1
|
Wiggin TD, Hsiao Y, Liu JB, Huber R, Griffith LC. Rest Is Required to Learn an Appetitively-Reinforced Operant Task in Drosophila. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:681593. [PMID: 34220464 PMCID: PMC8250850 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.681593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maladaptive operant conditioning contributes to development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Candidate genes have been identified that contribute to this maladaptive plasticity, but the neural basis of operant conditioning in genetic model organisms remains poorly understood. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a versatile genetic model organism that readily forms operant associations with punishment stimuli. However, operant conditioning with a food reward has not been demonstrated in flies, limiting the types of neural circuits that can be studied. Here we present the first sucrose-reinforced operant conditioning paradigm for flies. In the paradigm, flies walk along a Y-shaped track with reward locations at the terminus of each hallway. When flies turn in the reinforced direction at the center of the track, they receive a sucrose reward at the end of the hallway. Only flies that rest early in training learn the reward contingency normally. Flies rewarded independently of their behavior do not form a learned association but have the same amount of rest as trained flies, showing that rest is not driven by learning. Optogenetically-induced sleep does not promote learning, indicating that sleep itself is not sufficient for learning the operant task. We validated the sensitivity of this assay to detect the effect of genetic manipulations by testing the classic learning mutant dunce. Dunce flies are learning-impaired in the Y-Track task, indicating a likely role for cAMP in the operant coincidence detector. This novel training paradigm will provide valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms of disease and the link between sleep and learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Wiggin
- Department of Biology, National Center for Behavioral Genomics and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Yungyi Hsiao
- Department of Biology, National Center for Behavioral Genomics and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Liu
- Department of Biology, National Center for Behavioral Genomics and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Robert Huber
- Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Juvatech, Toledo, MA, United States
| | - Leslie C. Griffith
- Department of Biology, National Center for Behavioral Genomics and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Buck SA, Steinkellner T, Aslanoglou D, Villeneuve M, Bhatte SH, Childers VC, Rubin SA, De Miranda BR, O'Leary EI, Neureiter EG, Fogle KJ, Palladino MJ, Logan RW, Glausier JR, Fish KN, Lewis DA, Greenamyre JT, McCabe BD, Cheetham CEJ, Hnasko TS, Freyberg Z. Vesicular glutamate transporter modulates sex differences in dopamine neuron vulnerability to age-related neurodegeneration. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13365. [PMID: 33909313 PMCID: PMC8135008 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is the greatest risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) which causes progressive loss of dopamine (DA) neurons, with males at greater risk than females. Intriguingly, some DA neurons are more resilient to degeneration than others. Increasing evidence suggests that vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) expression in DA neurons plays a role in this selective vulnerability. We investigated the role of DA neuron VGLUT in sex- and age-related differences in DA neuron vulnerability using the genetically tractable Drosophila model. We found sex differences in age-related DA neurodegeneration and its associated locomotor behavior, where males exhibit significantly greater decreases in both DA neuron number and locomotion during aging compared with females. We discovered that dynamic changes in DA neuron VGLUT expression mediate these age- and sex-related differences, as a potential compensatory mechanism for diminished DA neurotransmission during aging. Importantly, female Drosophila possess higher levels of VGLUT expression in DA neurons compared with males, and this finding is conserved across flies, rodents, and humans. Moreover, we showed that diminishing VGLUT expression in DA neurons eliminates females' greater resilience to DA neuron loss across aging. This offers a new mechanism for sex differences in selective DA neuron vulnerability to age-related DA neurodegeneration. Finally, in mice, we showed that the ability of DA neurons to achieve optimal control over VGLUT expression is essential for DA neuron survival. These findings lay the groundwork for the manipulation of DA neuron VGLUT expression as a novel therapeutic strategy to boost DA neuron resilience to age- and PD-related neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silas A. Buck
- Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA,Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Thomas Steinkellner
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA,Institute of PharmacologyCenter for Physiology and PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Sai H. Bhatte
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | | | - Sophie A. Rubin
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Briana R. De Miranda
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA,Present address:
Department of NeurologyCenter for Neurodegeneration and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Emma I. O'Leary
- Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Elizabeth G. Neureiter
- Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA,Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Keri J. Fogle
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical BiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Michael J. Palladino
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical BiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Ryan W. Logan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMAUSA,Center for Systems Neurogenetics of AddictionThe Jackson LaboratoryBar HarborMEUSA
| | | | - Kenneth N. Fish
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - David A. Lewis
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - J. Timothy Greenamyre
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical CenterVA Pittsburgh Healthcare SystemPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Brian D. McCabe
- Brain Mind InstituteSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Thomas S. Hnasko
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA,Research ServiceVA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Zachary Freyberg
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA,Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiao C, Qiu S. Frequency-specific modification of locomotor components by the white gene in Drosophila melanogaster adult flies. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12703. [PMID: 32964643 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The classic eye-color gene white (w) in Drosophila melanogaster (fruitfly) has unexpected behavioral consequences. How w affects locomotion of adult flies is largely unknown. Here, we show that a mutant allele (w1118 ) selectively increases locomotor components at relatively high frequencies (> 0.1 Hz). The w1118 flies had reduced transcripts of w+ from the 5' end of the gene. Male flies of w1118 walked continuously in circular arenas while the wildtype Canton-S walked intermittently. Through careful control of genetic and cytoplasmic backgrounds, we found that the w1118 locus was associated with continuous walking. w1118 -carrying male flies showed increased median values of path length per second (PPS) and 5-min path length compared with w+ -carrying males. Additionally, flies carrying 2-4 genomic copies of mini-white+ (mw+ ) in the w1118 background showed suppressed median PPSs and decreased 5-min path length compared with controls, and the suppression was dependent on the copy number of mw+ . Analysis of the time-series (i.e., PPSs over time) by Fourier transform indicated that w1118 was associated with increased locomotor components at relatively high frequencies (> 0.1 Hz). The addition of multiple genomic copies of mw+ (2-4 copies) suppressed the high-frequency components. Lastly, the downregulation of w+ in neurons but not glial cells resulted in increased high-frequency components. We concluded that mutation of w modified the locomotion in adult flies by selectively increasing high-frequency locomotor components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengfeng Xiao
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shuang Qiu
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bath E, Thomson J, Perry JC. Anxiety-like behaviour is regulated independently from sex, mating status and the sex peptide receptor in Drosophila melanogaster. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
5
|
Yost RT, Robinson JW, Baxter CM, Scott AM, Brown LP, Aletta MS, Hakimjavadi R, Lone A, Cumming RC, Dukas R, Mozer B, Simon AF. Abnormal Social Interactions in a Drosophila Mutant of an Autism Candidate Gene: Neuroligin 3. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4601. [PMID: 32610435 PMCID: PMC7370170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Social interactions are typically impaired in neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism, for which the genetic underpinnings are very complex. Social interactions can be modeled by analysis of behaviors, including social spacing, sociability, and aggression, in simpler organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster. Here, we examined the effects of mutants of the autism-related gene neuroligin 3 (nlg3) on fly social and non-social behaviors. Startled-induced negative geotaxis is affected by a loss of function nlg3 mutation. Social space and aggression are also altered in a sex- and social-experience-specific manner in nlg3 mutant flies. In light of the conserved roles that neuroligins play in social behavior, our results offer insight into the regulation of social behavior in other organisms, including humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryley T. Yost
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; (R.T.Y.); (J.W.R.); (L.P.B.); (M.S.A.); (R.H.); (A.L.); (R.C.C.)
| | - J. Wesley Robinson
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; (R.T.Y.); (J.W.R.); (L.P.B.); (M.S.A.); (R.H.); (A.L.); (R.C.C.)
| | - Carling M. Baxter
- Animal Behaviour Group, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour (PNB) McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (C.M.B.); (A.M.S.); (R.D.)
| | - Andrew M. Scott
- Animal Behaviour Group, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour (PNB) McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (C.M.B.); (A.M.S.); (R.D.)
| | - Liam P. Brown
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; (R.T.Y.); (J.W.R.); (L.P.B.); (M.S.A.); (R.H.); (A.L.); (R.C.C.)
| | - M. Sol Aletta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; (R.T.Y.); (J.W.R.); (L.P.B.); (M.S.A.); (R.H.); (A.L.); (R.C.C.)
| | - Ramtin Hakimjavadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; (R.T.Y.); (J.W.R.); (L.P.B.); (M.S.A.); (R.H.); (A.L.); (R.C.C.)
| | - Asad Lone
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; (R.T.Y.); (J.W.R.); (L.P.B.); (M.S.A.); (R.H.); (A.L.); (R.C.C.)
| | - Robert C. Cumming
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; (R.T.Y.); (J.W.R.); (L.P.B.); (M.S.A.); (R.H.); (A.L.); (R.C.C.)
| | - Reuven Dukas
- Animal Behaviour Group, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour (PNB) McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (C.M.B.); (A.M.S.); (R.D.)
| | - Brian Mozer
- Office of Research Integrity, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Rockville, MD 20889, USA;
| | - Anne F. Simon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; (R.T.Y.); (J.W.R.); (L.P.B.); (M.S.A.); (R.H.); (A.L.); (R.C.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marliére NP, Lorenzo MG, Martínez Villegas LE, Guarneri AA. Co-existing locomotory activity and gene expression profiles in a kissing-bug vector of Chagas disease. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 122:104021. [PMID: 32035953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The triatomine bug Rhodnius prolixus is a main vector of Chagas disease, which affects several million people in Latin-America. These nocturnal insects spend most of their locomotory activity during the first hours of the scotophase searching for suitable hosts. In this study we used multivariate analysis to characterize spontaneous locomotory activity profiles presented by 5th instar nymphs. In addition, we investigated whether sex and the expression of the foraging (Rpfor) gene could modulate this behavioral trait. Hierarchical Clustering and Redundancy Analyses detected individuals with distinct locomotory profiles. In addition to a great variation in locomotory intensity, we found that a proportion of nymphs walked during unusual time intervals. Locomotory activity profiles were mostly affected by the cumulative activity expressed by the nymphs. These effects promoted by cumulative activity were in turn influenced by nymph sex. Sex and the Rpfor expression had a significant influence on the profiles, as well as in the levels of total activity. In conclusion, the locomotory profiles evinced by the multivariate analyses suggest the co-existence of different foraging strategies in bugs. Additionally, we report sex-specific effects on the locomotion patterns of 5th instar R. prolixus, which are apparently modulated by the differential expression of the Rpfor gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Newmar Pinto Marliére
- Vector Behaviour and Pathogen Interaction Group, Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 30190-009, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gustavo Lorenzo
- Vector Behaviour and Pathogen Interaction Group, Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 30190-009, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Martínez Villegas
- Vector Behaviour and Pathogen Interaction Group, Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 30190-009, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Aparecida Guarneri
- Vector Behaviour and Pathogen Interaction Group, Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 30190-009, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jouvence a small nucleolar RNA required in the gut extends lifespan in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2020; 11:987. [PMID: 32080190 PMCID: PMC7033134 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Longevity is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we functionally characterise a Drosophila small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), named jouvence whose loss of function reduces lifespan. The genomic region of jouvence rescues the longevity in mutant, while its overexpression in wild-type increases lifespan. Jouvence is required in enterocytes. In mutant, the epithelium of the gut presents more hyperplasia, while the overexpression of jouvence prevents it. Molecularly, the mutant lack pseudouridylation on 18S and 28S-rRNA, a function rescued by targeted expression of jouvence in the gut. A transcriptomic analysis performed from the gut reveals that several genes are either up- or down-regulated, while restoring the mRNA level of two genes (ninaD or CG6296) rescue the longevity. Since snoRNAs are structurally and functionally well conserved throughout evolution, we identified putative jouvence orthologue in mammals including humans, suggesting that its function in longevity could be conserved. Small non-coding RNAs contribute to the regulation of aging. Here the authors identify a small nucleolar RNA, the snoRNA jouvence, which extends the lifespan of fruit flies through its function in the gut, and is conserved in humans.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ayari A, Jelassi R, Ghemari C, Nasri–Ammar K. Effect of season and sex on the locomotor activity rhythm of the desert isopod Hemilepistus reamurii. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2020.1714841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anas Ayari
- Laboratory of Diversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems (LR18ES06) Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Raja Jelassi
- Laboratory of Diversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems (LR18ES06) Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
- National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies (INSTM), Salammbô, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chedliya Ghemari
- Laboratory of Diversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems (LR18ES06) Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Karima Nasri–Ammar
- Laboratory of Diversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems (LR18ES06) Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Videlier M, Rundle HD, Careau V. Sex-Specific Among-Individual Covariation in Locomotor Activity and Resting Metabolic Rate in Drosophila melanogaster. Am Nat 2019; 194:E164-E176. [PMID: 31738101 DOI: 10.1086/705678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A key endeavor in evolutionary physiology is to identify sources of among- and within-individual variation in resting metabolic rate (RMR). Although males and females often differ in whole-organism RMR due to sexual size dimorphism, sex differences in RMR sometimes persist after conditioning on body mass, suggesting phenotypic differences between males and females in energy-expensive activities contributing to RMR. One potential difference is locomotor activity, yet its relationship with RMR is unclear and different energy budget models predict different associations. We quantified locomotor activity (walking) over 24 h and RMR (overnight) in 232 male and 245 female Drosophila melanogaster that were either mated or maintained as virgins between two sets of measurements. Accounting for body mass, sex, and reproductive status, RMR and activity were significantly and moderately repeatable (RMR: R=0.33±0.06; activity: R=0.58±0.03). RMR and activity were positively correlated among (rind=0.26±0.09) but not within (re=0.05±0.06) individuals. Moreover, activity varied throughout the day and between the sexes. Partitioning our analysis by sex and activity by time of day revealed that all among-individual correlations were positive and significant in males but nonsignificant or even significantly negative in females. Such differences in the RMR-activity covariance suggest fundamental differences in how the sexes manage their energy budget.
Collapse
|
10
|
Nässel DR, Zandawala M. Recent advances in neuropeptide signaling in Drosophila, from genes to physiology and behavior. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 179:101607. [PMID: 30905728 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on neuropeptides and peptide hormones, the largest and most diverse class of neuroactive substances, known in Drosophila and other animals to play roles in almost all aspects of daily life, as w;1;ell as in developmental processes. We provide an update on novel neuropeptides and receptors identified in the last decade, and highlight progress in analysis of neuropeptide signaling in Drosophila. Especially exciting is the huge amount of work published on novel functions of neuropeptides and peptide hormones in Drosophila, largely due to the rapid developments of powerful genetic methods, imaging techniques and innovative assays. We critically discuss the roles of peptides in olfaction, taste, foraging, feeding, clock function/sleep, aggression, mating/reproduction, learning and other behaviors, as well as in regulation of development, growth, metabolic and water homeostasis, stress responses, fecundity, and lifespan. We furthermore provide novel information on neuropeptide distribution and organization of peptidergic systems, as well as the phylogenetic relations between Drosophila neuropeptides and those of other phyla, including mammals. As will be shown, neuropeptide signaling is phylogenetically ancient, and not only are the structures of the peptides, precursors and receptors conserved over evolution, but also many functions of neuropeptide signaling in physiology and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Meet Zandawala
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Baškiera S, Gvoždík L. Repeatability of thermal reaction norms for spontaneous locomotor activity in juvenile newts. J Therm Biol 2019; 80:126-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
12
|
Brockmann A, Basu P, Shakeel M, Murata S, Murashima N, Boyapati RK, Prabhu NG, Herman JJ, Tanimura T. Sugar Intake Elicits Intelligent Searching Behavior in Flies and Honey Bees. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:280. [PMID: 30546299 PMCID: PMC6279864 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a comparison of the sugar-elicited search behavior in Drosophila melanogaster and Apis mellifera. In both species, intake of sugar-water elicits a complex of searching responses. The most obvious response was an increase in turning frequency. However, we also found that flies and honey bees returned to the location of the sugar drop. They even returned to the food location when we prevented them from using visual and chemosensory cues. Analyses of the recorded trajectories indicated that flies and bees use two mechanisms, a locomotor pattern involving an increased turning frequency and path integration to increase the probability to stay close or even return to the sugar drop location. However, evidence for the use of path integration in honey bees was less clear. In general, walking trajectories of honey bees showed a higher degree of curvature and were more spacious; two characters which likely masked evidence for the use of path integration in our experiments. Visual cues, i.e., a black dot, presented underneath the sugar drop made flies and honey bees stay closer to the starting point of the search. In honey bees, vertical black columns close to the sugar drop increased the probability to visit similar cues in the vicinity. An additional one trial learning experiment suggested that the intake of sugar-water likely has the potential to initiate an associative learning process. Together, our experiments indicate that the sugar-elicited local search is more complex than previously assumed. Most importantly, this local search behavior appeared to exhibit major behavioral capabilities of large-scale navigation. Thus, we propose that sugar-elicited search behavior has the potential to become a fruitful behavioral paradigm to identify neural and molecular mechanisms involved in general mechanisms of navigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Brockmann
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pallab Basu
- International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Manal Shakeel
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India.,The University of Trans-disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Satoshi Murata
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naomi Murashima
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ravi Kumar Boyapati
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nikhil G Prabhu
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India.,International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Jacob J Herman
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Teiichi Tanimura
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schretter CE, Vielmetter J, Bartos I, Marka Z, Marka S, Argade S, Mazmanian SK. A gut microbial factor modulates locomotor behaviour in Drosophila. Nature 2018; 563:402-406. [PMID: 30356215 PMCID: PMC6237646 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Schretter
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Jost Vielmetter
- Protein Expression Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Imre Bartos
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zsuzsa Marka
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Szabolcs Marka
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sulabha Argade
- GlycoAnalytics Core, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cascallares G, Riva S, Franco DL, Risau-Gusman S, Gleiser PM. Role of the circadian clock in the statistics of locomotor activity in Drosophila. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202505. [PMID: 30138403 PMCID: PMC6107170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In many animals the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity is controlled by an endogenous circadian clock. Using custom made housing and video tracking software in order to obtain high spatial and temporal resolution, we studied the statistical properties of the locomotor activity of wild type and two clock mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. We show here that the distributions of activity and quiescence bouts for the clock mutants in light-dark conditions (LD) are very different from the distributions obtained when there are no external cues from the environment (DD). In the wild type these distributions are very similar, showing that the clock controls this aspect of behavior in both regimes (LD and DD). Furthermore, the distributions are very similar to those reported for Wistar rats. For the timing of events we also observe important differences, quantified by how the event rate distributions scale for increasing time windows. We find that for the wild type these distributions can be rescaled by the same function in DD as in LD. Interestingly, the same function has been shown to rescale the rate distributions in Wistar rats. On the other hand, for the clock mutants it is not possible to rescale the rate distributions, which might indicate that the extent of circadian control depends on the statistical properties of activity and quiescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Cascallares
- Statistical and Interdisciplinary Physics Group, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Riva
- Medical Physics Department, CONICET and Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. E. Bustillo 9500, (8400) San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - D. Lorena Franco
- Medical Physics Department, CONICET and Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. E. Bustillo 9500, (8400) San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Risau-Gusman
- Statistical and Interdisciplinary Physics Group, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- Medical Physics Department, CONICET and Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. E. Bustillo 9500, (8400) San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Pablo M. Gleiser
- Statistical and Interdisciplinary Physics Group, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- Medical Physics Department, CONICET and Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. E. Bustillo 9500, (8400) San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sun J, Xu AQ, Giraud J, Poppinga H, Riemensperger T, Fiala A, Birman S. Neural Control of Startle-Induced Locomotion by the Mushroom Bodies and Associated Neurons in Drosophila. Front Syst Neurosci 2018; 12:6. [PMID: 29643770 PMCID: PMC5882849 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Startle-induced locomotion is commonly used in Drosophila research to monitor locomotor reactivity and its progressive decline with age or under various neuropathological conditions. A widely used paradigm is startle-induced negative geotaxis (SING), in which flies entrapped in a narrow column react to a gentle mechanical shock by climbing rapidly upwards. Here we combined in vivo manipulation of neuronal activity and splitGFP reconstitution across cells to search for brain neurons and putative circuits that regulate this behavior. We show that the activity of specific clusters of dopaminergic neurons (DANs) afferent to the mushroom bodies (MBs) modulates SING, and that DAN-mediated SING regulation requires expression of the DA receptor Dop1R1/Dumb, but not Dop1R2/Damb, in intrinsic MB Kenyon cells (KCs). We confirmed our previous observation that activating the MB α'β', but not αβ, KCs decreased the SING response, and we identified further MB neurons implicated in SING control, including KCs of the γ lobe and two subtypes of MB output neurons (MBONs). We also observed that co-activating the αβ KCs antagonizes α'β' and γ KC-mediated SING modulation, suggesting the existence of subtle regulation mechanisms between the different MB lobes in locomotion control. Overall, this study contributes to an emerging picture of the brain circuits modulating locomotor reactivity in Drosophila that appear both to overlap and differ from those underlying associative learning and memory, sleep/wake state and stress-induced hyperactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Genes Circuits Rhythms and Neuropathology, Brain Plasticity Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSL Research University, ESPCI Paris, Paris, France
| | - An Qi Xu
- Genes Circuits Rhythms and Neuropathology, Brain Plasticity Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSL Research University, ESPCI Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julia Giraud
- Genes Circuits Rhythms and Neuropathology, Brain Plasticity Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSL Research University, ESPCI Paris, Paris, France
| | - Haiko Poppinga
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology of Behavior, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Riemensperger
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology of Behavior, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - André Fiala
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology of Behavior, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Serge Birman
- Genes Circuits Rhythms and Neuropathology, Brain Plasticity Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSL Research University, ESPCI Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Katsov AY, Freifeld L, Horowitz M, Kuehn S, Clandinin TR. Dynamic structure of locomotor behavior in walking fruit flies. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28742018 PMCID: PMC5526672 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the brain is unlikely to be understood without an accurate description of its output, yet the nature of movement elements and their organization remains an open problem. Here, movement elements are identified from dynamics of walking in flies, using unbiased criteria. On one time scale, dynamics of walking are consistent over hundreds of milliseconds, allowing elementary features to be defined. Over longer periods, walking is well described by a stochastic process composed of these elementary features, and a generative model of this process reproduces individual behavior sequences accurately over seconds or longer. Within elementary features, velocities diverge, suggesting that dynamical stability of movement elements is a weak behavioral constraint. Rather, long-term instability can be limited by the finite memory between these elementary features. This structure suggests how complex dynamics may arise in biological systems from elements whose combination need not be tuned for dynamic stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Katsov
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Limor Freifeld
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Cambridge, United States
| | - Mark Horowitz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Seppe Kuehn
- Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States.,Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Thomas R Clandinin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ayari A, Jelassi R, Ghemari C, Nasri–Ammar K. Locomotor behaviour in males, females and groups of Orchestia montagui(Amphipoda, Talitridae) in the supralittoral zone of Bizerte lagoon. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2016.1174424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
18
|
Mohammad F, Aryal S, Ho J, Stewart JC, Norman NA, Tan TL, Eisaka A, Claridge-Chang A. Ancient Anxiety Pathways Influence Drosophila Defense Behaviors. Curr Biol 2016; 26:981-6. [PMID: 27020741 PMCID: PMC4826436 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety helps us anticipate and assess potential danger in ambiguous situations [1, 2, 3]; however, the anxiety disorders are the most prevalent class of psychiatric illness [4, 5, 6]. Emotional states are shared between humans and other animals [7], as observed by behavioral manifestations [8], physiological responses [9], and gene conservation [10]. Anxiety research makes wide use of three rodent behavioral assays—elevated plus maze, open field, and light/dark box—that present a choice between sheltered and exposed regions [11]. Exposure avoidance in anxiety-related defense behaviors was confirmed to be a correlate of rodent anxiety by treatment with known anxiety-altering agents [12, 13, 14] and is now used to characterize anxiety systems. Modeling anxiety with a small neurogenetic animal would further aid the elucidation of its neuronal and molecular bases. Drosophila neurogenetics research has elucidated the mechanisms of fundamental behaviors and implicated genes that are often orthologous across species. In an enclosed arena, flies stay close to the walls during spontaneous locomotion [15, 16], a behavior proposed to be related to anxiety [17]. We tested this hypothesis with manipulations of the GABA receptor, serotonin signaling, and stress. The effects of these interventions were strikingly concordant with rodent anxiety, verifying that these behaviors report on an anxiety-like state. Application of this method was able to identify several new fly anxiety genes. The presence of conserved neurogenetic pathways in the insect brain identifies Drosophila as an attractive genetic model for the study of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, complementing existing rodent systems. Drosophila orthologs of anxiety genes affect fly wall following Conserved anxiety genes influence fly defense behaviors similarly to mouse anxiety New candidate anxiety genes are identified from fly defense behavior screen Drosophila identified as a new neurogenetic tool for anxiety research
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Mohammad
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Sameer Aryal
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Joses Ho
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - James Charles Stewart
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Nurul Ayuni Norman
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Teng Li Tan
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Agnese Eisaka
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Adam Claridge-Chang
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Maesani A, Ramdya P, Cruchet S, Gustafson K, Benton R, Floreano D. Fluctuation-Driven Neural Dynamics Reproduce Drosophila Locomotor Patterns. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004577. [PMID: 26600381 PMCID: PMC4657918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural mechanisms determining the timing of even simple actions, such as when to walk or rest, are largely mysterious. One intriguing, but untested, hypothesis posits a role for ongoing activity fluctuations in neurons of central action selection circuits that drive animal behavior from moment to moment. To examine how fluctuating activity can contribute to action timing, we paired high-resolution measurements of freely walking Drosophila melanogaster with data-driven neural network modeling and dynamical systems analysis. We generated fluctuation-driven network models whose outputs-locomotor bouts-matched those measured from sensory-deprived Drosophila. From these models, we identified those that could also reproduce a second, unrelated dataset: the complex time-course of odor-evoked walking for genetically diverse Drosophila strains. Dynamical models that best reproduced both Drosophila basal and odor-evoked locomotor patterns exhibited specific characteristics. First, ongoing fluctuations were required. In a stochastic resonance-like manner, these fluctuations allowed neural activity to escape stable equilibria and to exceed a threshold for locomotion. Second, odor-induced shifts of equilibria in these models caused a depression in locomotor frequency following olfactory stimulation. Our models predict that activity fluctuations in action selection circuits cause behavioral output to more closely match sensory drive and may therefore enhance navigation in complex sensory environments. Together these data reveal how simple neural dynamics, when coupled with activity fluctuations, can give rise to complex patterns of animal behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Maesani
- Institute of Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pavan Ramdya
- Institute of Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steeve Cruchet
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kyle Gustafson
- The Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Benton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dario Floreano
- Institute of Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Locomotion Induced by Spatial Restriction in Adult Drosophila. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135825. [PMID: 26351842 PMCID: PMC4564261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila adults display an unwillingness to enter confined spaces but the behaviors induced by spatial restriction in Drosophila are largely unknown. We developed a protocol for high-throughput analysis of locomotion and characterized features of locomotion in a restricted space. We observed intense and persistent locomotion of flies in small circular arenas (diameter 1.27 cm), whereas locomotion was greatly reduced in large circular arenas (diameter 3.81 cm). The increased locomotion induced by spatial restriction was seen in male flies but not female flies, indicating sexual dimorphism of the response to spatial restriction. In large arenas, male flies increased locomotion in arenas previously occupied by male but not female individuals. In small arenas, such pre-conditioning had no effect on male flies, which showed intense and persistent locomotion similar to that seen in fresh arenas. During locomotion with spatial restriction, wildtype Canton-S males traveled slower and with less variation in speed than the mutant w1118 carrying a null allele of white gene. In addition, wildtype flies showed a stronger preference for the boundary than the mutant in small arenas. Genetic analysis with a series of crosses revealed that the white gene was not associated with the phenotype of boundary preference in wildtype flies.
Collapse
|
21
|
Dean R, Lemos B, Dowling DK. Context-dependent effects of Y chromosome and mitochondrial haplotype on male locomotive activity in Drosophila melanogaster. J Evol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Dean
- School of Biological Sciences; Monash University; Clayton Vic. Australia
- Department of Genetics, Environment and Evolution; University College London; London UK
| | - B. Lemos
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program; Department of Environmental Health; Harvard School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
| | - D. K. Dowling
- School of Biological Sciences; Monash University; Clayton Vic. Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ayari A, Jelassi R, Ghemari C, Nasri-Ammar K. Effect of age, sex, and mutual interaction on the locomotor behavior ofOrchestia gammarellusin the supralittoral zone of Ghar El Melh lagoon (Bizerte, Tunisia). BIOL RHYTHM RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2015.1048950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
23
|
Kartsev VM. Phenoptosis in arthropods and immortality of social insects. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 79:1032-48. [PMID: 25519062 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In general, there are no drastic differences in phenoptosis patterns in plant and animal organisms. However, there are some specific features characteristic for insects and other arthropods: 1) their development includes metamorphosis with different biochemical laws at consecutive developmental stages; 2) arthropods can reduce or stop development and aging when in a state of diapause or temporal cold immobility; 3) their life cycle often correlates with seasonal changes of surroundings; 4) polymorphism is widespread - conspecifics differ by their lifespans and phenoptosis features; 5) lifespan-related sexual dimorphism is common; 6) significant situational plasticity of life cycle organization is an important feature; for example, the German wasp (Paravespula germanica) is obligatorily univoltine in the temperate zone, while in tropical regions its lifespan increases and leads to repeated reproduction; 7) life cycles of closely related species may differ significantly, for example, in contrast to German wasp, some tropical hornets (Vespa) have only one reproduction period. Surprisingly, many insect species have been shown to be subjected to gradual aging and phenoptosis, like the highest mammals. However, queens of social insects and some long-lived arachnids can apparently be considered non-aging organisms. In some species, lifespan is limited to one season, while others live much longer or shorter. Cases of one-time reproduction are rather rare. Aphagia is common in insects (over 10,000 species). Cannibalism is an important mortality factor in insects as well as in spiders. In social insects, which exist only in colonies (families), the lifetime of a colony can be virtually unlimited. However, in case of some species the developmental cycle and death of a colony after its completion are predetermined. Most likely, natural selection in insects does not lengthen individual lifespan, but favors increase in reproduction efficiency based on fast succession of generations leading to increased evolvability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V M Kartsev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Anomalous diffusion and multifractality enhance mating encounters in the ocean. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2206-11. [PMID: 24469823 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322363111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For millimeter-scale aquatic crustaceans such as copepods, ensuring reproductive success is a challenge as potential mates are often separated by hundreds of body lengths in a 3D environment. At the evolutionary scale, this led to the development of remote sensing abilities and behavioral strategies to locate, to track, and to capture a mate. Chemoreception plays a crucial role in increasing mate encounter rates through pheromone clouds and pheromone trails that can be followed over many body lengths. Empirical evidence of trail following behavior is, however, limited to laboratory experiments conducted in still water. An important open question concerns what happens in the turbulent waters of the surface ocean. We propose that copepods experience, and hence react to, a bulk-phase water pheromone concentration. Here we investigate the mating behavior of two key copepod species, Temora longicornis and Eurytemora affinis, to assess the role of background pheromone concentration and the relative roles played by males and females in mating encounters. We find that both males and females react to background pheromone concentration and exhibit both innate and acquired components in their mating strategies. The emerging swimming behaviors have stochastic properties that depend on pheromone concentration, sex, and species, are related to the level of reproductive experience of the individual tested, and significantly diverge from both the Lévy and Brownian models identified in predators searching for low- and high-density prey. Our results are consistent with an adaptation to increase mate encounter rates and hence to optimize reproductive fitness and success.
Collapse
|
25
|
Laturney M, Billeter JC. Neurogenetics of female reproductive behaviors in Drosophila melanogaster. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2014; 85:1-108. [PMID: 24880733 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800271-1.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We follow an adult Drosophila melanogaster female through the major reproductive decisions she makes during her lifetime, including habitat selection, precopulatory mate choice, postcopulatory physiological changes, polyandry, and egg-laying site selection. In the process, we review the molecular and neuronal mechanisms allowing females to integrate signals from both environmental and social sources to produce those behavioral outputs. We pay attention to how an understanding of D. melanogaster female reproductive behaviors contributes to a wider understanding of evolutionary processes such as pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection as well as sexual conflict. Within each section, we attempt to connect the theories that pertain to the evolution of female reproductive behaviors with the molecular and neurobiological data that support these theories. We draw attention to the fact that the evolutionary and mechanistic basis of female reproductive behaviors, even in a species as extensively studied as D. melanogaster, remains poorly understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Laturney
- Behavioural Biology, Centre for Behaviour and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Billeter
- Behavioural Biology, Centre for Behaviour and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kawabata M, Ueno T, Tomita J, Kawatani J, Tomoda A, Kume S, Kume K. Temporal organization of rest defined by actigraphy data in healthy and childhood chronic fatigue syndrome children. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:281. [PMID: 24188379 PMCID: PMC4228315 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence has shown a universality in the temporal organization of activity and rest among animals ranging from mammals to insects. Previous reports in both humans and mice showed that rest bout durations followed long-tailed (i.e., power-law) distributions, whereas activity bouts followed exponential distributions. We confirmed similar results in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Conversely, another report showed that the awakening bout durations, which were defined by polysomnography in bed, followed power-law distributions, while sleeping periods, which may correspond to rest, followed exponential distributions. This apparent discrepancy has been left to be resolved. METHODS Actigraphy data from healthy and disordered children were analyzed separately for two periods: time out of bed (UP period) and time in bed (DOWN period). RESULTS When data over a period of 24 h were analyzed as a whole, rest bouts showed a power law distribution as previously reported. However, when UP and DOWN period data were analyzed separately, neither showed power law properties. Using a newly developed strict method, only 30% of individuals satisfied the power law criteria, even when the 24 h data were analyzed. The human results were in contrast to the Drosophila results, which revealed clear power-law distributions for both day time and night time rest through the use of a strict method. In addition, we analyzed the actigraphy data from patients with childhood type chronic fatigue syndrome (CCFS), and found that they showed differences from healthy controls when their UP and DOWN data were analyzed separately. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that the DOWN sleep, the bout distribution of which showed exponential properties, contributes to the production of long-tail distributions in human rest periods. We propose that separate analysis of UP and DOWN period data is important for understanding the temporal organization of activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minako Kawabata
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taro Ueno
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan,Kuwamizu Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun Tomita
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junko Kawatani
- Department of Child Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akemi Tomoda
- Department of Child Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Fukui University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shoen Kume
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Stamps JA, Saltz JB, Krishnan V. Genotypic differences in behavioural entropy: unpredictable genotypes are composed of unpredictable individuals. Anim Behav 2013; 86:641-649. [PMID: 24098058 PMCID: PMC3788645 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intra-genotypic variability (IGV) occurs when individuals with the same genotype, raised in the same environment and then tested under the same conditions, express different trait values. Game theoretical and bet-hedging models have suggested two ways that a single genotype might generate variable behaviour when behavioural variation is discrete rather than continuous: behavioural polyphenism (a genotype produces different types of individuals, each of which consistently expresses a different type of behaviour) or stochastic variability (a genotype produces one type of individual who randomly expresses different types of behaviour over time). We first demonstrated significant differences across 14 natural genotypes of male Drosophila melanogaster in the variability (as measured by entropy) of their microhabitat choice, in an experiment in which each fly was allowed free access to four different types of habitat. We then tested four hypotheses about ways that within-individual variability might contribute to differences across genotypes in the variability of microhabitat choice. There was no empirical support for three hypotheses (behavioural polymorphism, consistent choice, or time-based choice), nor could our results be attributed to genotypic differences in activity levels. The stochastic variability hypothesis accurately predicted the slope and the intercept of the relationship across genotypes between entropy at the individual level and entropy at the genotype level. However, our initial version of the stochastic model slightly but significantly overestimated the values of individual entropy for each genotype, pointing to specific assumptions of this model that might need to be adjusted in future studies of the IGV of microhabitat choice. This is among a handful of recent studies to document genotypic differences in behavioural IGV, and the first to explore ways that genotypic differences in within-individual variability might contribute to differences among genotypes in the predictability of their behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia B. Saltz
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California
| | - V.V. Krishnan
- School of Engineering, San Francisco State University
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Flavell SW, Pokala N, Macosko EZ, Albrecht DR, Larsch J, Bargmann CI. Serotonin and the neuropeptide PDF initiate and extend opposing behavioral states in C. elegans. Cell 2013; 154:1023-1035. [PMID: 23972393 PMCID: PMC3942133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Foraging animals have distinct exploration and exploitation behaviors that are organized into discrete behavioral states. Here, we characterize a neuromodulatory circuit that generates long-lasting roaming and dwelling states in Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that two opposing neuromodulators, serotonin and the neuropeptide pigment dispersing factor (PDF), each initiate and extend one behavioral state. Serotonin promotes dwelling states through the MOD-1 serotonin-gated chloride channel. The spontaneous activity of serotonergic neurons correlates with dwelling behavior, and optogenetic modulation of the critical MOD-1-expressing targets induces prolonged dwelling states. PDF promotes roaming states through a Gαs-coupled PDF receptor; optogenetic activation of cAMP production in PDF receptor-expressing cells induces prolonged roaming states. The neurons that produce and respond to each neuromodulator form a distributed circuit orthogonal to the classical wiring diagram, with several essential neurons that express each molecule. The slow temporal dynamics of this neuromodulatory circuit supplement fast motor circuits to organize long-lasting behavioral states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Flavell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Navin Pokala
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Evan Z Macosko
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dirk R Albrecht
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Johannes Larsch
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cornelia I Bargmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ramdya P, Schaffter T, Floreano D, Benton R. Fluorescence behavioral imaging (FBI) tracks identity in heterogeneous groups of Drosophila. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48381. [PMID: 23144871 PMCID: PMC3492344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinguishing subpopulations in group behavioral experiments can reveal the impact of differences in genetic, pharmacological and life-histories on social interactions and decision-making. Here we describe Fluorescence Behavioral Imaging (FBI), a toolkit that uses transgenic fluorescence to discriminate subpopulations, imaging hardware that simultaneously records behavior and fluorescence expression, and open-source software for automated, high-accuracy determination of genetic identity. Using FBI, we measure courtship partner choice in genetically mixed groups of Drosophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Ramdya
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wosnitza A, Bockemühl T, Dübbert M, Scholz H, Büschges A. Inter-leg coordination in the control of walking speed in Drosophila. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 216:480-91. [PMID: 23038731 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.078139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Legged locomotion is the most common behavior of terrestrial animals and it is assumed to have become highly optimized during evolution. Quadrupeds, for instance, use distinct gaits that are optimal with regard to metabolic cost and have characteristic kinematic features and patterns of inter-leg coordination. In insects, the situation is not as clear. In general, insects are able to alter inter-leg coordination systematically with locomotion speed, producing a continuum of movement patterns. This notion, however, is based on the study of several insect species, which differ greatly in size and mass. Each of these species tends to walk at a rather narrow range of speeds. We have addressed these issues by examining four strains of Drosophila, which are similar in size and mass, but tend to walk at different speed ranges. Our data suggest that Drosophila controls its walking speed almost exclusively via step frequency. At high walking speeds, we invariably found tripod coordination patterns, the quality of which increased with speed as indicated by a simple measure of tripod coordination strength (TCS). At low speeds, we also observed tetrapod coordination and wave gait-like walking patterns. These findings not only suggest a systematic speed dependence of inter-leg movement patterns but also imply that inter-leg coordination is flexible. This was further supported by amputation experiments in which we examined walking behavior in animals after the removal of a hindleg. These animals show immediate adaptations in body posture, leg kinematics and inter-leg coordination, thereby maintaining their ability to walk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wosnitza
- Biocenter Cologne, Zoological Institute, Department for Animal Physiology, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Colomb J, Reiter L, Blaszkiewicz J, Wessnitzer J, Brembs B. Open source tracking and analysis of adult Drosophila locomotion in Buridan's paradigm with and without visual targets. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42247. [PMID: 22912692 PMCID: PMC3415391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insects have been among the most widely used model systems for studying the control of locomotion by nervous systems. In Drosophila, we implemented a simple test for locomotion: in Buridan's paradigm, flies walk back and forth between two inaccessible visual targets [1]. Until today, the lack of easily accessible tools for tracking the fly position and analyzing its trajectory has probably contributed to the slow acceptance of Buridan's paradigm. Methodology/Principal Findings We present here a package of open source software designed to track a single animal walking in a homogenous environment (Buritrack) and to analyze its trajectory. The Centroid Trajectory Analysis (CeTrAn) software is coded in the open source statistics project R. It extracts eleven metrics and includes correlation analyses and a Principal Components Analysis (PCA). It was designed to be easily customized to personal requirements. In combination with inexpensive hardware, these tools can readily be used for teaching and research purposes. We demonstrate the capabilities of our package by measuring the locomotor behavior of adult Drosophila melanogaster (whose wings were clipped), either in the presence or in the absence of visual targets, and comparing the latter to different computer-generated data. The analysis of the trajectories confirms that flies are centrophobic and shows that inaccessible visual targets can alter the orientation of the flies without changing their overall patterns of activity. Conclusions/Significance Using computer generated data, the analysis software was tested, and chance values for some metrics (as well as chance value for their correlation) were set. Our results prompt the hypothesis that fixation behavior is observed only if negative phototaxis can overcome the propensity of the flies to avoid the center of the platform. Together with our companion paper, we provide new tools to promote Open Science as well as the collection and analysis of digital behavioral data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Colomb
- FB Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Biologie-Neurobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany. J.C
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bahrndorff S, Kjærsgaard A, Pertoldi C, Loeschcke V, Schou TM, Skovgård H, Hald B. The Effects of Sex-Ratio and Density on Locomotor Activity in the House Fly, Musca domestica. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE 2012; 12:71. [PMCID: PMC3481554 DOI: 10.1673/031.012.7101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although locomotor activity is involved in almost all behavioral traits, there is a lack of knowledge on what factors affect it. This study examined the effects of sex—ratio and density on the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity of adult Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) using an infra—red light system. Sex—ratio significantly affected locomotor activity, increasing with the percentage of males in the vials. In accordance with other studies, males were more active than females, but the circadian rhythm of the two sexes was not constant over time and changed during the light period. There was also an effect of density on locomotor activity, where males at intermediate densities showed higher activity. Further, the predictability of the locomotor activity, estimated as the degree of autocorrelation of the activity data, increased with the number of males present in the vials both with and without the presence of females. Overall, this study demonstrates that locomotor activity in M. domestica is affected by sex—ratio and density. Furthermore, the predictability of locomotor activity is affected by both sex—ratio, density, and circadian rhythm. These results add to our understanding of the behavioral interactions between houseflies and highlight the importance of these factors when designing behavioral experiments using M. domestica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bahrndorff
- National Food Institute, Division of Microbiology and Risk Assessment, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, Mørkhøj, Denmark
| | | | - Cino Pertoldi
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Toke M. Schou
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Birthe Hald
- National Food Institute, Division of Microbiology and Risk Assessment, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, Mørkhøj, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Vang LL, Medvedev AV, Adler J. Simple ways to measure behavioral responses of Drosophila to stimuli and use of these methods to characterize a novel mutant. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37495. [PMID: 22649531 PMCID: PMC3359294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavioral responses of adult Drosophila fruit flies to a variety of sensory stimuli – light, volatile and non-volatile chemicals, temperature, humidity, gravity, and sound - have been measured by others previously. Some of those assays are rather complex; a review of them is presented in the Discussion. Our objective here has been to find out how to measure the behavior of adult Drosophila fruit flies by methods that are inexpensive and easy to carry out. These new assays have now been used here to characterize a novel mutant that fails to be attracted or repelled by a variety of sensory stimuli even though it is motile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lar L. Vang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alexei V. Medvedev
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Georgetown, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Julius Adler
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tom Mekdara N, Goto JJ, Choudhury S, Jerry Mekdara P, Yingst N, Cao Y, Berg O, Katharina Müller U. A novel lenticular arena to quantify locomotor competence in walking fruit flies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 317:382-94. [PMID: 22605539 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has become an important invertebrate model organism in biological and medical research, for mutational and genetic analysis, and in toxicological screening. Many screening assays have been developed that assess the flies' mortality, reproduction, development, morphology, or behavioral competence. In this study, we describe a new assay for locomotor competence. It comprises a circular walking arena with a lenticular floor and a flat cover (the slope of the floor increases gradually from the center to the edge of the arena) plus automated fly tracking and statistical analysis. This simple modification of a flat arena presents a graduated physical challenge, with which we can assess fine gradations of motor ability, since a fly's time average radial distance from the arena center is a direct indicator of its climbing ability. The time averaged distribution of flies as a function of slope, activity levels, and walking speed, yields a fine grained picture of locomotory ability and motivation levels. We demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of this assay (compared with a conventional tap-down test) by observing flies treated with a neurotoxin (BMAA) that acts as a glutamate agonist. The assay proves well suited to detect dose effects and progression effects with higher statistical power than the traditional tap-down, but it has a higher detection limit, making it less sensitive to treatment effects.
Collapse
|
35
|
Mowrey WR, Portman DS. Sex differences in behavioral decision-making and the modulation of shared neural circuits. Biol Sex Differ 2012; 3:8. [PMID: 22436578 PMCID: PMC3352037 DOI: 10.1186/2042-6410-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals prioritize behaviors according to their physiological needs and reproductive goals, selecting a single behavioral strategy from a repertoire of possible responses to any given stimulus. Biological sex influences this decision-making process in significant ways, differentiating the responses animals choose when faced with stimuli ranging from food to conspecifics. We review here recent work in invertebrate models, including C. elegans, Drosophila, and a variety of insects, mollusks and crustaceans, that has begun to offer intriguing insights into the neural mechanisms underlying the sexual modulation of behavioral decision-making. These findings show that an animal's sex can modulate neural function in surprisingly diverse ways, much like internal physiological variables such as hunger or thirst. In the context of homeostatic behaviors such as feeding, an animal's sex and nutritional status may converge on a common physiological mechanism, the functional modulation of shared sensory circuitry, to influence decision-making. Similarly, considerable evidence suggests that decisions on whether to mate or fight with conspecifics are also mediated through sex-specific neuromodulatory control of nominally shared neural circuits. This work offers a new perspective on how sex differences in behavior emerge, in which the regulated function of shared neural circuitry plays a crucial role. Emerging evidence from vertebrates indicates that this paradigm is likely to extend to more complex nervous systems as well. As men and women differ in their susceptibility to a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders affecting shared behaviors, these findings may ultimately have important implications for human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William R Mowrey
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 645, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ueno T, Masuda N, Kume S, Kume K. Dopamine modulates the rest period length without perturbation of its power law distribution in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32007. [PMID: 22359653 PMCID: PMC3281125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the effects of dopamine signaling on the temporal organization of rest and activity in Drosophila melanogaster. Locomotor behaviors were recorded using a video-monitoring system, and the amounts of movements were quantified by using an image processing program. We, first, confirmed that rest bout durations followed long-tailed (i.e., power-law) distributions, whereas activity bout durations did not with a strict method described by Clauset et al. We also studied the effects of circadian rhythm and ambient temperature on rest bouts and activity bouts. The fraction of activity significantly increased during subjective day and at high temperature, but the power-law exponent of the rest bout distribution was not affected. The reduction in rest was realized by reduction in long rest bouts. The distribution of activity bouts did not change drastically under the above mentioned conditions. We then assessed the effects of dopamine. The distribution of rest bouts became less long-tailed and the time spent in activity significantly increased after the augmentation of dopamine signaling. Administration of a dopamine biosynthesis inhibitor yielded the opposite effects. However, the distribution of activity bouts did not contribute to the changes. These results suggest that the modulation of locomotor behavior by dopamine is predominantly controlled by changing the duration of rest bouts, rather than the duration of activity bouts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Ueno
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Masuda
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shoen Kume
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Global COE program, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hill RJA, Larkin OJ, Dijkstra CE, Manzano AI, de Juan E, Davey MR, Anthony P, Eaves L, Medina FJ, Marco R, Herranz R. Effect of magnetically simulated zero-gravity and enhanced gravity on the walk of the common fruitfly. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9:1438-49. [PMID: 22219396 PMCID: PMC3367808 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effects of gravity on biological organisms is vital to the success of future space missions. Previous studies in Earth orbit have shown that the common fruitfly (Drosophila melanogaster) walks more quickly and more frequently in microgravity, compared with its motion on Earth. However, flight preparation procedures and forces endured on launch made it difficult to implement on the Earth's surface a control that exposed flies to the same sequence of major physical and environmental changes. To address the uncertainties concerning these behavioural anomalies, we have studied the walking paths of D. melanogaster in a pseudo-weightless environment (0g*) in our Earth-based laboratory. We used a strong magnetic field, produced by a superconducting solenoid, to induce a diamagnetic force on the flies that balanced the force of gravity. Simultaneously, two other groups of flies were exposed to a pseudo-hypergravity environment (2g*) and a normal gravity environment (1g*) within the spatially varying field. The flies had a larger mean speed in 0g* than in 1g*, and smaller in 2g*. The mean square distance travelled by the flies grew more rapidly with time in 0g* than in 1g*, and slower in 2g*. We observed no other clear effects of the magnetic field, up to 16.5 T, on the walks of the flies. We compare the effect of diamagnetically simulated weightlessness with that of weightlessness in an orbiting spacecraft, and identify the cause of the anomalous behaviour as the altered effective gravity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J A Hill
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sorribes A, Armendariz BG, Lopez-Pigozzi D, Murga C, de Polavieja GG. The origin of behavioral bursts in decision-making circuitry. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1002075. [PMID: 21731478 PMCID: PMC3121695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
From ants to humans, the timing of many animal behaviors comes in bursts of activity separated by long periods of inactivity. Recently, mathematical modeling has shown that simple algorithms of priority-driven behavioral choice can result in bursty behavior. To experimentally test this link between decision-making circuitry and bursty dynamics, we have turned to Drosophila melanogaster. We have found that the statistics of intervals between activity periods in endogenous activity-rest switches of wild-type Drosophila are very well described by the Weibull distribution, a common distribution of bursty dynamics in complex systems. The bursty dynamics of wild-type Drosophila walking activity are shown to be determined by this inter-event distribution alone and not by memory effects, thus resembling human dynamics. Further, using mutant flies that disrupt dopaminergic signaling or the mushroom body, circuitry implicated in decision-making, we show that the degree of behavioral burstiness can be modified. These results are thus consistent with the proposed link between decision-making circuitry and bursty dynamics, and highlight the importance of using simple experimental systems to test general theoretical models of behavior. The findings further suggest that analysis of bursts could prove useful for the study and evaluation of decision-making circuitry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sorribes
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Theoretical Physics and Instituto “Nicolás Cabrera” de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G. Armendariz
- Department of Theoretical Physics and Instituto “Nicolás Cabrera” de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Lopez-Pigozzi
- Department of Theoretical Physics and Instituto “Nicolás Cabrera” de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Murga
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo G. de Polavieja
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Theoretical Physics and Instituto “Nicolás Cabrera” de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
White KE, Humphrey DM, Hirth F. The dopaminergic system in the aging brain of Drosophila. Front Neurosci 2010; 4:205. [PMID: 21165178 PMCID: PMC3002484 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2010.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila models of Parkinson's disease are characterized by two principal phenotypes: the specific loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the aging brain and defects in motor behavior. However, an age-related analysis of these baseline parameters in wildtype Drosophila is lacking. Here we analyzed the DA system and motor behavior in aging Drosophila. DA neurons in the adult brain can be grouped into bilateral symmetric clusters, each comprising a stereotypical number of cells. Analysis of TH > mCD8::GFP and cell type-specific MARCM clones revealed that DA neurons show cluster-specific, stereotypical projection patterns with terminal arborization in target regions that represent distinct functional areas of the adult brain. Target areas include the mushroom bodies, involved in memory formation and motivation, and the central complex, involved in the control of motor behavior, indicating that similar to the mammalian brain, DA neurons in the fly brain are involved in the regulation of specific behaviors. Behavioral analysis revealed that Drosophila show an age-related decline in startle-induced locomotion and negative geotaxis. Motion tracking however, revealed that walking activity, and exploration behavior, but not centrophobism increase at late stages of life. Analysis of TH > Dcr2, mCD8::GFP revealed a specific effect of Dcr2 expression on walking activity but not on exploratory or centrophobic behavior, indicating that the siRNA pathway may modulate distinct DA behaviors in Drosophila. Moreover, DA neurons were maintained between early- and late life, as quantified by TH > mCD8::GFP and anti-TH labeling, indicating that adult onset, age-related degeneration of DA neurons does not occur in the aging brain of Drosophila. Taken together, our data establish baseline parameters in Drosophila for the study of Parkinson's disease as well as other disorders affecting DA neurons and movement control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E White
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Medical Research Council Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, King's College London London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Central regulation of locomotor behavior of Drosophila melanogaster depends on a CASK isoform containing CaMK-like and L27 domains. Genetics 2010; 187:171-84. [PMID: 21059886 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.110.123406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic causes for disturbances of locomotor behavior can be due to muscle, peripheral neuron, or central nervous system pathologies. The Drosophila melanogaster homolog of human CASK (also known as caki or camguk) is a molecular scaffold that has been postulated to have roles in both locomotion and plasticity. These conclusions are based on studies using overlapping deficiencies that largely eliminate the entire CASK locus, but contain additional chromosomal aberrations as well. More importantly, analysis of the sequenced Drosophila genome suggests the existence of multiple protein variants from the CASK locus, further complicating the interpretation of experiments using deficiency strains. In this study, we generated small deletions within the CASK gene that eliminate gene products containing the CaMK-like and L27 domains (CASK-β), but do not affect transcripts encoding the smaller forms (CASK-α), which are structurally homologous to vertebrate MPP1. These mutants have normal olfactory habituation, but exhibit a striking array of locomotor problems that includes both initiation and motor maintenance defects. Previous studies had suggested that presynaptic release defects at the neuromuscular junction in the multigene deficiency strain were the likely basis of its locomotor phenotype. The locomotor phenotype of the CASK-β mutant, however, cannot be rescued by expression of a CASK-β transgene in motor neurons. Expression in a subset of central neurons that does not include the ellipsoid body, a well-known pre-motor neuropil, provides complete rescue. Full-length CASK-β, while widely expressed in the nervous system, appears to have a unique role within central circuits that control motor output.
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Animals initiate behavior not only reflexively but also spontaneously in the absence of external stimuli. In vertebrates, electrophysiological data on the neuronal activity associated with the self-initiated voluntary behavior have accumulated extensively. In invertebrates, however, little is known about the neuronal basis of the spontaneous initiation of behavior. We investigated the spike activity of brain neurons at the time of spontaneous initiation of walking in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and found neuronal signals indicative of readiness or preparatory activities in the vertebrate brain that precede the onset of voluntary actions. Those readiness discharge neurons became active >1 s before the initiation of walking regardless of stepping direction. They remained inactive at the onset of mechanical stimulus-evoked walking in which other descending units were recruited. These results suggest that the parallel descending mechanisms from the brain separately subserve the spontaneous and stimulus-evoked walking. Electrical stimulation of these different classes of neurons caused different types of walking. In addition, we found other descending units that represented different aspects of walking, including those units that showed a sustained activity increase throughout the walking bout depending on its stepping direction, as well as one veto unit for canceling out the output effect of the readiness discharge and three termination units for stopping the walking behavior. These findings suggest that the descending activities are modularized in parallel for spontaneous initiation, continuation, and termination of walking, constituting a sequentially hierarchical control.
Collapse
|
42
|
Kahsai L, Martin JR, Winther ÅME. Neuropeptides in the Drosophila central complex in modulation of locomotor behavior. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:2256-65. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.043190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The central complex is one of the most prominent neuropils in the insect brain. It has been implicated in the control of locomotor activity and is considered as a pre-motor center. Several neuropeptides are expressed in circuits of the central complex, and thus may be modulators of locomotor behavior. Here we have investigated the roles of two different neuropeptides, Drosophila tachykinin (DTK) and short neuropeptide F (sNPF), in aspects of locomotor behavior. In the Drosophila brain, DTK and sNPF are expressed in interneurons innervating the central complex. We have directed RNA interference (RNAi) towards DTK and sNPF specifically in different central complex neurons. We also expressed a temperature-sensitive dominant negative allele of the fly ortholog of dynamin called shibirets1, essential in membrane vesicle recycling and endocytosis, to disrupt synaptic transmission in central complex neurons. The spontaneous walking activity of the RNAi- or shibirets1-expressing flies was quantified by video tracking. DTK-deficient flies displayed drastically increased center zone avoidance, suggesting that DTK is involved in the regulation of spatial orientation. In addition, DTK deficiency in other central complex neurons resulted in flies with an increased number of activity–rest bouts. Perturbations in the sNPF circuit indicated that this peptide is involved in the fine regulation of locomotor activity levels. Our findings suggest that the contribution of DTK and sNPF to locomotor behavior is circuit dependent and associated with particular neuronal substrates. Thus, peptidergic pathways in the central complex have specific roles in the fine tuning of locomotor activity of adult Drosophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lily Kahsai
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean-René Martin
- Imagerie Cérébrale Fonctionnelle et Comportements, CNRS, N&D, UPR-3294, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Åsa M. E. Winther
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mustard JA, Pham PM, Smith BH. Modulation of motor behavior by dopamine and the D1-like dopamine receptor AmDOP2 in the honey bee. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:422-30. [PMID: 19945462 PMCID: PMC2834802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Determining the specific molecular pathways through which dopamine affects behavior has been complicated by the presence of multiple dopamine receptor subtypes that couple to different second messenger pathways. The observation of freely moving adult bees in an arena was used to investigate the role of dopamine signaling in regulating the behavior of the honey bee. Dopamine or the dopamine receptor antagonist flupenthixol was injected into the hemolymph of worker honey bees. Significant differences between treated and control bees were seen for all behaviors (walking, stopped, upside down, grooming, flying and fanning), and behavioral shifts were dependent on drug dosage and time after injection. To examine the role of dopamine signaling through a specific dopamine receptor in the brain, RNA interference was used to reduce expression levels of a D1-like receptor, AmDOP2. Injection of Amdop2 dsRNA into the mushroom bodies reduced the levels of Amdop2 mRNA and produced significant changes in the amount of time honey bees spent performing specific behaviors with reductions in time spent walking offset by increases in grooming or time spent stopped. Taken together these results establish that dopamine plays an important role in regulating motor behavior of the honey bee.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Mustard
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Place memory formation in Drosophila is independent of proper octopamine signaling. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2010; 196:299-305. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-010-0517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
45
|
Lebestky T, Chang JSC, Dankert H, Zelnik L, Kim YC, Han KA, Wolf FW, Perona P, Anderson DJ. Two different forms of arousal in Drosophila are oppositely regulated by the dopamine D1 receptor ortholog DopR via distinct neural circuits. Neuron 2009; 64:522-36. [PMID: 19945394 PMCID: PMC2908595 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Arousal is fundamental to many behaviors, but whether it is unitary or whether there are different types of behavior-specific arousal has not been clear. In Drosophila, dopamine promotes sleep-wake arousal. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding its influence on environmentally stimulated arousal. Here we show that loss-of-function mutations in the D1 dopamine receptor DopR enhance repetitive startle-induced arousal while decreasing sleep-wake arousal (i.e., increasing sleep). These two types of arousal are also inversely influenced by cocaine, whose effects in each case are opposite to, and abrogated by, the DopR mutation. Selective restoration of DopR function in the central complex rescues the enhanced stimulated arousal but not the increased sleep phenotype of DopR mutants. These data provide evidence for at least two different forms of arousal, which are independently regulated by dopamine in opposite directions, via distinct neural circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lebestky
- Division of Biology 216-76, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lalouette L, Vernon P, Amat H, Renault D. Ageing and thermal performance in the sub-Antarctic wingless fly Anatalanta aptera (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae): older is better. Biol Lett 2009; 6:346-9. [PMID: 19934216 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is a progressive biological process expressed in behavioural, morphological, physiological, biochemical and cellular age-related changes. Age-associated alterations in activity are regularly found in insects when examining whole-organism senescence over the adult lifespan. In addition, overall stress resistance usually decreases with senescence. In the present study, we measured the critical thermal minimum (CT(min)) and the subsequent recovery period over the lifespan of the sub-Antarctic wingless fly, Anatalanta aptera. Experiments were conducted on males and females in seven age groups: newly emerged, 1.5-, 5-, 7-, 13-, 15- and 18-month-old adults. Surprisingly, CT(min) decreased significantly with ageing in A. aptera, from -3.8 +/- 0.5 degrees C just after the emergence to -5.6 +/- 0.7 degrees C in the 18-month-old flies. The subsequent recovery period remained similar between the seven groups tested. Our unexpected results contradict the previous data collected in other insects. We have demonstrated for the first time that ageing may improve rather than impair locomotor activity during unfavourable thermal conditions. It raises questions and challenges the literature dealing with ageing. These fascinating results also question the underpinning mechanisms involved in the improvement of the thermal performance with ageing in A. aptera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Lalouette
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553, 263 avenue du Gal Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Koganezawa M, Hara H, Hayakawa Y, Shimada I. Memory effects on scale-free dynamics in foraging Drosophila. J Theor Biol 2009; 260:353-8. [PMID: 19559713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, displays a scale-free behavior in foraging, i.e., the dwell time on food exhibits a power law distribution. The scaling exponent is generally believed to be stable and the significance of the exponent itself with respect to the scale-free behavior remains elusive. We propose a model whereby the scaling exponent of the scale-free behavior of an animal depends on the memory of the individual. The proposed model is based on the premise that animal behaviors are associated with internal states of the animal. The changes in the scaling exponent are derived by considering losing memory as increasing uncertainty, which is expressed in terms of information entropy of the internal states. Predicted model behaviors agree with experimental results of foraging behavior in wild-type and learning/memory Drosophila mutants. The concept of changes in the scaling exponent due to the amount of memory provides a novel insight into the emergence of a scale-free behavior and the meaning of the scaling exponent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Koganezawa
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Inan O, Etemadi M, Sanchez M, Marcu O, Bhattacharya S, Kovacs G. A Miniaturized Video System for Monitoring the Locomotor Activity of WalkingDrosophila Melanogasterin Space and Terrestrial Settings. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2009; 56:522-4. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2008.2006018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
49
|
Neckameyer WS, Matsuo H. Distinct neural circuits reflect sex, sexual maturity, and reproductive status in response to stress in Drosophila melanogaster. Neuroscience 2008; 156:841-56. [PMID: 18790015 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies in mammalian systems have shown an array of changes in transmitter signaling in diverse brain regions in response to stress, which differ depending on the age and genetic makeup of the animal, as well as the type of stress. Here, we exploit the genetic tractability of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, a comparatively simple but useful model in which to elucidate conserved components of stress response pathways. We show that structures within the mushroom bodies and central complex, two distinct anatomical regions within the Drosophila brain, modulate behavioral responses to two different environmental stressors. Modification of behavioral output after exposure to these stressors was dependent on the sex, sexual maturity, and reproductive status of the animal. These parameters also affected whether a mutant Drosophila strain carrying specific defects within the mushroom bodies and/or central complex modified its response to stress relative to wild-type flies. Our results suggest that for each population, unique subsets of neurons are recruited into the stress response circuitry and differentially affect locomotor behavior and cardiac function. These data also provide evidence for neural plasticity in the adult insect brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W S Neckameyer
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|