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St-Louis E, Safa N, Guadagno E, Baird R. Gastrocutaneous fistulae in children - A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiology and treatment options. J Pediatr Surg 2018; 53:946-958. [PMID: 29506816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrostomy tubes are a common adjunct to the care of vulnerable pediatric patients. This study systematically evaluates the epidemiology and risk-factors for gastrocutaneous fistulae (GCF) after gastrostomy removal in children and reviews treatment options focusing on nonoperative management (NOM). METHODS After protocol registration (CRD-42017059565), multiple databases were searched. Studies describing epidemiology in children and GCF treatment at any age were included. Critical appraisal was performed (MINORS risk-of-bias assessment tool). One-sided meta-analysis was executed to estimate efficacy of therapeutic adjuncts using a random-effects model. RESULTS Sixteen articles evaluating pediatric GCF were identified. 44% defined GCF as persistence >1month which occurred in 31±7% of cases. Risk factors for pediatric GCF include age at gastrostomy, timing of removal, open technique, and fundoplication. Mean MINORS score was 0.60±0.16. Seventeen additional studies were identified reporting 142 patients undergoing NOM (endoscopic, systemic, and local therapies), and one pediatric comparative study was identified. Overall aggregate proportion of GCF closure after any NOM is 77% (80% success rate in local/systemic therapies; 75% success rate in endoscopic approaches). No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION Persistent GCF complicates the management of gastrostomies in 1/3 of children with predictable risk factors. Several treatment options exist that obviate the need for general anesthesia. Their efficacy is unclear. Further prospective investigations are clearly warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III - Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Retrospective Case Control Studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne St-Louis
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of General Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Nadia Safa
- Division of General Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elena Guadagno
- Medical Library, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Baird
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V4, Canada
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Khan FA, Fisher JG, Sparks EA, Iglesias J, Zurakowski D, Modi BP, Duggan C, Jaksic T. Factors Affecting Spontaneous Closure of Gastrocutaneous Fistulae After Removal of Gastrostomy Tubes in Children With Intestinal Failure. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 39:860-3. [PMID: 24993864 DOI: 10.1177/0148607114538058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with intestinal failure (IF) frequently require gastrostomy tubes (GTs) for long-term nutrition support. Risk factors for persistent gastrocutaneous fistulae (GCFs) in pediatric patients with IF are largely unknown but may include underlying nutrition status and duration of indwelling GT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Records of patients with IF having undergone GT removal and allowed a trial at spontaneous closure were reviewed. Nonparametric continuous variables were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Post hoc analysis was performed to identify the optimal threshold of GT duration predicting probability of spontaneous closure identified using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS Fifty-nine children with IF undergoing GT removal were identified. Spontaneous closure occurred in 36 (61%) sites, while 23 (39%) underwent operative closure at a median 67 days after GT removal. The duration of indwelling GT was significantly shorter in the spontaneous closure group (11.5 vs 21 months, P = .002). Of 33 GT indwelling for ≤ 18 months, 28 (85%) closed spontaneously, compared with only 9 of 26 (35%) with duration >18 months (P < .001). With GCF persisting beyond 7 days, only 21% (6/28) of sites closed spontaneously, but this dropped to 6% (1/18) of cases with concurrent GT duration >18 months. CONCLUSIONS Of the risk factors evaluated, only prolonged GT duration was associated with an increased likelihood of failure to close spontaneously. It is significantly less likely in pediatric patients with IF in whom GCF persists >7 days, particularly if the duration of GT is >18 months. Relatively earlier operative closure should be considered in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz A Khan
- Center for Advanced Intestinal Rehabilitation, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeremy G Fisher
- Center for Advanced Intestinal Rehabilitation, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric A Sparks
- Center for Advanced Intestinal Rehabilitation, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie Iglesias
- Center for Advanced Intestinal Rehabilitation, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Surgery, Department of Biostatistics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Biren P Modi
- Center for Advanced Intestinal Rehabilitation, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher Duggan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tom Jaksic
- Center for Advanced Intestinal Rehabilitation, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Persistent gastrocutaneous fistula: factors affecting the need for closure. J Pediatr Surg 2013; 48:2506-10. [PMID: 24314194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The occurrence of gastrocutaneous fistula (GCF) is a well-known complication after gastrostomy tube placement. We explore multiple factors to ascertain their impact on the rate of persistent GCF formation. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed patient records for all gastrostomies (GT) constructed at our institution from 2007 to 2011. Association of GCF with method of placement, concomitant fundoplication, neurologic findings, duration of therapy, and demographics was evaluated using logistic regression. RESULTS Nine hundred fifty patients had GTs placed, of which 148 patients had GTs removed and 47 (32%) of 148 required surgical closure secondary to persistent GCF. Laparoscopic and open procedures comprised 79 (53%) of 148 and 69 (47%) of 148, respectively. Seventeen (22%) patients in the laparoscopic group developed persistent GCF, compared to 30 (43%) in the open group (P=0.035, OR=2.52). Seventy-one patients had concomitant Nissen fundoplication. Thirty-one (44%) developed GCF, compared to 16 (21%) without a Nissen (P=0.002, OR=4.94). Patients with button in place for 303 days had persistent GCF incidence of 23%, compared to 45% at 540 days (P<0.001, OR=3.51) and 50% at 850 days (P=0.011, OR=4.51). Patients with device placed at 1.8 months of age were more likely to develop GCF compared to those with device placed at 8.9 months of age (P=0.017, OR=2.35). CONCLUSION Open operations, concurrent Nissen and younger age at placement were all statistically significant factors causing persistent GCF.
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Bratu I, Bharmal A. Incidence and predictors of gastrocutaneous fistula in the pediatric patient. ISRN GASTROENTEROLOGY 2010; 2011:686803. [PMID: 21991525 PMCID: PMC3168482 DOI: 10.5402/2011/686803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background/Purpose. To determine the incidence, predictors, and outcomes of repair of gastrocutaneous fistulae (GCF) in pediatric patients. Methods. Patients were identified through a medical records search of all gastrostomy insertions performed from 1997–2007. Results. Of 1083 gastrostomies, 49 had GCF closure. Gastrostomy indications were reflux/aspiration (30/43 [70%]) and feeding intolerance/failure to thrive (7/43 [16%]). Gastrostomies were performed as open surgical procedures (84%) with fundoplication (66% of all cases) at an age of 0.5 ± 0.57 (median ± inter-quartile range) years. Gastrostomies were removed in outpatient settings when no longer used and were present for 2.3 ± 2.2 years, and GCF persisted for 2.0 ± 3.0 months. GCF were closed by laparotomy and stapling. GCF closure length of stay was 2.0 ± 3.3 days. Complications occurred in 6/49 patients and included infection/fever (4/6) and localized skin redness/breakdown (2/6). Conclusions. From our collected data, GCFs occur at a frequency of 4.5% and persist for 2.0 ± 3.0 months until closed. Given the complicated medical histories of patients and relatively high rate of postoperative infection/reaction (12.2%), GCF closure is not a benign, “uncomplicated” procedure. Further information describing factors determining which patients develop GCF requiring closure is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Bratu
- Pediatric General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, 2C3.56 WMC, 8440-112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2B7
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Rees L, Shaw V. Nutrition in children with CRF and on dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 2007; 22:1689-702. [PMID: 17216263 PMCID: PMC1989763 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-006-0279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study are: (1) to understand the importance of nutrition in normal growth; (2) to review the methods of assessing nutritional status; (3) to review the dietary requirements of normal children throughout childhood, including protein, energy, vitamins and minerals; (4) to review recommendations for the nutritional requirements of children with chronic renal failure (CRF) and on dialysis; (5) to review reports of spontaneous nutritional intake in children with CRF and on dialysis; (6) to review the epidemiology of nutritional disturbances in renal disease, including height, weight and body composition; (7) to review the pathological mechanisms underlying poor appetite, abnormal metabolic rate and endocrine disturbances in renal disease; (8) to review the evidence for the benefit of dietetic input, dietary supplementation, nasogastric and gastrostomy feeds and intradialytic nutrition; (9) to review the effect of dialysis adequacy on nutrition; (10) to review the effect of nutrition on outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Rees
- Department of Nephrourology, Gt Ormond St Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Gt Ormond St, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
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Avitsland TL, Kristensen C, Emblem R, Veenstra M, Mala T, Bjørnland K. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children: a safe technique with major symptom relief and high parental satisfaction. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 43:624-8. [PMID: 17130739 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000229550.54455.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is widely used for establishing enteral feeding. The aim of this study was to assess immediate and long-term results after PEG insertion. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 121 children were retrospectively reviewed. Median age was 2.4 years (range, 4 months-13.2 years) at the time of PEG insertion. Patient morbidity, indications for PEG, preoperative findings and perioperative complications were registered retrospectively. Parents/caregivers of 85 children were interviewed for long-term results. RESULTS Perioperative complications were seen in 12%. Twenty-four percent died at a median of 15 months (range, 1.5 months-8 years) after PEG. Eighty-five families were interviewed with a median follow-up time of 5.6 years (range, 1-10 years). A substantial majority (94%) of parents/caregivers reported that the PEG had a positive influence on their child's situation, and 98% would have chosen PEG insertion again. Vomiting/retching improved in 61% of the children, and oral intake enhanced in 43%. Stoma-related complications were frequent (73%). The gastrostomy tube was permanently removed at a median of 3 years (range, 7 months-7.3 years) after PEG placement in 25%. Delayed closure of the gastrocutaneous fistula after gastrostomy removal occurred in 48% of them. Time from insertion to removal was not predictive of delayed closure. CONCLUSION PEG is a safe technique for establishing enteral feeding, even in very sick children. Major complications are rare, although most children experience minor stoma-related problems. Parents/caregivers report that the gastrostomy is of great help for themselves and their child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tone Lise Avitsland
- University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Oslo, Norway
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Wong H, Mylrea K, Cameron A, Manion I, Bass J, Feber J, Filler G. Caregiver attitudes towards gastrostomy removal after renal transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2005; 9:574-8. [PMID: 16176412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2005.00341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Gastrostomy tube (G-tube) removal has been suggested at 3 months following successful renal transplantation (Tx). We noticed a delay in the removal of G-tubes in our pediatric patients following Tx and therefore conducted a cross-sectional single center survey on all renal transplant recipients to assess the causes of delayed G-tube removal. In total, 17 of 23 patients completed the survey, including all patients with G-tubes (n = 10) and seven patients without G-tubes. Median age at Tx of gastrostomy patients was significantly lower than that of patients without a G-tube (median 3.0 yr, range 1.2-4.7 yr vs. median 14 yr, range 6-17 yr, p < 0.0001) and significantly younger than in previous studies on gastrostomies. At the time of the survey, only three of 10 patients had their G-tube removed at 22, 41 and 61 months after Tx at the ages of 3, 5.5 and 9 yr, respectively. The median age at recent follow up of the remaining seven patients was 4.7 yr (range 2.6-8.75 yr). The most important reason for continued use was fluid intake and medication. Results of our survey showed appropriate concern regarding the risk of prolonged use of the gastrostomy. Caregivers felt that benefits of the gastrostomy in the post-transplant period outweighed the risks. Caregivers felt pressured towards removal by the physicians. Our findings support the decision to remove gastrostomies based on individual patient needs and total fluid intake rather than a fixed time following successful Tx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Wong
- Divisions of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Teitelbaum JE, Gorcey SA, Fox VL. Combined endoscopic cautery and clip closure of chronic gastrocutaneous fistulas. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 62:432-5. [PMID: 16111964 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2005.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic gastrocutaneous fistula with intermittent drainage is a common outcome after removing long-standing gastrostomy tubes. The standard treatment is surgery with laparotomy and excision of the fistula tract. This study describes the results of an endoscopic closure technique by using a combination of electrocautery and metal clips. METHODS Three patients with gastrocutaneous fistulas (duration 3 months to 3 years) after gastrostomy tube removal were treated endoscopically by electrocautery of the tract and application of metal clips. OBSERVATIONS Treatment resulted in complete fistula closure in two patients and partial closure in a third patient. CONCLUSIONS Combined endoscopic therapy with electrocautery and clipping may be an alternative to surgical closure of chronic gastrocutaneous fistulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Teitelbaum
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, New Jersey, USA
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Janik TA, Hendrickson RJ, Janik JS, Landholm AE. Analysis of factors affecting the spontaneous closure of a gastrocutaneous fistula. J Pediatr Surg 2004; 39:1197-9. [PMID: 15300526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Few reports have documented the rate of persistence of a gastrocutaneous fistula (GCF) after gastrostomy removal or the reason for the persistence of a GCF. The purpose of this report was to analyze a large group of pediatric patients with a persistent GCF to determine the rate of persistence and any factors that correlate with the persistence of a GCF. METHODS This was a retrospective review of 1,042 children from The Children's Hospital, Denver, Colorado who had a gastrostomy constructed between 1992 and 2002. The charts of all children with a persistent GCF after gastrostomy catheter removal were analyzed for correlation between 13 clinical parameters and the persistence of a GCF. RESULTS There were 150 children with a persistent GCF for an incidence of 34%. Time elapsed between the creation of the GCF and removal of the gastrostomy appliance (< or =8 months versus >8 months) was the only parameter that showed any correlation with persistence of a GCF (P <.05). None of the other parameters studied showed any conclusive correlation with persistence of a GCF. CONCLUSIONS Time was the only factor that determined whether a surgically created GCF would persist after removal of a gastrostomy appliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A Janik
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital/University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
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