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Huang Y, Guan X, Zhang X, Yoosefian G, Ho H, Huang LT, Lin HY, Anthony G, Lee HL, Bi X, Han F, Chan SF, Vora KP, Sharif B, Singh DP, Youssef K, Li D, Han H, Christodoulou AG, Dharmakumar R, Yang HJ. Accurate Intramyocardial Hemorrhage Assessment with Fast, Free-running, Cardiac Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging 2024; 6:e230376. [PMID: 39665631 PMCID: PMC11683678 DOI: 10.1148/ryct.230376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2024]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the performance of a high-dynamic-range quantitative susceptibility mapping (HDR-QSM) cardiac MRI technique to detect intramyocardial hemorrhage (IMH) and quantify iron content using phantom and canine models. Materials and Methods A free-running whole-heart HDR-QSM technique for IMH assessment was developed and evaluated in calibrated iron phantoms and 14 IMH female canine models. IMH detection and iron content quantification performance of this technique was compared with the conventional iron imaging approaches, R2*(1/T2*) maps, using measurements from ex vivo imaging as the reference standard. Results Phantom studies confirmed HDR-QSM's accurate iron content quantification and artifact mitigation ability by revealing a strong linear relationship between iron concentration and QSM values (R2, 0.98). In in vivo studies, HDR-QSM showed significantly improved image quality and susceptibility homogeneity in nonaffected myocardium by alleviating motion and off-resonance artifacts (HDR-QSM vs R2*: coefficient of variation, 0.31 ± 0.16 [SD] vs 0.73 ± 0.36 [P < .001]; image quality score [five-point Likert scale:], 3.58 ± 0.75 vs 2.87 ± 0.51 [P < .001]). Comparison between in vivo susceptibility maps and ex vivo measurements showed higher performance of HDR-QSM compared with R2* mapping for IMH detection (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.96 vs 0.75; P < .001) and iron content quantification (R2, 0.71 vs 0.14). Conclusion In a canine model of IMH, the fast and free-running cardiac QSM technique accurately detected IMH and quantified intramyocardial iron content of the entire heart within 5 minutes without requiring breath holding. Keywords: High-Dynamic-Range Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping, Myocardial Infarction, Intramyocardial Hemorrhage, MRI Supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Huang
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Xingmin Guan
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Ghazal Yoosefian
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Hao Ho
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Li-Ting Huang
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Hsin-Yao Lin
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Gregory Anthony
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Hsu-Lei Lee
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Xiaoming Bi
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Fei Han
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Shing Fai Chan
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Keyur P Vora
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Behzad Sharif
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Dhirendra P Singh
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Khalid Youssef
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Debiao Li
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Hui Han
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Anthony G Christodoulou
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Rohan Dharmakumar
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
| | - Hsin-Jung Yang
- From the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N Robertson Blvd, Pacific Theatres Bldg, Ste 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (Y.H., L.T.H., H.L.L., D.L., H. Han, A.G.C., H.J.Y.); Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (Y.H., X.G., X.Z., G.Y., G.A., S.F.C., K.P.V., B.S., D.P.S., K.Y., R.D.); Departments of Bioengineering (Y.H., X.Z., A.G.C.) and Statistics (H. Ho), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Academia Sinica, Institute of Statistical Science, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan (H. Ho); Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (L.T.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan (H.Y.L.); Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Malvern, Pa (X.B., F.H.); and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif (A.G.C.)
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