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Jin R, Fu X, Pu Y, Fu S, Liang H, Yang L, Nie Y, Ai H. Clinical translational barriers against nanoparticle-based imaging agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 191:114587. [PMID: 36309148 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle based imaging agents (NIAs) have been intensively explored in bench studies. Unfortunately, only a few cases have made their ways to clinical translation. In this review, clinical trials of NIAs were investigated for understanding possible barriers behind that. First, the complexity of multifunctional NIAs is considered a main barrier because it brings uncertainty to batch-to-batch fabrication, and results in sophisticated in vivo behaviors. Second, inadequate biosafety studies slow down the translational work. Third, NIA uptake at disease sites is highly heterogeneous, and often exhibits poor targeting efficiency. Focusing on the aforementioned problems, key design parameters were analyzed including NIAs' size, composition, surface characteristics, dosage, administration route, toxicity, whole-body distribution and clearance in clinical trials. Possible strategies were suggested to overcome these barriers. Besides, regulatory guidelines as well as scale-up and reproducibility during manufacturing process were covered as they are also key factors to consider during clinical translation of NIAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaomin Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yiyao Pu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shengxiang Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Li Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu Nie
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Hua Ai
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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2
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Gupta A, Sood A, Fuhrer E, Djanashvili K, Agrawal G. Polysaccharide-Based Theranostic Systems for Combined Imaging and Cancer Therapy: Recent Advances and Challenges. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2281-2306. [PMID: 35513349 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Designing novel systems for efficient cancer treatment and improving the quality of life for patients is a prime requirement in the healthcare sector. In this regard, theranostics have recently emerged as a unique platform, which combines the benefits of both diagnosis and therapeutics delivery. Theranostics have the desired contrast agent and the drugs combined in a single carrier, thus providing the opportunity for real-time imaging to monitor the therapy results. This helps in reducing the hazards related to treatment overdose or underdose and gives the possibility of personalized therapy. Polysaccharides, as natural biomolecules, have been widely explored to develop theranostics, as they act as a matrix for simultaneously loading both contrast agents and drugs for their utility in drug delivery and imaging. Additionally, their remarkable physicochemical attributes (biodegradability, satisfactory safety profile, abundance, and diversity in functionality and charge) can be tuned via postmodification, which offers numerous possibilities to develop theranostics with desired characteristics. Hence, we provide an overview of recent advances in polysaccharide matrix-based theranostics for drug delivery combined with magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and ultrasound imaging. Herein, we also summarize the toxicity assessment of polysaccharides, associated contrast agents, and nanotoxicity along with the challenges and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aastha Gupta
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh-175075, India
| | - Ankur Sood
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh-175075, India
| | - Erwin Fuhrer
- School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh-175075, India
| | - Kristina Djanashvili
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Garima Agrawal
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh-175075, India
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3
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Chen Z, Li Y, Airan R, Han Z, Xu J, Chan KWY, Xu Y, Bulte JWM, van Zijl PCM, McMahon MT, Zhou S, Liu G. CT and CEST MRI bimodal imaging of the intratumoral distribution of iodinated liposomes. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2019; 9:1579-1591. [PMID: 31667143 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2019.06.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background To develop liposomes loaded with iodinated agents as nanosized CT/MRI bimodal contrast agents for monitoring liposome-mediated drug delivery. Methods Rhodamine-labeled iodixanol (VisipaqueTM)-loaded liposomes (IX-lipo) were prepared and tested for their properties as a diamagnetic CEST contrast agent in vitro. Mice bearing subcutaneous CT26 colon tumors were injected i.v. with 1 g/kg (535 mg iodine/kg) IX-lipo, and in vivo CT and CEST MR images were acquired on day 3. CT and CEST MR images were also acquired for tumor-bearing mice co-injected with IX-lipo and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). Results In addition to CT contrast, IX-lipo exhibited a strong CEST contrast similar to its non-liposomal form, with a detectability of ~2 nM per liposome. Both CT imaging and CEST MRI showed that i.v. injection of IX-lipo resulted in a rim enhancement of CT26 tumors with a heterogeneous central distribution. In contrast, co-injection of TNF-α caused a significantly augmented CT/MRI contrast in the tumor center. The intratumoral biodistribution of IX-lipo correlated well to the rhodamine patterns observed with fluorescence microscopy. Conclusions We have developed a CT/MRI bimodal imaging approach for monitoring the delivery and biodistribution of liposomes by loading them with the clinically approved X-ray/CT contrast agent iodixanol. Our approach may be easily adapted for other-FDA approved iodinated agents and thus has great translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Chen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuguo Li
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Raag Airan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zheng Han
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiadi Xu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kannie W Y Chan
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yikai Xu
- Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter C M van Zijl
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael T McMahon
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shibin Zhou
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guanshu Liu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Koç MM, Aslan N, Kao AP, Barber AH. Evaluation of X-ray tomography contrast agents: A review of production, protocols, and biological applications. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:812-848. [PMID: 30786098 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
X-ray computed tomography is a strong tool that finds many applications both in medical applications and in the investigation of biological and nonbiological samples. In the clinics, X-ray tomography is widely used for diagnostic purposes whose three-dimensional imaging in high resolution helps physicians to obtain detailed image of investigated regions. Researchers in biological sciences and engineering use X-ray tomography because it is a nondestructive method to assess the structure of their samples. In both medical and biological applications, visualization of soft tissues and structures requires special treatment, in which special contrast agents are used. In this detailed report, molecule-based and nanoparticle-based contrast agents used in biological applications to enhance the image quality were compiled and reported. Special contrast agent applications and protocols to enhance the contrast for the biological applications and works to develop nanoparticle contrast agents to enhance the contrast for targeted drug delivery and general imaging applications were also assessed and listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mümin Mehmet Koç
- School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom.,Department of Physics, Kirklareli University, Kirklareli, Turkey
| | - Naim Aslan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey
| | - Alexander P Kao
- School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Asa H Barber
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Arms L, Smith DW, Flynn J, Palmer W, Martin A, Woldu A, Hua S. Advantages and Limitations of Current Techniques for Analyzing the Biodistribution of Nanoparticles. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:802. [PMID: 30154715 PMCID: PMC6102329 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicines are typically submicrometer-sized carrier materials (nanoparticles) encapsulating therapeutic and/or imaging compounds that are used for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. They are increasingly being used to overcome biological barriers in the body to improve the way we deliver compounds to specific tissues and organs. Nanomedicine technology aims to improve the balance between the efficacy and the toxicity of therapeutic compounds. Nanoparticles, one of the key technologies of nanomedicine, can exhibit a combination of physical, chemical and biological characteristics that determine their in vivo behavior. A key component in the translational assessment of nanomedicines is determining the biodistribution of the nanoparticles following in vivo administration in animals and humans. There are a range of techniques available for evaluating nanoparticle biodistribution, including histology, electron microscopy, liquid scintillation counting (LSC), indirectly measuring drug concentrations, in vivo optical imaging, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear medicine imaging. Each technique has its own advantages and limitations, as well as capabilities for assessing real-time, whole-organ and cellular accumulation. This review will address the principles and methodology of each technique and their advantages and limitations for evaluating in vivo biodistribution of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Arms
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Doug W. Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jamie Flynn
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - William Palmer
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Antony Martin
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Ameha Woldu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan Hua
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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Yeh BM, FitzGerald PF, Edic PM, Lambert JW, Colborn RE, Marino ME, Evans PM, Roberts JC, Wang ZJ, Wong MJ, Bonitatibus PJ. Opportunities for new CT contrast agents to maximize the diagnostic potential of emerging spectral CT technologies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 113:201-222. [PMID: 27620496 PMCID: PMC5344792 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of spectral CT imaging in the form of fast clinical dual-energy CT enabled contrast material to be differentiated from other radiodense materials, improved lesion detection in contrast-enhanced scans, and changed the way that existing iodine and barium contrast materials are used in clinical practice. More profoundly, spectral CT can differentiate between individual contrast materials that have different reporter elements such that high-resolution CT imaging of multiple contrast agents can be obtained in a single pass of the CT scanner. These spectral CT capabilities would be even more impactful with the development of contrast materials designed to complement the existing clinical iodine- and barium-based agents. New biocompatible high-atomic number contrast materials with different biodistribution and X-ray attenuation properties than existing agents will expand the diagnostic power of spectral CT imaging without penalties in radiation dose or scan time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Yeh
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, United States.
| | - Paul F FitzGerald
- General Electric Global Research, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309, United States
| | - Peter M Edic
- General Electric Global Research, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309, United States
| | - Jack W Lambert
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, United States
| | - Robert E Colborn
- General Electric Global Research, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309, United States
| | - Michael E Marino
- General Electric Global Research, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309, United States
| | - Paul M Evans
- GE Healthcare Life Sciences, The Grove Centre, White Lion Road, Amersham, Buckinghamshire HP7 9LL, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannette C Roberts
- General Electric Global Research, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309, United States
| | - Zhen J Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, United States
| | - Margaret J Wong
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, United States
| | - Peter J Bonitatibus
- General Electric Global Research, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY 12309, United States
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Ghaghada KB, Sato AF, Starosolski ZA, Berg J, Vail DM. Computed Tomography Imaging of Solid Tumors Using a Liposomal-Iodine Contrast Agent in Companion Dogs with Naturally Occurring Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152718. [PMID: 27031614 PMCID: PMC4816501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Companion dogs with naturally occurring cancer serve as an important large animal model in translational research because they share strong similarities with human cancers. In this study, we investigated a long circulating liposomal-iodine contrast agent (Liposomal-I) for computed tomography (CT) imaging of solid tumors in companion dogs with naturally occurring cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The institutional animal ethics committees approved the study and written informed consent was obtained from all owners. Thirteen dogs (mean age 10.1 years) with a variety of masses including primary and metastatic liver tumors, sarcomas, mammary carcinoma and lung tumors, were enrolled in the study. CT imaging was performed pre-contrast and at 15 minutes and 24 hours after intravenous administration of Liposomal-I (275 mg/kg iodine dose). Conventional contrast-enhanced CT imaging was performed in a subset of dogs, 90 minutes prior to administration of Liposomal-I. Histologic or cytologic diagnosis was obtained for each dog prior to admission into the study. RESULTS Liposomal-I resulted in significant (p < 0.05) enhancement and uniform opacification of the vascular compartment. Non-renal, reticulo-endothelial systemic clearance of the contrast agent was demonstrated. Liposomal-I enabled visualization of primary and metastatic liver tumors. Sub-cm sized liver lesions grossly appeared as hypo-enhanced compared to the surrounding normal parenchyma with improved lesion conspicuity in the post-24 hour scan. Large liver tumors (> 1 cm) demonstrated a heterogeneous pattern of intra-tumoral signal with visibly higher signal enhancement at the post-24 hour time point. Extra-hepatic, extra-splenic tumors, including histiocytic sarcoma, anaplastic sarcoma, mammary carcinoma and lung tumors, were visualized with a heterogeneous enhancement pattern in the post-24 hour scan. CONCLUSIONS The long circulating liposomal-iodine contrast agent enabled prolonged visualization of small and large tumors in companion dogs with naturally occurring cancer. The study warrants future work to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the Liposomal-I agent in various types of naturally occurring canine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan B. Ghaghada
- The Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amy F. Sato
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zbigniew A. Starosolski
- The Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - John Berg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David M. Vail
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Integration of imaging into clinical practice to assess the delivery and performance of macromolecular and nanotechnology-based oncology therapies. J Control Release 2015; 219:295-312. [PMID: 26403800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Functional and molecular imaging has become increasingly used to evaluate interpatient and intrapatient tumor heterogeneity. Imaging allows for assessment of microenvironment parameters including tumor hypoxia, perfusion and proliferation, as well as tumor metabolism and the intratumoral distribution of specific molecular markers. Imaging information may be used to stratify patients for targeted therapies, and to define patient populations that may benefit from alternative therapeutic approaches. It also provides a method for non-invasive monitoring of treatment response at earlier time-points than traditional cues, such as tumor shrinkage. Further, companion diagnostic imaging techniques are becoming progressively more important for development and clinical implementation of targeted therapies. Imaging-based companion diagnostics are likely to be essential for the validation and FDA approval of targeted nanotherapies and macromolecular medicines. This review describes recent clinical advances in the use of functional and molecular imaging to evaluate the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, this article focuses on image-based assessment of distribution and anti-tumor effect of nano- and macromolecular systems.
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9
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Contrast agents for preclinical targeted X-ray imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 76:116-133. [PMID: 25086373 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is an X-ray based instrument that it is specifically designed for biomedical research at a preclinical stage for live imaging of small animals. This imaging modality is cost-effective, fast, and produces remarkable high-resolution images of X-ray opaque skeleton. Administration of biocompatible X-ray opaque contrast agent allows delineation of the blood vessels, and internal organs and even detection of tumor metastases as small as 300 μm. However, the main limitation of micro-CT lies in the poor efficacy or toxicity of the contrast agents. Moreover, contrast agents for micro-CT have to be stealth nanoparticulate systems, i.e. preventing their rapid renal clearance. The chemical composition and physicochemical properties will condition their uptake and elimination pathways, and therefore all the biological fluids, organs, and tissues trough this elimination route of the nanoparticles will be contrasted. Furthermore, several technologies playing on the nanoparticle properties, aim to influence these biological pathways in order to induce their accumulation onto given targeted sites, organs of tumors. In function of the methodologies carried out, taking benefit or not of the action of immune system, of the natural response of the organism like hepatocyte uptake or enhanced permeation and retention effect, or even accumulation due to ligand/receptor interactions, the technologies are called passive or active targeted imaging. The present review presents the most recent advances in the development of specific contrast agents for targeted X-ray imaging micro-CT, discussing the recent advance of in vivo targeting of nanoparticulate contrast agents, and the influence of the formulations, nature of the nanocarrier, nature and concentration of the X-ray contrasting materials, effect of the surface properties, functionalization and bioconjugation. The pharmacokinetic and versatility of nanometric systems appear particularly advantageous for addressing the versatile biomedical research needs. State of the art investigations are on going to propose contrast agents with tumor accumulating properties and will contribute for development of safer cancer medicine having detection and therapeutic modalities.
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Shin H, Cho YM, Lee K, Lee CH, Choi BW, Kim B. Synthesis and characterization of ethosomal contrast agents containing iodine for computed tomography (CT) imaging applications. J Liposome Res 2013; 24:124-9. [PMID: 24188576 DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2013.850592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
As a first step in the development of novel liver-specific contrast agents using ethosomes for computed tomography (CT) imaging applications, we entrapped iodine within ethosomes, which are phospholipid vesicular carriers containing relatively high alcohol concentrations, synthesized using several types of alcohol, such as methanol, ethanol, and propanol. The iodine containing ethosomes that were prepared using methanol showed the smallest vesicle size (392 nm) and the highest CT density (1107 HU). The incorporation of cholesterol into the ethosomal contrast agents improved the stability of the ethosomes but made the vesicle size large. The ethosomal contrast agents were taken up well by macrophage cells and showed no cellular toxicity. The results demonstrated that ethosomes containing iodine, as prepared in this study, have potential as contrast agents for applications in CT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjin Shin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University , Seoul , Korea
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11
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Nanotechnology for Computed Tomography: A Real Potential Recently Disclosed. Pharm Res 2013; 31:20-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Na B, Choi BW, Kim B. Size and CT density of iodine-containing ethosomal vesicles obtained by membrane extrusion: Potential for use as CT contrast agents. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:1347-53. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lee N, Choi SH, Hyeon T. Nano-sized CT contrast agents. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:2641-60. [PMID: 23553799 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is one of the most widely used clinical imaging modalities. In order to increase the sensitivity of CT, small iodinated compounds are used as injectable contrast agents. However, the iodinated contrast agents are excreted through the kidney and have short circulation times. This rapid renal clearance not only restricts in vivo applications that require long circulation times but also sometimes induces serious adverse effects related to the excretion pathway. In addition, the X-ray attenuation of iodine is not efficient for clinical CT that uses high-energy X-ray. Due to these limitations, nano-sized iodinated CT contrast agents have been developed that can increase the circulation time and decrease the adverse effects. In addition to iodine, nanoparticles based on heavy atoms such as gold, lanthanides, and tantalum are used as more efficient CT contrast agents. In this review, we summarize the recent progresses made in nano-sized CT contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohyun Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744 South Korea
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Lusic
- Boston University, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering, 590 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215. Fax: 617-358-3186; Tel: 617-353-3871
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Boston University, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering, 590 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215. Fax: 617-358-3186; Tel: 617-353-3871
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15
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Annapragada AV, Hoffman E, Divekar A, Karathanasis E, Ghaghada KB. High-resolution CT vascular imaging using blood pool contrast agents. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2012; 8:18-22. [PMID: 22891106 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-8-1-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
While the evolution of computed tomography imaging in the last 2 decades has been driven almost exclusively by improvements in the instrumentation and processing algorithms, there have been comparatively modest advances in contrast agent technology.A notable change in the last decade has been the development of blood pool contrast agents based on nanoparticle technology.While not yet ready for clinical use, the stable and uniform opacification provided by these agents in normal vasculature and controlled extravasation in compromised vasculature enables novel techniques for imaging and diagnosis of pathologies. This manuscript presents preclinical examples demonstrating cardiovascular pathologies and tumor characterization by high-resolution computed tomography imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananth V Annapragada
- Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the computed tomography (CT)-imaging potential of iopromide-carrying liposomes (SPC/CH/SPG, 6:3:1) of approximately 200 nm in diameter in healthy rabbits and in rabbits with implanted liver tumors in an intraindividual comparison with iopromide. Normal rabbits and animals with VX2 tumors implanted into the liver received iopromide (600 mg of iodine/kg, bolus injection) and, 1 or 2 days later, iopromide liposomes (300 mg of iodine/kg, bolus injection or 10-minute infusion). CT imaging up to 1 hour after administration was performed, focusing on the aorta, vena cava, kidney, spleen, and liver. Pharmacokinetic parameters for CT enhancement were calculated. Detectability and delineation of liver lesions were assessed on a 4-grade scale, and differences were evaluated statistically. Using half the iodine dose, iopromide liposomes achieved similar blood-pool enhancement as iopromide. Detectability and delineation of liver lesions were easy/good in the arterial phase after iopromide injection, but poor in the venous and equilibration phases. Iopromide liposomes resulted in a long-lasting, good detectability and delineation of liver lesions similar or superior to that observed after iopromide in the arterial phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Krause
- Bayer Schering Pharma AG, X-Ray Contrast Media Research, Berlin, Germany.
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Radiologic and near-infrared/optical spectroscopic imaging: where is the synergy? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 195:321-32. [PMID: 20651186 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.10.5002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Optical and radiologic imaging are commonly used in preclinical research, and research into combined instruments for human applications is showing promise. The purpose of this article is to outline the fundamental limitations and advantages and to review the available systems. The emerging developments and future potential will be summarized. CONCLUSION Integration of hybrid systems is now routine at the preclinical level and appears in the form of specialized packages in which performance varies considerably. The synergy is commonly focused on using spatial localization from radiographs to provide structural data for spectroscopy; however, applications also exist in which the spectroscopy informs the use of radiologic imaging. Examples of clinical systems under research and development are shown.
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Iodinated blood pool contrast media for preclinical X-ray imaging applications – A review. Biomaterials 2010; 31:6249-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Okada M, Isoda T, Kumano S, Kagawa Y, Araki T, Onishi H, Hori M, Kim T, Motokui Y, Wada T, Murakami T. Serine- and mannose-modified liposomal contrast agent for computed tomography: evaluation of the enhancement in rabbit liver VX-2 tumor model. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2010; 5:140-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zheng J, Liu J, Dunne M, Jaffray DA, Allen C. In vivo performance of a liposomal vascular contrast agent for CT and MR-based image guidance applications. Pharm Res 2007; 24:1193-201. [PMID: 17373581 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the in vivo performance of a liposome formulation that co-encapsulates iohexol and gadoteridol as a multimodal contrast agent for computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR)-based image guidance applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS The pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies were conducted in Balb-C mice using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) to detect iohexol and gadoteridol concentrations. The imaging efficacy of this liposome system was assessed in New Zealand White rabbits using a clinical CT and a clinical 1.5 Tesla MR scanner. RESULTS The vascular half-lives of the liposome encapsulated iohexol and gadoteridol in mice were found to be 18.4 +/- 2.4 and 18.1 +/- 5.1 h. When administered at the same dose the distribution (alpha phase) half-lives for the free contrast agents were 12.3 +/- 0.5 min (iohexol) and 7.6 +/- 0.9 min (gadoteridol); while, the elimination (beta phase) half-lives were 3.0 +/- 0.9 h for free iohexol and 3.0 +/- 1.3 h for free gadoteridol. The CT and MR signal increases were measured and correlated with the concentrations of iohexol and gadoteridol detected in plasma samples. CONCLUSION The long in vivo circulation lifetime and simultaneous CT and MR signal enhancement provided by this liposome system make it a promising agent for image guidance applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzi Zheng
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zheng J, Perkins G, Kirilova A, Allen C, Jaffray DA. Multimodal Contrast Agent for Combined Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Applications. Invest Radiol 2006; 41:339-48. [PMID: 16481918 DOI: 10.1097/01.rli.0000186568.50265.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of a multimodal system to effectively induce and maintain contrast enhancement in both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) for radiation therapy applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS The physicochemical characteristics of a liposome-encapsulated iohexol and gadoteridol formulation were assessed in terms of agent loading efficiencies, size and morphology, in vitro stability, and release kinetics. The imaging properties of the liposome formulation were assessed based on T1 and T2 relaxivity measurements and in vitro CT and MR imaging in a phantom. A preliminary imaging-based evaluation of the in vivo stability of this multimodal contrast agent was also performed in a lupine model. RESULTS The average agent loading levels achieved were 26.5+/-3.8 mg/mL for iodine and 6.6+/- 1.5 mg/mL for gadolinium. These concentrations correspond to approximately 10% of that found in the commercially available preparations of each of these agents. However, this liposome-based formulation is expected to have a smaller volume of distribution and prolonged circulation lifetime in vivo. This multimodal system was found to have high agent retention in vitro, which translated into maintained contrast enhancement (up to 3 days) and stability in vivo. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the feasibility of engineering a multimodal contrast agent with prolonged contrast enhancement in vivo for use in CT and MR. This contrast agent may serve as a valuable tool for cardiovascular imaging as well as image registration and guidance applications in radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzi Zheng
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Mukundan S, Ghaghada KB, Badea CT, Kao CY, Hedlund LW, Provenzale JM, Johnson GA, Chen E, Bellamkonda RV, Annapragada A. A Liposomal Nanoscale Contrast Agent for Preclinical CT in Mice. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006; 186:300-7. [PMID: 16423931 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.05.0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to determine if an iodinated, liposomal contrast agent could be used for high-resolution, micro-CT of low-contrast, small-size vessels in a murine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS A second-generation, liposomal blood pool contrast agent encapsulating a high concentration of iodine (83-105 mg I/mL) was evaluated. A total of five mice weighing between 20 and 28 g were infused with equivalent volume doses (500 microL of contrast agent/25 g of mouse weight) and imaged with our micro-CT system for intervals of up to 240 min postinfusion. The animals were anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, and vital signs monitored allowing for simultaneous cardiac and respiratory gating of image acquisition. RESULTS Initial enhancement of about 900 H in the aorta was obtained, which decreased to a plateau level of approximately 800 H after 2 hr. Excellent contrast discrimination was shown between the myocardium and cardiac blood pool (650-700 H). No significant nephrogram was identified, indicating the absence of renal clearance of the agent. CONCLUSION The liposomal-based iodinated contrast agent shows long residence time in the blood pool, very high attenuation within submillimeter vessels, and no significant renal clearance rendering it an effective contrast agent for murine vascular imaging using a micro-CT scanner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Mukundan
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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Abstract
Over 60% of surgery is now performed in an ambulatory setting. Despite improved analgesics and sophisticated drug delivery systems, surveys indicate that over 80% of patients experience moderate to severe pain postoperatively. Inadequate postoperative pain relief can prolong recovery, precipitate or increase the duration of hospital stay, increase healthcare costs, and reduce patient satisfaction. Effective postoperative pain management involves a multimodal approach and the use of various drugs with different mechanisms of action. Local anaesthetics are widely administered in the ambulatory setting using techniques such as local injection, field block, regional nerve block or neuraxial block. Continuous wound infusion pumps may have great potential in an ambulatory setting. Regional anaesthesia (involving anaesthetising regional areas of the body, including single extremities, multiple extremities, the torso, and the face or jaw) allows surgery to be performed in a specific location, usually an extremity, without the use of general anaesthesia, and potentially with little or no sedation. Opioids remain an important component of any analgesic regimen in treating moderate to severe acute postoperative pain. However, the incorporation of non-opioids, local anaesthetics and regional techniques will enhance current postoperative analgesic regimens. The development of new modalities of treatment, such as patient controlled analgesia, and newer drugs, such as cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors, provide additional choices for the practitioner. While there are different routes of administration for analgesics (e.g. oral, parenteral, intramuscular, transmucosal, transdermal and sublingual), oral delivery of medications has remained the mainstay for postoperative pain control. The oral route is effective, the simplest to use and typically the least expensive. The intravenous route has the advantages of a rapid onset of action and easier titratibility, and so is recommended for the treatment of acute pain.Non-pharmacological methods for the management of postoperative pain include acupuncture, electromagnetic millimetre waves, hypnosis and the use of music during surgery. However, further research of these techniques is warranted to elucidate their effectiveness in this indication. Pain is a multifactorial experience, not just a sensation. Emotion, perception and past experience all affect an individual's response to noxious stimuli. Improved postoperative pain control through innovation and creativity may improve compliance, ease of delivery, reduce length of hospital stay and improve patient satisfaction. Patient education, early diagnosis of symptoms and aggressive treatment of pain using an integrative approach, combining pharmacotherapy as well as complementary technique, should serve us well in dealing with this complex problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan B Shang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to outline recent trends in contrast agent development for magnetic resonance imaging. Up to now, small molecular weight gadolinium chelates are the workhorse in contrast enhanced MRI. These first generation MR contrast agents distribute into the intravascular and interstitial space, thus allowing the evaluation of physiological parameters, such as the status or existence of the blood-brain-barrier or the renal function. Shortly after the first clinical use of paramagnetic metallochelates in 1983, compounds were suggested for liver imaging and enhancing a cardiac infarct. Meanwhile, liver specific contrast agents based on gadolinium, manganese or iron become reality. Dedicated blood pool agents will be available within the next years. These gadolinium or iron agents will be beneficial for longer lasting MRA procedures, such as cardiac imaging. Contrast enhanced lymphography after interstitial or intravenous injection will be another major step forward in diagnostic imaging. Metastatic involvement will be seen either after the injection of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides or dedicated gadolinium chelates. The accumulation of both compound classes is triggered by an uptake into macrophages. It is likely that similar agents will augment MRI of atheriosclerotic plaques, a systemic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Thrombus-specific agents based on small gadolinium labeled peptides are on the horizon. It is very obvious that the future of cardiovascular MRI will benefit from the development of new paramagnetic and superparamagnetic substances. The expectations for new tumor-, pathology- or receptor-specific agents are high. However, is not likely that such a compound will be available for daily routine MRI within the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns-Joachim Weinmann
- Research Laboratories, Schering AG, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and X-Ray Research, Muellerstrasse 178, D-13342 Berlin, Germany.
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