Inadequate spinal cord expansion in intraoperative ultrasound after decompression may predict neurological recovery of degenerative cervical myelopathy

Ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine: A review article

This article reviews the literature on the status of cervical OPLL in recent years, and reviews the etiology, clinical manifestations, imaging features, treatment and prognosis. Evidence was collected through PubMed and Google Scholar databases. After screening, weight removal and irrelevant articles, 57 articles were finally included in the review. Imaging is the only way to confirm the diagnosis, and CT and MRI are used to assess the patient's ossified material and spinal cord compression. Because there are hundreds of surgical approaches to cervical OPLL, each with advantages and disadvantages, clinicians must develop a personalized surgical plan based on the patient's preoperative relevant factors to maximize prognosis. Clinicians should also actively follow up on discharged patients, carefully analyze cases with a poor prognosis, and summarize their experiences.

Cerebrospinal fluid pressure dynamics as a biomechanical marker for quantification of spinal cord compression: Conceptual framework and systematic review of clinical trials

Introduction

In patients with acute spinal cord injury (SCI) and degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), spinal cord compression is considered a main contributor to spinal cord damage, associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space obstruction. CSF pressure (CSFP) dynamics are studied as a potential indirect biomechanical marker for spinal cord compression, and as a proxy to estimate spinal cord perfusion pressure (SCPP).

Research question

Evidence for safety and feasibility of CSFP dynamics in clinical trials as well as interrelations with neuroimaging and intraspinal pressure, and relation to preclinical CSFP models.

Material and methods

Systematic review. This review followed PRISMA guidelines, risk of bias assessment with ROBINS-I tool, PROSPERO registration (CRD42024545629).

Results

11 relevant papers were identified (n = 212 patients, n = 194 intraoperative, n = 18 bedside). Risk of bias for safety reporting was low-moderate. Intraoperative CSFP assessments were commonly performed in acute SCI. CSFP was assessed to calculate SCPP (7/11), to evaluate effects from surgical decompression (5/11) and for therapeutic CSF drainage (3/11). The adverse event rate associated with the intrathecal catheter was 8% (n = 15/194).

Discussion and conclusion

The preliminary safety and feasibility profile of CSFP assessments in spinal cord compression encourages clinical application. However, a deeper risk-benefit analysis is limited as the clinical value is not yet determined, given challenges of defining disease specific critical CSFP and SCPP thresholds. The interrelation between measures of CSFP and neuroimaging is yet to be proven. Targeted preclinical studies are essential to improve our understanding of complex CSFP-cord compression interrelations.

Cervical Open-Door Laminoplasty for Myelopathy Caused by Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament: Correlation Between Spinal Canal Expansion and Clinical Outcomes

Background/Objectives: This study investigated the relationship between spinal canal expansion and clinical outcomes in patients with myelopathy due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) who underwent cervical open-door laminoplasty. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 36 OPLL patients who underwent open-door laminoplasty between 2009 and 2021. Preoperative and two-year postoperative radiologic parameters, including bony canal area (BCA) and spinal canal area (SCA), were measured. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for neck pain and radicular pain, the Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores. Results: The mean expansion of BCA was 112.1 mm2 (47%) and SCA was 100.5 mm2 (64%). All clinical outcomes improved after surgery, although not statistically significant. JOA scores improved significantly in the severe group, while NDI and NRS-neck scores improved in the mild to moderate group. Significant correlations were found between improvements in NRS-neck and expansions of BCA (r = 0.533, p = 0.001) and SCA (r = 0.537, p = 0.001). NDI improvement was also associated with BCA expansion. No significant correlations were found between canal expansion and NRS-R, NRS-L, or JOA scores. Conclusions: Cervical open-door laminoplasty effectively increased the bony and spinal canal areas in patients with OPLL and myelopathy. In addition to improving myelopathy symptoms, this procedure may also improve neck pain and disability. Further research is needed to assess the long-term outcomes and to better understand these clinical improvements.

Preliminarily exploring the intraoperative ultrasonography characteristics of patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy

BACKGROUND

How to quickly read and interpret intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) images of patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) to obtain meaningful information? Few studies have systematically explored this topic.

PURPOSE

To systematically and comprehensively explore the IOUS characteristics of patients with DCM.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This single-center study retrospectively included patients with DCM who underwent French-door laminoplasty (FDL) with IOUS guidance from October 2019 to March 2022. One-way ANOVA and Pearson's /Spearman's correlation analysis were used to analyze the correlations between the cross-sectional area of the spinal cord (SC) and individual characteristics; the relationships between the morphology, echogenicity, pulsation, decompression statuses, compression types of SC, location of the spinal cord central echo complex (SCCEC) and the disease severity (the preoperative Japanese Orthopedic Association score, preJOA score); the difference of the spinal cord pulsation amplitude(SCPA) and the SCCEC forward movement rate (FMR) between the compressed areas(CAs) and the non-compressed areas (NCAs).

RESULTS

A total of 38 patients were successfully enrolled (30 males and 8 females), and the mean age was 57.05 ± 10.29 (27-75) years. The cross-sectional area of the SC was negatively correlated with age (r = - 0.441, p = 0.006). The preJOA score was significantly lower in the heterogeneous group than in the homogeneous group (P < 0.05, p = 0.005). The hyperechoic area (HEA) was negatively while the SCCEC FMR was positively correlated with the preJOA score (r = - 0.334, p = 0.020; r = 0.286, p = 0.041). The SCCEC FMR and SCPA in CAs were significantly greater than those in NCAs (p < 0.05, p = 0.007; P < 0.001, P = 0.000).

CONCLUSION

The cross-sectional area of the SC decreases with age in adults. More changes in intramedullary echogenicity and less moving forward of the SCCEC often indicate poor SC status, and the SCCEC FMR and SCPA are more pronounced in CAs.

An innovative approach to assess spinal canal expansion following French-door cervical laminoplasty by intraoperative ultrasonography

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of applying intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) to evaluate spinal canal expansion in patients undergoing French-door cervical laminoplasty (FDCL).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-five patients who underwent FDCL for multilevel degenerative cervical myelopathy were prospectively recruited. Formulae describing the relationship between laminoplasty opening angle (LOA) and laminoplasty opening size, the increase in sagittal canal diameter and the spinal canal area were deduced with trigonometric functions. The LOA was measured with IOUS imaging during surgery, and other spinal canal parameters were assessed. Actual spinal canal enlargement was verified on postoperative CT images. Linear correlation analysis and Bland‒Altman analysis were used to evaluate correlation and agreement between the intraoperative and postoperative measurements.

RESULTS

The LOA at C5 measured with IOUS was 27.54 ± 3.12°, and it was 27.23 ± 3.02° on postoperative CT imaging. Linear correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between IOUS and postoperative CT measurements (r = 0.88; p < 0.01). Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement between these two methods, with a mean difference of 0.30°. For other spinal canal expansion parameter measurements, correlation analysis showed a moderate to a high degree of correlation (p < 0.01), and Bland-Altman analysis indicated good agreement.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, during the French-door cervical laminoplasty procedure, application of IOUS can accurately evaluate spinal canal expansion. This innovative method may be helpful in improving surgical accuracy by enabling the operator to measure and determine canal enlargement during surgery, leading to ideal clinical outcomes and fewer postoperative complications.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT

The use of intraoperative ultrasonography to assess spinal canal expansion following French-door cervical laminoplasty may improve outcomes for patients undergoing this procedure by providing more accurate measurements of spinal canal expansion.

KEY POINTS

• Spinal canal expansion after French-door cervical laminoplasty substantially influences operative prognosis; insufficient or excessive lamina opening may result in unexpected outcomes. • Prediction of spinal canal expansion during surgery was previously impracticable, but based on this study, intraoperative ultrasonography offers an innovative approach and strongly agrees with postoperative CT measurement. • Since this is the first research to offer real-time canal expansion guidance for cervical laminoplasty, it may improve the accuracy of the operation and produce ideal clinical outcomes with fewer postoperative complications.

How to Apply Intraoperative Ultrasound when Spinal Trauma Surgery Is Performed in the Lateral Decubitus Position?

OBJECTIVE

At present, intraoperative ultrasound was widely used in spinal surgery. But there have been no reports on the use of intraoperative ultrasound in lateral decubitus position spinal surgery. The authors' research objective was to describe the applications of intraoperative ultrasound in spinal trauma surgery when performed in the lateral decubitus position.

METHODS

Six patients with polytrauma who underwent surgery for spinal trauma between June 2020 and March 2022 and could not be operated on using a posterior approach in the prone position. All six patients underwent surgery in the lateral decubitus position. During surgery, a capsular bag had been designed and surgical field can be filled with normal saline for acoustic coupling, and then ultrasound was used to observe and guide decompression, and assess injuries of the neural elements such as the spinal cord. The data of preoperative and postoperative (12 months) American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale (AIS), follow-up time, operation time, blood loss, ultrasound signal change of spinal cord, ultrasound guide decompression, internal fixation (12 months), and fracture healing(12 months) were collected.

RESULTS

The study included four males and two females whose ages ranged from 19 to 56 years old (41.5 ± 13.06 years old). Follow-up times ranged from 12 to 20 months (14.33 ± 2.75 months). The operation times ranged from 195 to 248 mins (222.16 ± 16.86 mins). The estimated volume of blood loss ranged from 280 to 450 mL (383.33 ± 55.58 mL). The six cases' AIS (preoperative vs. postoperative) were A versus A, C versus D, A versus B, B versus B, B versus C, and B versus C. Intraoperative ultrasound was performed successfully in all patients using our designed method. Intraoperative ultrasound observation revealed varying degrees of changes in spinal cord echo in all patients. Intraoperative ultrasound provided excellent assistance in spinal cord decompression during surgery. The surgery was completed successfully with no surgery-related complications till the last follow-up. At the time of last follow-up (median time of 12 months) satisfactory fracture reduction and good internal fixation was confirmed on postoperative computed tomography scans and radiographs.

CONCLUSIONS

The authors represented the technology of intraoperative ultrasound in spinal trauma surgery when performed in the lateral decubitus position. This technology solves how to apply intraoperative ultrasound in lateral decubitus position.

Real-time ultrasound guidance in the endoscopic endonasal resection of a retro-odontoid pannus: Technical note and case illustration

Background and Objectives

Odontoidectomy is a surgical procedure indicated in the setting of various pathologies, with the main goal of decompressing the ventral brain stem and spinal cord as a result of irreducible compression at the craniovertebral junction. The endoscopic endonasal approach has been increasingly used as an alternative to the transoral approach as it provides a straightforward, panoramic, and direct approach to the odontoid process. In addition, intraoperative ultrasound (US) guidance is a technique that can optimize safety and surgical outcomes in this context. It is used as an adjunct to neuronavigation and provides intraoperative confirmation of decompression of craniovertebral junction structures in real time. The authors aim to present the use and safe application of real-time intraoperative US guidance during endonasal endoscopic resection of a retro-odontoid pannus.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of a single case was performed and presented herein as a case report and narrated operative video.

Results

A minimally invasive US transducer was used intraoperatively to guide the resection of a retro-odontoid pannus and confirm spinal cord decompression in real time. Postoperative examination of the patient revealed immediate neurological improvement.

Conclusions

Intraoperative ultrasonography is a well described and useful modality in neurosurgery. However, the use of intraoperative US guidance during endonasal endoscopic approaches to the craniovertebral junction has not been previously described. As demonstrated in this technical note, the authors show that this imaging modality can be added to the ever-evolving armamentarium of neurosurgeons to safely guide the decompression of neural structures within the craniocervical junction with good surgical outcomes.

Increased blood flow of spinal cord lesion after decompression improves neurological recovery of degenerative cervical myelopathy: an intraoperative ultrasonography-based prospective cohort study

INTRODUCTION

Surgical decompression is a highly effective therapy for degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), but the mechanisms of neurological recovery following decompression remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the spinal cord blood flow status after sufficient decompression by intraoperative contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) and to analyze the correlation between neurological recovery and postdecompressive spinal cord blood perfusion in DCM.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients with multilevel DCM were treated by ultrasound-guided modified French-door laminoplasty using a self-developed rongeur. Neurological function was evaluated using the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) score preoperatively and at 12 months postoperatively. Spinal cord compression and cervical canal enlargement before and after surgery were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography. The decompression status was evaluated in real time by intraoperative ultrasonography, while the spinal cord blood flow after sufficient decompression was assessed by CEUS. Patients were categorized as favourable (≥50%) or unfavourable (<50%) recovery according to the recovery rate of the mJOA score at 12 months postoperatively.

RESULTS

Twenty-nine patients were included in the study. The mJOA scores were significantly improved in all patients from 11.2±2.1 preoperatively to 15.0±1.1 at 12 months postoperatively, with an average recovery rate of 64.9±16.2%. Computerized tomography and intraoperative ultrasonography confirmed adequate enlargement of the cervical canal and sufficient decompression of the spinal cord, respectively. CEUS revealed that patients with favourable neurological recovery had a greater increased blood flow signal in the compressive spinal cord segment after decompression.

CONCLUSIONS

In DCM, intraoperative CEUS can clearly reflect spinal cord blood flow. Patients with increased blood perfusion of the spinal cord lesion immediately after surgical decompression tended to achieve greater neurological recovery.

Technical Aspects of Intra-Operative Ultrasound for Spinal Cord Injury and Myelopathy: A Practical Review

OBJECTIVES

To compile intra-operative techniques, established imaging parameters, available equipment and software, and clinical applications of intraoperative ultrasound imaging (IOUSI) for spinal cord injury (SCI) and myelopathy.

METHODS

PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for relevant articles. The articles were reviewed and selected by 2 independent researchers. After article selection, data were extracted and summarized into research domains. PRISMA systematic review process was followed.

RESULTS

Of the 2477 articles screened, 16 articles met the inclusion criteria. In patients with SCI and myelopathy, common quantitative measurements obtained using IOUSI were noted: 1) ultrasound elastography, 2) midsagittal anteroposterior diameter, 3) transverse, 4) transverse diameter, 5) maximum spinal cord compression, and 6) compression ratioTo ensure adequate decompression and to look for residual compression, the lateral and the craniocaudal margins of the laminectomy site were inspected in both axial and sagittal planes. In instances where quantitative assessment was not possible, cord decompression and degree of residual compression were gauged by inspecting the interface between the ventral border of the spinal cord and any potentially compressive elements, and by searching for symmetric and rhythmic cerebrospinal fluid pulsations. Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasoundand molecular imaging are additional advances in objective assessments for SCI and myelopathy.

CONCLUSIONS

This review outlines the potential of IOUSI in patients presenting with SCI and myelopathy. Moreover, by identifying potential for inter-operator variability in certain subjective measurements, we illustrate the need for further research to quantify and standardize those assessments.

Comparative intra- and inter-observer reliability of two methods for evaluating intraoperative ultrasonography-based spinal cord hyperechogenicity intensity in degenerative cervical myelopathy

Objectives

During French-door laminoplasty, a linear array transducer of IOUS was used to observe and record the spinal cord decompression. To acquire a higher-reliability method, and compare the in-observer and inter-observer reliability of two methods in evaluating the hyperechoic intensity of spinal cord ultrasound in degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM).

Background

The intensity of spinal cord hyperechogenicity is considered as a potential predictor of neurological recovery in DCM after decompression, but the accuracy of gray value ratio (GVR) is affected by many factors.

Methods

Totally 28 patients (20 males and 8 females) who had been followed up for 12 months were included. Their mean age at surgery was 61.2 ± 10.8 years and the average symptom duration was 23.36 ± 22.11 months. The gray values of circles 1, 2 and 3 were recorded as Gcompression, Gnorml and Gsac, respectively. Circle 1 was drawn with the maximum brightness point within the spinal cord as the center, circle 2 with the same area was plotted on the spinal cord with uniform echogenicity, without compression and at least 1 cm away from the circle 1, and circle 3 was drawn on the dorsal dural sac at the same segment as circle 1. GVR was calculated as follows: GVR-A = G_compression/G_norml (method A), and GVR-B = G_compression/G_sac (method B). The in-observer and inter-observer reliabilities of the two methods were compared. It is generally believed a reliability coefficient < 0.40 and > 0.75 indicate poor and good reliability respectively. The images-based GVR-B using this protocol demonstrates higher inter- and intraobserver reliabilities than GVR-A, and can be used as the basis for prognostic prediction and future studies.

Results

All examination acquisitions were successfully completed. GVR-A averaged 2.043 (0.318–5.56), and GVR-B averaged 0.578(0.06–1.41). GVR-B has better repeatability of gray value measurement, smaller relative standard deviation (RSD%) (0.298 vs. 0.32) and larger inter-group correlation coefficient compared with GVR-A. The mean value (MD) of the GVR difference calculated by GVR-B between the two clinicians was closer to 0.

Conclusions

For DCM patients routinely using ultrasound for real-time cord visualization during spinal cord decompression by French-door laminoplasty, the images-based GVR-B using this protocol demonstrates better inter- and intraobserver reliabilities compared with GVR-A.

Intraoperative monitoring of CSF pressure in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy (COMP-CORD Study): a prospective cohort study

Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is hallmarked by spinal canal narrowing and related cord compression and myelopathy. CSF pressure dynamics are likely disturbed due to spinal canal stenosis. The study aims to investigate the diagnostic value of continuous intraoperative CSF pressure monitoring during surgical decompression. Prospective single center study (NCT02170155) with enrolment of DCM patients that underwent surgical decompression between December 2019 and May 2021. Data from N=17 patients were analyzed, symptom severity graded with the modified Japanese Orthopedic Score (mJOA). CSF pulsations were continuously monitored with a lumbar intrathecal catheter during surgical decompression. Mean patient age was 62±9 years (range 38-73; 8F), symptoms were mild-moderate in most patients (mean mJOA 14±2, range 10-18). Measurements were well tolerated without safety concerns. In 15/16 (94%) CSF pulsations increased at the time of surgical decompression. In one case, responsiveness could not be evaluated for technical reasons. Unexpected CSF pulsation decrease was related to adverse events (i.e., CSF leakage). Median CSF pulsation amplitudes increased from pre-decompression (0.52 mmHg [IQR 0.71]) to post-decompression (0.72 mmHg [IQR 0.96]) (P=0.001). Mean baseline CSF pressure increased with lower magnitude than pulsations, from 9.5±3.5 to 10.3±3.8 mmHg (P=0.003). Systematic relations of CSF pulsations were confined to surgical decompression, independent of arterial blood pressure (P=0.927) or heart rate (P=0.102). Intraoperative CSF pulsation monitoring was sensitive, timely, and specifically related to surgical decompression while in addition adverse events could be discerned. Further investigation of the clinical value of intraoperative guidance for decompression in complex DCM surgery is promising.

Potential of intraoperative ultrasonographic assessment of the spinal cord central echo complex in predicting postoperative neurological recovery of degenerative cervical myelopathy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The spinal cord central echo complex (SCCEC) is a special ultrasonography-based intramedullary structure, but its clinical significance in degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is undefined. This study aimed to explore the potential of the SCCEC in predicting postoperative neurological recovery in DCM.

METHODS

Thirty-two DCM patients who underwent intraoperative ultrasonography-guided French-door laminoplasty were prospectively enrolled. The modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) score was evaluated preoperatively and 12 months postoperatively. SCCEC width (SCCEC-W), and anteroposterior diameter (APD) and transverse diameter (TD) of the spinal cord were measured on transverse ultrasonographic images, while the tissue widths from anterior and posterior borders of the spinal cord to the SCCEC were measured on sagittal ultrasonographic images. The APD of the spinal cord and occupying rate of the spinal canal were measured on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

RESULTS

All patients achieved improvements in mJOA scores, with an average recovery rate (RR) of 68.69 ± 20.22%. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that SCCEC-W, and ratios between the SCCEC-W and APD/TD based on ultrasonography, correlated moderately with mJOA score RR, with coefficients of -0.527, -0.605 and -0.514, respectively. The ratio between SCCEC-W and ultrasonographic TD correlated moderately with preoperative APD of the spinal cord. The MRI measurements and ultrasonography-based tissue widths showed no significant correlation with mJOA score RR.

CONCLUSIONS

The SCCEC may have predictive potential as an intraoperative indicator of neurological recovery in treating DCM. SCCEC-W may be related to spinal cord compression in DCM.

Association of intracranial vessel wall enhancement and cerebral hemorrhage in moyamoya disease: a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate the enhancement characteristics of vessel wall in patients with moyamoya disease (MMD) using 3D high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and their relationship with initial and recurrent intracranial hemorrhage.

METHODS

Consecutive patients with MMD were retrospectively analyzed and classified as intracranial hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic groups according to the CT or MR images. The clinical features and vessel wall characteristics were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression was performed to relate the vessel wall characteristics to the initial hemorrhage in MMD patients. Patients in hemorrhagic group were followed up after surgery to evaluate the relationship between vessel wall characteristics and recurrent hemorrhage.

RESULTS

A total of 507 MMD patients including 79 hemorrhagic and 428 non-hemorrhagic MMD patients were recruited in the study. We found that hemorrhagic group had more patients with vessel wall enhancements (40.5% vs. 25.7%, p = 0.009) and more eccentric enhanced lesions (17.7% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.001) compared to those in non-hemorrhage group and vessel wall enhancements were independently associated with ipsilateral initial hemorrhage after adjusted for clinical factors (OR = 1.99, CI 1.20-3.28, p = 0.007). Furthermore, three recurrent intracranial hemorrhagic episodes in the present study were all observed in MMD patients with vessel wall enhancement during the long-term follow-up after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

Wall enhancement of intracranial vessels was significantly associated with intracranial hemorrhage in MMD patients. Our findings suggest that vessel wall enhancement may serve as a marker of intracranial hemorrhage.