing neuroprotection and attenuating cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits. It effectively increased the cross-sectional areas of the basilar artery and reduced the arterial wall thickness; in addition, hippocampal degeneration scores were lower in the cinnamaldehyde group. The findings of this study showed, for the first time to our knowledge, that cinnamaldehyde exhibits neuroprotective activity against subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced early brain injury and that it can prevent vasospasm. Potential mechanisms underlying the neuroprotection and vasodilation were discussed. Cinnamaldehyde could play a role in subarachnoid hemorrhage treatment.

Transluminal balloon angioplasty for cerebral vasospasm after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: A single-center experience

OBJECTIVES

After spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (sSAH), cerebral vasospasm (CVS) is a common complication, potentially resulting in infarction mainly responsible for a poor outcome. Intra-arterial vasodilators lead to transient increase of brain perfusion, but only transluminal balloon angioplasty (TBA) promises longer-lasting effects, though it poses the risk of severe complications. Until now, the precise impact of TBA on the course of CVS is not yet finally clarified. Thus we aimed to identify risk factors of recurrent CVS and vasospasm-related infarction following TBA.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We analyzed 35 patients with CVS after sSAH who received TBA (41 procedures, 99 vessel segments). Gender, age, WFNS grade and Fisher scale, occurrence of intraventricular and intracerebral hemorrhage, localization of the aneurysm and the initial treatment modality were obtained. We assessed functional outcome after 3 months and in-hospital mortality. TBA was analyzed concerning time point, localization, technique, complications and angiographic response. Furthermore, recurrence of CVS and vasospasm-related infarction after TBA were described and risk factors were identified with logistic regression analyses.

RESULTS

In 7 of 35 patients (20%) and in 16 of 99 vessel segments (16%) previously treated with TBA, we found recurrent CVS. Vasospasm-related infarction occurred in 18 cases (18%) in the arterial territories of the TBA-treated vessel segments. The angiographic effect after TBA was mostly classified as good (87%), good response was negatively associated with recurrent CVS (p = 0.004) and vasospasm-related infarction (p = 0.001). We identified only the male gender as a risk factor for vasospasm-related infarction after TBA (p = 0.040). In connection with TBA, only one complication occurred (intracranial dissection).

CONCLUSION

Our data support TBA as a safe and effective therapy for CVS. Nevertheless, recurrent CVS and vasospasm-related infarction were common after TBA and not predictable by clinical conditions on admission or the localization of CVS. A moderate or poor angiographic response after TBA was identified as a risk factor for both, recurrent CVS and vasospasm-related infarction, while male gender was associated with a higher risk of vasospasm-related infarction. Our results augment the still sparse evidence concerning optimal patient selection for this method and provide new aspects for individual therapy decisions.

The Nimodipine-Sparing Effect of Perioperative Dexmedetomidine Infusion During Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial

Background: Nimodipine can block the influx of calcium into the vascular smooth muscle cell and prevent secondary ischemia in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, the reduction of blood pressure after long-term intravenous administration of nimodipine has been associated with neurological deterioration. Yet, no effective solutions have been suggested to address this phenomenon. The use of neuroprotective drug combinations may reduce the risk of sudden blood pressure loss. This prospective, randomized, controlled trial was performed to evaluate the nimodipine-sparing effect of perioperative dexmedetomidine infusion during aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Methods: One hundred nine patients who underwent aneurysm embolization were divided into three groups: group C (n = 35, infused with 0.9% sodium chloride at the same rate as other two groups), group D1 (n = 38, dexmedetomidine infusion at 0.5 µg·kg^–1 for 10 min, then adjusted to 0.2 µg·kg^–1·h^–1), and group D2 (n = 36, dexmedetomidine infusion at 0.5 µg·kg^–1 for 10 min, then adjusted to 0.4 µg·kg^–1·h^–1). Patient-controlled analgesia was given for 48 h after surgery. The primary outcome measure was the total consumption of nimodipine during the first 48 h after surgery. The secondary outcome measures were recovery time at post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), postoperative pain intensity scores, dexmedetomidine and sufentanil consumption, hemodynamic, satisfaction of patients and neurosurgeon, neurologic examination (Glasgow Coma Scale, GCS), Bruggemann comfort scale, and adverse effects. Intraoperative hemodynamics were recorded at the following time-points: arrival at the operating room (T1); before intubation (T2); intubation (T3); 5 min (T4), 10 min (T5), and 15 min (T6) after intubation; suturing of femoral artery (T7); end of surgery (T8); extubation (T9); and 5 min (T10), 10 min (T11), and 15 min (T12) after arrival at the PACU. The level of sedation was recorded at 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, and 2 h after extubation. We also recorded the incidence of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm during 7 days after surgery, Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) at 3 months, and incidence of cerebral infarction 30 days after surgery.

Results: The consumption of nimodipine during the first 48 h after surgery was significantly lower in group D2 (P < 0.05). Compared with group C, HR and MAP were significantly decreased from T2 to T12 in group D1 and D2 (P < 0.05). Patients in group D2 showed a significantly decreased MAP from T5 to T9 compared with group D1 (P < 0.05). The consumption of sevoflurane, remifentanil, dexmedetomidine, and nimodipine were all significantly reduced in groups D1 and D2 during surgery (P < 0.05). Compared with group C, MAP was significantly decreased in groups D1 and D2 during the first 48 h after surgery (P < 0.05). Compared with group C, consumption of sufentanil and dexmedetomidine at 1 h, pain intensity at 1 h, and 8 h after surgery were significantly decreased in groups D1 and D2 (P < 0.05). FAS was significantly higher in group D2 at 8 h, 16 h, and 24 h after surgery. LOS was significantly lower only in group D2 at 0.5 h after surgery (P < 0.05). Compared with group C, BCS was significantly higher group D2 at 4 h and 8 h after surgery (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the three groups in consumption of propofol, cisatracurium, fentanyl, and vasoactive drugs during operation, recovery time at PACU, satisfaction of patients and neurosurgeon, and number of applied urapidil and GCS during the first 48 h after surgery. The incidence of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm during 7 days after surgery, GOS of 3 months, and cerebral infarction after 30 days were also comparable among the three groups.

Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine (infusion at 0.5 µg·kg^–1 for 10 min, then adjusted to 0.4 µg·kg^–1·h^–1 during the surgery) significantly reduced the total consumption of nimodipine during the first 48 h after surgery and promoted early rehabilitation of patients although the incidences of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm, GOS, and cerebral infarction were not reduced.

Distal Balloon Angioplasty of Cerebral Vasospasm Decreases the Risk of Delayed Cerebral Infarction

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Conventional angioplasty of cerebral vasospasm combines proximal balloon angioplasty (up to the first segment of cerebral arteries) with chemical angioplasty for distal arteries. Distal balloon angioplasty (up to the second segment of cerebral arteries) has been used in our center instead of chemical angioplasty since January 2015. We aimed to assess the effect of this new approach in patients with aneurysmal SAH.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The occurrence, date, territory, and cause of any cerebral infarction were retrospectively determined and correlated to angioplasty procedures. Delayed cerebral infarction, new angioplasty in the territory of a previous angioplasty, angioplasty complications, 1-month mortality, and 6- to 12-month modified Rankin Scale ≤ 2 were compared between 2 periods (before-versus-after January 2015, from 2012 to 2017) with adjustment for age, sex, World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies score, and the modified Fisher grade.

RESULTS

Three-hundred-ninety-two patients were analyzed (160 before versus 232 after January 2015). Distal balloon angioplasty was associated with the following: higher rates of angioplasty (43% versus 27%, P < .001) and intravenous milrinone (31% versus 9%, P < .001); lower rates of postangioplasty delayed cerebral infarction (2.2% versus 7.5%, P = .01) and new angioplasty (8% versus 19%, P = .003) independent of the rate of patients treated by angioplasty and milrinone; and the same rates of stroke related to angioplasty (3.6% versus 3.1%, P = .78), delayed cerebral infarction (7.7% versus 12.5%, P = .12), mortality (10% versus 11%, P = .81), and favorable outcome (79% versus 73%, P = .21).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggests that distal balloon angioplasty is safe and decreases the risk of delayed cerebral infarction and the recurrence of vasospasm compared with conventional angioplasty. It fails to show a clinical benefit possibly because of confounding changes in adjuvant therapies of vasospasm during the study period.

Propentdyopents as Heme Degradation Intermediates Constrict Mouse Cerebral Arterioles and Are Present in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

RATIONALE

Delayed ischemic neurological deficit is the most common cause of neurological impairment and unfavorable prognosis in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Despite the existence of neuroimaging modalities that depict the onset of the accompanying cerebral vasospasm, preventive and therapeutic options are limited and fail to improve outcome owing to an insufficient pathomechanistic understanding of the delayed perfusion deficit. Previous studies have suggested that BOXes (bilirubin oxidation end products), originating from released heme surrounding ruptured blood vessels, are involved in arterial vasoconstriction. Recently, isolated intermediates of oxidative bilirubin degradation, known as PDPs (propentdyopents), have been considered as potential additional effectors in the development of arterial vasoconstriction.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether PDPs and BOXes are present in hemorrhagic cerebrospinal fluid and involved in the vasoconstriction of cerebral arterioles.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Via liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, we measured increased PDP and BOX concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of SAH patients compared with control subjects. Using differential interference contrast microscopy, we analyzed the vasoactivity of PDP isomers in vitro by monitoring the arteriolar diameter in mouse acute brain slices. We found an arteriolar constriction on application of PDPs in the concentration range that occurs in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with SAH. By imaging arteriolar diameter changes using 2-photon microscopy in vivo, we demonstrated a short-onset vasoconstriction after intrathecal injection of either PDPs or BOXes. Using magnetic resonance imaging, we observed a long-term PDP-induced delay in cerebral perfusion. For all conditions, the arteriolar narrowing was dependent on functional big conductance potassium channels and was absent in big conductance potassium channels knockout mice.

CONCLUSIONS

For the first time, we have quantified significantly higher concentrations of PDP and BOX isomers in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with SAH compared to controls. The vasoconstrictive effect caused by PDPs in vitro and in vivo suggests a hitherto unrecognized pathway contributing to the pathogenesis of delayed ischemic deficit in patients with SAH.