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Li D, Zhai J, Wang K, Shen Y, Huang X. Three-Dimensional Reconstruction-Characterization of Polymeric Membranes: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2025; 59:2891-2916. [PMID: 39913944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c09734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2025]
Abstract
Polymeric membranes serve as vital separation materials in diverse energy and environmental applications. A comprehensive understanding of three-dimensional (3D) structures of membranes is critical to performance evaluation and future design. Such quantitative 3D structural information is beyond the limit of most employed conventional two-dimentional characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy. In this review, we summarize eight types of 3D reconstruction-characterization techniques for membrane materials. Originated from life and materials science, these techniques have been optimized to reveal the 3D structures of membrane materials in the separation field. We systematically introduce the theories of each technique, summarize the sample preparation procedures developed for membrane materials, and demonstrate step-by-step data processing, including 3D model reconstruction and subsequent characterization. Representative case studies are introduced to show the progress of this field and how technical challenges have been overcome over the years. In the end, we share our perspectives and believe that this review can serve as a useful reference for 3D reconstruction-characterization techniques developed for membrane materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment and International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Juan Zhai
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Kunpeng Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment and International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuexiao Shen
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Xia Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment and International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Research and Application Center for Membrane Technology, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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2
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Le SP, Krishna J, Gupta P, Dutta R, Li S, Chen J, Thayumanavan S. Polymers for Disrupting Protein-Protein Interactions: Where Are We and Where Should We Be? Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:6229-6249. [PMID: 39254158 PMCID: PMC12023540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are central to the cellular signaling and regulatory networks that underlie many physiological and pathophysiological processes. It is challenging to target PPIs using traditional small molecule or peptide-based approaches due to the frequent lack of well-defined binding pockets at the large and flat PPI interfaces. Synthetic polymers offer an opportunity to circumvent these challenges by providing unparalleled flexibility in tuning their physiochemical properties to achieve the desired binding properties. In this review, we summarize the current state of the field pertaining to polymer-protein interactions in solution, highlighting various polyelectrolyte systems, their tunable parameters, and their characterization. We provide an outlook on how these architectures can be improved by incorporating sequence control, foldability, and machine learning to mimic proteins at every structural level. Advances in these directions will enable the design of more specific protein-binding polymers and provide an effective strategy for targeting dynamic proteins, such as intrinsically disordered proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie P. Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jithu Krishna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Prachi Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ranit Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Shanlong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jianhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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3
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Chountoulesi M, Pippa N, Forys A, Trzebicka B, Pispas S. Structure-Based Evaluation of Hybrid Lipid-Polymer Nanoparticles: The Role of the Polymeric Guest. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:290. [PMID: 38276698 PMCID: PMC10818590 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The combination of phospholipids and block-copolymers yields advanced hybrid nanoparticles through the self-assembly process in an aqueous environment. The physicochemical features of the lipid/polymer components, like the lipid-polymer molar ratio, the macromolecular architecture of the block copolymer, the main transition temperature of the phospholipid, as well as the formulation and preparation protocol parameters, are some of the most crucial parameters for the formation of hybrid lipid/polymer vesicles and for the differentiation of their morphology. The morphology, along with other physicochemical nanoparticle characteristics are strictly correlated with the nanoparticle's later biological behavior after being administered, affecting interactions with cells, biodistribution, uptake, toxicity, drug release, etc. In the present study, a structural evaluation of hybrid lipid-polymer nanoparticles based on cryo-TEM studies was undertaken. Different kinds of hybrid lipid-polymer nanoparticles were designed and developed using phospholipids and block copolymers with different preparation protocols. The structures obtained ranged from spherical vesicles to rod-shaped structures, worm-like micelles, and irregular morphologies. The obtained morphologies were correlated with the formulation and preparation parameters and especially the type of lipid, the polymeric guest, and their ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chountoulesi
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Natassa Pippa
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Aleksander Forys
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (A.F.); (B.T.)
| | - Barbara Trzebicka
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (A.F.); (B.T.)
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
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4
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Aftahy K, Arrasate P, Bashkirov PV, Kuzmin PI, Maurizot V, Huc I, Frolov VA. Molecular Sensing and Manipulation of Protein Oligomerization in Membrane Nanotubes with Bolaamphiphilic Foldamers. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25150-25159. [PMID: 37948300 PMCID: PMC10682987 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive and reversible self-assembly of supramolecular protein structures is a fundamental characteristic of dynamic living matter. However, the quantitative detection and assessment of the emergence of mesoscale protein complexes from small and dynamic oligomeric precursors remains highly challenging. Here, we present a novel approach utilizing a short membrane nanotube (sNT) pulled from a planar membrane reservoir as nanotemplates for molecular reconstruction, manipulation, and sensing of protein oligomerization and self-assembly at the mesoscale. The sNT reports changes in membrane shape and rigidity caused by membrane-bound proteins as variations of the ionic conductivity of the sNT lumen. To confine oligomerization to the sNT, we have designed and synthesized rigid oligoamide foldamer tapes (ROFTs). Charged ROFTs incorporate into the planar and sNT membranes, mediate protein binding to the membranes, and, driven by the luminal electric field, shuttle the bound proteins between the sNT and planar membranes. Using Annexin-V (AnV) as a prototype, we show that the sNT detects AnV oligomers shuttled into the nanotube by ROFTs. Accumulation of AnV on the sNT induces its self-assembly into a curved lattice, restricting the sNT geometry and inhibiting the material uptake from the reservoir during the sNT extension, leading to the sNT fission. By comparing the spontaneous and ROFT-mediated entry of AnV into the sNT, we reveal how intricate membrane curvature sensing by small AnV oligomers controls the lattice self-assembly. These results establish sNT-ROFT as a powerful tool for molecular reconstruction and functional analyses of protein oligomerization and self-assembly, with broad application to various membrane processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Aftahy
- Department
of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Pedro Arrasate
- Biofisika
Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of
the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Pavel V. Bashkirov
- Research
Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Moscow 117246, Russia
| | - Petr I. Kuzmin
- A.N.
Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Victor Maurizot
- Univ. Bordeaux,
CNRS, Bordeaux Institut National Polytechnique, CBMN (UMR 5248), Pessac 33600, France
| | - Ivan Huc
- Department
of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Vadim A. Frolov
- Biofisika
Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of
the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
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Allam T, Balderston DE, Chahal MK, Hilton KLF, Hind CK, Keers OB, Lilley RJ, Manwani C, Overton A, Popoola PIA, Thompson LR, White LJ, Hiscock JR. Tools to enable the study and translation of supramolecular amphiphiles. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6892-6917. [PMID: 37753825 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00480e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial review focuses on providing a summary of the key techniques used for the characterisation of supramolecular amphiphiles and their self-assembled aggregates; from the understanding of low-level molecular interactions, to materials analysis, use of data to support computer-aided molecular design and finally, the translation of this class of compounds for real world application, specifically within the clinical setting. We highlight the common methodologies used for the study of traditional amphiphiles and build to provide specific examples that enable the study of specialist supramolecular systems. This includes the use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, X-ray scattering techniques (small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering and single crystal X-ray diffraction), critical aggregation (or micelle) concentration determination methodologies, machine learning, and various microscopy techniques. Furthermore, this review provides guidance for working with supramolecular amphiphiles in in vitro and in vivo settings, as well as the use of accessible software programs, to facilitate screening and selection of druggable molecules. Each section provides: a methodology overview - information that may be derived from the use of the methodology described; a case study - examples for the application of these methodologies; and a summary section - providing methodology specific benefits, limitations and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Allam
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Dominick E Balderston
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Mandeep K Chahal
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Kira L F Hilton
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Charlotte K Hind
- Research and Evaluation, UKHSA, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Olivia B Keers
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Rebecca J Lilley
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Chandni Manwani
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Alix Overton
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Precious I A Popoola
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Lisa R Thompson
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Lisa J White
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Jennifer R Hiscock
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK.
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Pan X, Kochovski Z, Wang YL, Sarhan RM, Härk E, Gupta S, Stojkovikj S, El-Nagar GA, Mayer MT, Schürmann R, Deumer J, Gollwitzer C, Yuan J, Lu Y. Poly(ionic liquid) nanovesicles via polymerization induced self-assembly and their stabilization of Cu nanoparticles for tailored CO 2 electroreduction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 637:408-420. [PMID: 36716665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a straightforward, scalable synthetic route towards poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) homopolymer nanovesicles (NVs) with a tunable particle size of 50 to 120 nm and a shell thickness of 15 to 60 nm via one-step free radical polymerization induced self-assembly. By increasing monomer concentration for polymerization, their nanoscopic morphology can evolve from hollow NVs to dense spheres, and finally to directional worms, in which a multilamellar packing of PIL chains occurred in all samples. The transformation mechanism of NVs' internal morphology is studied in detail by coarse-grained simulations, revealing a correlation between the PIL chain length and the shell thickness of NVs. To explore their potential applications, PIL NVs with varied shell thickness are in situ functionalized with ultra-small (1 ∼ 3 nm in size) copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and employed as electrocatalysts for CO2 electroreduction. The composite electrocatalysts exhibit a 2.5-fold enhancement in selectivity towards C1 products (e.g., CH4), compared to the pristine CuNPs. This enhancement is attributed to the strong electronic interactions between the CuNPs and the surface functionalities of PIL NVs. This study casts new aspects on using nanostructured PILs as new electrocatalyst supports in CO2 conversion to C1 products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Pan
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zdravko Kochovski
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yong-Lei Wang
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Radwan M Sarhan
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Eneli Härk
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Siddharth Gupta
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Group: Electrochemical Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sasho Stojkovikj
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Group: Electrochemical Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gumaa A El-Nagar
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Group: Electrochemical Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Matthew T Mayer
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Group: Electrochemical Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin Schürmann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jérôme Deumer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Gollwitzer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yan Lu
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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Rizvi A, Mulvey JT, Carpenter BP, Talosig R, Patterson JP. A Close Look at Molecular Self-Assembly with the Transmission Electron Microscope. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14232-14280. [PMID: 34329552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular self-assembly is pervasive in the formation of living and synthetic materials. Knowledge gained from research into the principles of molecular self-assembly drives innovation in the biological, chemical, and materials sciences. Self-assembly processes span a wide range of temporal and spatial domains and are often unintuitive and complex. Studying such complex processes requires an arsenal of analytical and computational tools. Within this arsenal, the transmission electron microscope stands out for its unique ability to visualize and quantify self-assembly structures and processes. This review describes the contribution that the transmission electron microscope has made to the field of molecular self-assembly. An emphasis is placed on which TEM methods are applicable to different structures and processes and how TEM can be used in combination with other experimental or computational methods. Finally, we provide an outlook on the current challenges to, and opportunities for, increasing the impact that the transmission electron microscope can have on molecular self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin T Mulvey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Brooke P Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Rain Talosig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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8
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Sun YL, Montz BJ, Selhorst R, Tang HY, Zhu J, Nevin KP, Woodard TL, Ribbe AE, Russell TP, Nonnenmann SS, Lovley DR, Emrick T. Solvent-Induced Assembly of Microbial Protein Nanowires into Superstructured Bundles. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1305-1311. [PMID: 33591727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based electronic biomaterials represent an attractive alternative to traditional metallic and semiconductor materials due to their environmentally benign production and purification. However, major challenges hindering further development of these materials include (1) limitations associated with processing proteins in organic solvents and (2) difficulties in forming higher-order structures or scaffolds with multilength scale control. This paper addresses both challenges, resulting in the formation of one-dimensional bundles composed of electrically conductive protein nanowires harvested from the microbes Geobacter sulfurreducens and Escherichia coli. Processing these bionanowires from common organic solvents, such as hexane, cyclohexane, and DMF, enabled the production of multilength scale structures composed of distinctly visible pili. Transmission electron microscopy revealed striking images of bundled protein nanowires up to 10 μm in length and with widths ranging from 50-500 nm (representing assembly of tens to hundreds of nanowires). Conductive atomic force microscopy confirmed the presence of an appreciable nanowire conductivity in their bundled state. These results greatly expand the possibilities for fabricating a diverse array of protein nanowire-based electronic device architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Lu Sun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Brian J Montz
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Ryan Selhorst
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Hai-Yan Tang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Jiaxin Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Kelly P Nevin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Trevor L Woodard
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Alexander E Ribbe
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Stephen S Nonnenmann
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Derek R Lovley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Todd Emrick
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
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