Clinicopathologic characteristics of sporadic Japanese Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease classified according to prion protein gene polymorphism and prion protein type

Specific early electroencephalogram for the diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

An early diagnosis is required for intervention in prion disease cases. To elucidate the specificity of early electroencephalography discharges in cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, we analysed epileptiform discharges through electroencephalography. Nine patients with methionine/methionine type 1/classic sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and 20 patients with status epilepticus were included. Generalized periodic discharges, lateralized periodic discharges, and central sagittal sporadic epileptiform discharges were evaluated. Central sagittal sporadic epileptiform discharges were defined as nonrhythmic and nonperiodic waveforms showing generalized spike-and-wave complexes and/or sharp waves predominantly in the central sagittal region. In the sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease group, central sagittal sporadic epileptiform discharges, lateralized periodic discharges, and generalized periodic discharges were observed in five (55.6%), one (11.1%), and eight (88.9%) patients, respectively, with an average duration from onset to the appearance of the discharges of 1.6, 1.0, and 2.44 months, respectively. In the status epilepticus group, these discharges were detected in one (5.0%), six (30.0%), and six (30.0%) patients, respectively. The incorporation of central sagittal sporadic epileptiform discharges and lateralized periodic discharges into the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria, alongside generalized periodic discharges, significantly shortened the average lapse from symptom onset to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease diagnosis (2.06 months vs. 2.44 months; p = 0.02). Central sagittal sporadic epileptiform discharges emerge as promising biomarkers for distinguishing sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from status epilepticus, and together with lateralized periodic discharges provide an opportunity for early diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid Do Not Correlate with Survival Times in Patients with Prion Disease

Prion diseases, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), are deadly neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the buildup of abnormal prion proteins in the brain. This accumulation disrupts neuronal functions, leading to the rapid onset of psychiatric symptoms, ataxia, and cognitive decline. The urgency of timely diagnosis for effective treatment necessitates the identification of strongly correlated biomarkers in bodily fluids, which makes our research crucial. In this study, we employed a fully automated multiplex ELISA (Ella®) to measure the concentrations of 14-3-3 protein, total tau protein, and neurofilament light chain (NF-L) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from patients with prion disease and analyzed their link to disease prognosis. However, in North American and European cases, we did not confirm a correlation between NF-L levels and survival time. This discrepancy is believed to stem from differences in treatment policies and measurement methods between Japan and the United States. Nonetheless, our findings suggest that NF-L concentrations could be an early diagnostic marker for CJD patients with further enhancements. The potential impact of our findings on the early diagnosis of CJD patients is significant. Future research should focus on increasing the number of sCJD cases studied in Japan and gathering additional evidence using next-generation measurement techniques.

An autopsy case of MV 2K + C subtype of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Methionine/valine (MV) 2 type of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob (sCJD) is divided into three subtypes based on neuropathological criteria: MV2-kuru (MV2K), MV2-cortical (MV2C), and MV2K + C, exhibiting the co-occurrence of these two pathological features. We report an autopsy case of MV2K + C subtype of sCJD. A 46-year-old Japanese man began to make mistakes at work. Two months later, he gradually developed gait instability. The initial neurological examination revealed limb ataxia and myoclonus. Diffusion-weighted images (DWI) showed a hyperintensity in the right frontal cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus. Ten months after the onset of disease, he fell into akinetic mutism. He died at 47 years of age, 12 months after the initial presentation. Pathological investigation revealed microvacuolation and confluent vacuoles in the cerebral cortex. In the basal ganglia and thalamus, there was severe neuronal loss and gliosis with mild spongiform change. Kuru plaques were found within the cerebellum. Prion protein (PrP) immunostaining revealed synaptic, perivacuolar, perineuronal, and plaque-like deposits in the cerebral cortex. There were synaptic and plaque-like PrP deposits in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and granular cell layer of the cerebellum. In these areas, plaque-like deposits mainly consisted of small deposits, whereas plaque-like deposits in the cerebral cortex consisted both of coarse granular and small deposits. Analysis of the PrP gene showed no pathogenic mutations, and Western blot examination revealed a mixture of type 2 and intermediate-type PrP. The progressive cognitive decline and ataxia in addition to the hyperintensity in the basal ganglia and/or thalamus on DWI are the basis for clinical diagnosis of MV2. The severe gliosis in the basal ganglia and various morphologies of plaque-like deposits that differ by the region may be characteristic of MV2K + C. Detailed neuropathological examination together with Western blot analysis is important to collect more cases for elucidating the pathogenesis of MV2K + C.

An autopsy case of variably protease-sensitive prionopathy with Met/Met homogeneity at codon 129

The typical clinical manifestations of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) are rapid-progressive dementia and myoclonus. However, the diagnosis of atypical sCJD can be challenging due to its wide phenotypic variations. We report an autopsy case of variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) with Met/Met homogeneity at codon 129. An 81-year-old woman presented with memory loss without motor symptoms. Seventeen months after the onset, her spontaneous language production almost disappeared. Diffusion-weighted images (DWI) showed hyperintensity in the cerebral cortex while electroencephalogram (EEG) showed nonspecific change. 14-3-3 protein and real-time qualing-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) of cerebrospinal fluid were negative. She died at age 85, 3.5 years after the onset. Pathological investigation revealed spongiform change, severe neuronal loss, and gliosis in the cerebral cortex. Mild to moderate neuronal loss and gliosis were observed in the basal ganglia. PrP immunostaining revealed plaque-like, dotlike, and synaptic structures in the cerebral cortex and small plaque-like structures in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. Analysis of PRNP showed no pathogenic mutations, and Western blot examination revealed the lack of a diglycosylated band consistent with VPSPr. The present case, which is the first report on a VPSPr case in Japan, supports previously published evidence that VPSPr cases can present variable and nonspecific clinical presentations. Because a small number of VPSPr cases can show typical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) change in sCJD. We should investigate the possibility of VPSPr in a differential diagnosis with atypical dementia that presented DWIs of high intensity in the cortex, even though 14-3-3 proteins and RT-QuIC are both negative. In addition, VPSPr cases can take a longer clinical course compared to that of sCJD, and long-term follow-up is important.

An autopsy case of MV2K-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presenting with characteristic clinical, radiological, and neuropathological findings

In Japan, because MV2-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is rare, little is known about its clinical and neuropathological characteristics. An autopsy case of MV2K-type sporadic CJD is presented, and the characteristic clinical, radiological, and neuropathological findings are discussed. The patient was a Japanese woman who died at the age of 72 years. Her initial symptom was rapidly progressive dementia. She then developed truncal ataxia and delusions. Approximately nine months after onset, she exhibited akinetic mutism. The total clinical course was 11 months. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed hyperintensity areas in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and hippocampus on diffusion-weighted images. In the cerebral cortex, this finding was slight and inconspicuous. Electroencephalography revealed no periodic sharp wave complexes. Prion protein (PrP) gene analysis revealed no mutations, and polymorphic codon 129 exhibited methionine and valine heterozygosity. In the cerebrospinal fluid, levels of both total tau and 14-3-3 proteins were elevated. Grossly, the brain weighed 1050 g before fixation and exhibited diffuse cortical atrophy. On histopathological examination, extensive fine vacuole-type spongiform degeneration was noted in the cerebral cortex. Numerous kuru plaques were observed in the cerebellum. PrP immunohistochemistry revealed extensive diffuse synaptic- and perineuronal-type PrP deposits in the cerebral cortex. Kuru plaques were strongly immunoreactive for PrP. Western blot analysis of brain tissue samples revealed mixed type 2 and intermediate type. Systematic and comprehensive investigations of both clinical and neuropathological aspects are required for accurate diagnosis.

System degeneration in an MM1-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease case with an unusually prolonged akinetic mutism state

Methionine/methionine type 1 (MM1-type) sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), known as the ‘classic type,’ shows typical clinicopathological sCJD findings. In general, patients reach an akinetic mutism state within a few months of disease onset and die soon after if supportive therapies are not administered. Here, we describe remarkable neuropathologic observations of MM1-type sCJD in a 48-year-old, Japanese man with an unusually prolonged akinetic mutism state. In the early disease stages, the patient exhibited abnormal behaviour with gait disturbance and rapidly progressive cognitive dysfunction. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging revealed extensive cerebral cortical hyperintensity. Prion protein (PrP) gene analysis revealed no mutations, and the polymorphic codon 129 exhibited methionine homozygosity. Although the patient remained stable with tube feeding for more than 2 years after reaching the akinetic mutism state, he died because of central respiratory failure 30 months after disease onset. Neuropathologic investigation showed extensive devastating lesions, such as status spongiosus, and typical spongiform changes could no longer be observed in the cerebral neocortex. Conspicuous pyramidal tract degeneration was observed. However, the regions commonly preserved in MM1-type sCJD pathology were still relatively preserved. Immunostaining revealed extensive diffuse synaptic-type PrP deposition in the grey matter. The pathological findings suggested that sCJD is a neurodegenerative disease that shows system degeneration; there are primary and secondary degenerative regions and distinct preserved regions, even in cases with prolonged disease duration. In addition, it is considered that there is a limited survival period for MM1-type sCJD, even if active symptomatic treatment is provided.

Analysis of Chinese patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is a rare, incurable, and fatal neurodegenerative disorder. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical features and survival time of Chinese sCJD patients, and to explore the associations between clinical data and survival. In this study, we analysed the clinical data of 21 sCJD patients in a tertiary care hospital and used all Chinese case material available from 152 patients with sCJD in literatures between 2008 and 2018. The mean age of onset of all 173 deceased patients was 61.44 year-olds (y), with the highest incidence in the population of 60 to 69 y. The most common manifestation at disease onset was progressive dementia. With the progression of the disease, the four main clinical symptoms and signs were developed, including myoclonus, visual or cerebella disturbance, pyramidal or extrapyramidal dysfunction, and akinetic mutism. Extrapyramidal symptoms were more frequently observed. The mean survival time was 7.34 months, and 82.10% of cases died within 1 year after disease onset. The follow-up showed that the survival time was longer and the myoclonus sign was more frequently presented in younger-onset sCJD patients. Patients with abnormalities only in cortical regions had a higher frequency of pyramidal dysfunction than patients having lesions in both cortex and basal ganglia. The findings of this study might provide some insight into the clinical characteristics of sCJD patients in China, but further studies could examine the presences of clinical features and survival time in patients with early age of onset in a prospective manner.

The Braak hypothesis in prion disease with a focus on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

This review considers whether the Braak hypothesis on protein propagation could account for prion disease, particularly Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). In CJD, we can speculate on the pathological onset region to some degree in reference to the clinical symptoms and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Although relating the Braak hypothesis to prion disease is not straightforward, the following could be proposed based on experimental and previously reported case observations. Pathogenic abnormal prion protein (PrP) deposition in the central nervous system (CNS) probably begins several months or years before clinical symptom onset, signifying the potentiality of a preclinical stage, similar to α-synuclein deposition in Parkinson's disease (PD) and amyloid-β/tau deposition in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Unlike in PD and AD, the initial clinical symptoms of CJD vary by case, and thus the onset lesions must also be various and multiple in the CNS. Based on the pathological findings, particularly of PrP deposition extensively observed in the CNS gray matter of autopsy cases, it could be speculated that in the early disease stage, including the preclinical stage, abnormal PrP spreads from the onset region without directionality or hierarchy. Because each CNS region shows either vulnerability to or resistance against PrP deposition and pathological progression in prion disease, the lesion distribution shows system degeneration. Although pathologically combined cases of type 1 and type 2 PrP patterns are often recognized, type 1 and type 2 PrP patterns must never shift toward each other during the disease course; in other words, the original type of PrP deposition in each region presumably remains unchanged in each case. According to the several observations and corresponding speculations, there are at least partial similarities between prion disease and protein propagation, as explained by the Braak hypothesis, in terms of pathological lesion progression, but several noted contradictions preclude the hypothesis from comprehensively accounting for prion disease.

Clinicopathological findings of an MM2-cortical-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patient with cortical blindness during a course of glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration

Here, we report an autopsy-verified patient with MM2-coritical-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (MM2C-type sCJD) presenting cortical blindness during a course of glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration, and focus on the difficulties involved in early clinical diagnosis. An 83-year-old man was admitted to our hospital 15 months after the onset of cortical blindness, and 9 months after the onset of progressive dementia. Neurological examination revealed dementia, frontal signs, visual disturbance, dysphagia, myoclonus and exaggerated tendon reflexes in the four extremities. Diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) showed cortical hyperintensities predominantly in the bilateral occipital lobes. PRNP gene analysis showed no mutations with methionine homozygosity at codon 129. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination revealed elevation of 14–3-3 and total tau protein. The symptoms progressed gradually, and the patient died of aspiration pneumonia, 30 months after the onset. Neuropathological examination revealed extensive large confluent vacuole-type spongiform changes in the cerebral cortices. Prion protein (PrP) immunostaining showed perivascular and plaque-type PrP deposits. We diagnosed our patient as MM2C-type sCJD. There are two difficulties in the early clinical diagnosis of MM2C-type sCJD with ocular disease in the elderly; delayed utilization of DW-MRI, and accompaniment of ocular disease. For early diagnosis of MM2C-type sCJD, we conclude that clinician should perform DW-MRI for patients with isolated dementia or cortical visual disturbance.

Clinicopathological findings of a long-term survivor of V180I genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

The clinical characteristics of genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (gCJD) with a V180I mutation in the PRNP gene (V180I gCJD) are unique: elderly-onset, gradual progression, sporadic fashion, and cortical oedematous hyper-intensity on diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI). This phenotype may become a potential target of future clinical therapeutic trials. The average disease duration of V180I gCJD patients is 23–27 months; however, considerably long-term survivors are also reported. The factors influencing survival and the clinicopathological characteristics of long-term survivors remain unknown. Herein, we report clinicopathological findings of a long-term survivor of V180I gCJD. A 78-year old woman was admitted to our hospital due to dementia and left hand tremor approximately 1.5 months after symptom onset. Neurological examination revealed dementia, frontal signs, and left hand tremor at admission. She had no family history of dementia or other neurological disease. DW-MRI revealed cortical oedematous hyper-intensities in the bilateral frontal lobes and the right temporal and parietal lobes. PRNP gene analysis indicated a V180I mutation with methionine homozygosity at codon 129. The symptoms gradually progressed, and she died of aspiration pneumonia 61 months after symptom onset. Neuropathological examination revealed severe cerebral atrophy with moderate to severe gliosis, but the brainstem was well preserved. Various-sized and non-confluent vacuole type spongiform changes were extensively observed in the cerebral cortices. Prion protein (PrP) immunostaining revealed weak and synaptic-type PrP deposits in the cerebral cortices. We consider that long-term tube feeding, and very mild brainstem involvement may be associated with the long-term survival of our V180I gCJD patient.

Correlating diffusion-weighted MRI intensity with type 2 pathology in mixed MM-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

The existence of affected subjects with both abnormal prion protein (PrP^Sc) types has been reported, and their clinical features were somewhat similar to the dominant PrP^Sc type but varied in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). Presently, the antemortem identification of both PrP^Sc types in sCJD is not possible. In this study, we attempted to clinically predict the concurrence of MM-type sCJD with another PrP^Sc type in the same individual. We retrospectively identified seven MM-type sCJD cases with both fine vacuole-type spongiform (FV) and large confluent vacuole-type spongiform change (LCV) among 49 sCJD cases. We reviewed clinical features, pathological findings, and radiological abnormalities in these seven cases. We also conducted a regional systemic study with five brains to associate the spongiform-change pattern with hyperintensity on magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) using the signal intensity index (SII). In the case series study, the one patient with dominant LCV showed longer disease duration, later onset of typical symptoms, no periodic sharp wave complexes in electroencephalography, and negative 14-3-3 protein findings compared to the six FV-dominant patients. LCV-dominant lesions tended to show higher intensity on DWI than did the FV-dominant lesions in respective patients. In the regional systemic study, LCV-dominant regions showed significantly higher SII on DWI than did the FV-dominant regions. In conclusion, mixed MM-type sCJD generally showed the clinical features of the phenotype that was dominant in pathological distribution. The SII may be clinically useful for investigating the concurrence of PrP^Sc type 2 in cases with the typical clinical course of MM1-type sCJD.

Development of Radioiodinated Benzofuran Derivatives for in Vivo Imaging of Prion Deposits in the Brain

Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders associated with the deposition of abnormal prion protein aggregates (PrP^Sc) in the brain tissue. Here, we report the development of ¹²⁵I-labeled iodobenzofuran (IBF) derivatives as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging probes to detect cerebral PrP^Sc deposits. We synthesized and radioiodinated several 5-IBF and 6-IBF derivatives. The IBF derivatives were evaluated as prion imaging probes using recombinant mouse prion protein (rMoPrP) aggregates and brain sections of mouse-adapted bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mBSE)-infected mice. Although all the IBF derivatives were strongly adsorbed on the rMoPrP aggregates, [¹²⁵I]5-IBF-NHMe displayed the highest adsorption rate and potent binding affinity with an equilibrium dissociation constant (K_d) of 12.3 nM. Fluorescence imaging using IBF-NHMe showed clear signals of the PrP^Sc-positive amyloid deposits in the mBSE-infected mouse brains. Biodistribution studies in normal mice demonstrated slow uptake and clearance from the brain of ¹²⁵I-IBF derivatives. Among the derivatives, [¹²⁵I]6-IBF-NH₂ showed the highest peak brain uptake [2.59% injected dose (ID)/g at 10 min] and good clearance (0.51% ID/g at 180 min). Although the brain distribution of IBF derivatives should still be optimized for in vivo imaging, these compounds showed prospective binding properties to PrP^Sc. Further chemical modification of these IBF derivatives may contribute to the discovery of clinically applicable prion imaging probes.

Autopsied case of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease classified as MM1+2C-type

We encountered an autopsy case of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) pathologically classified as MM1+2C-type, where Western blot analysis of prion protein (PrP) mainly showed type-1 scrapie PrP (PrP^Sc ) but also, partially, mixed type-2 PrP^Sc . A Japanese woman complained of visual disorder at the age of 86 years and then showed disorientation and memory disturbances. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed cerebral cortical hyperintensity on diffusion-weighted images. The patient died 2 months after the onset of symptoms; her condition did not reach the akinetic mutism state and periodic sharp-wave complexes on electroencephalography and myoclonus were not recognized. The brain weighed 1100 g and neuropathological examination showed extensive fine vacuole-type spongiform changes in the cerebral cortex. In some cortical regions, large confluent vacuole-type spongiform changes were also present. Gliosis and hypertrophic astrocytosis were generally mild, and tissue rarefaction of the neuropil and neuronal loss were not apparent. PrP immunostaining showed diffuse synaptic-type PrP deposition in the cerebral gray matter, but some regions with large confluent vacuoles showed perivacuolar-type deposition. We speculated, based on the clinicopathological findings and previous reports, that most MM1-type sporadic CJD cases may be associated with type-2 PrP^Sc , at least partially, within certain regions of the cerebrum.

Fatal familial insomnia and Agrypnia Excitata: Autonomic dysfunctions and pathophysiological implications

Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) is a hereditary prion disease caused by a mutation at codon 178 of the prion-protein gene leading to a D178N substitution in the protein determining severe and selective atrophy of mediodorsal and anteroventral thalamic nuclei. FFI is characterized by physiological sleep loss, which polygraphically appears to be a slow wave sleep loss, autonomic and motor hyperactivation with peculiar episodes of oneiric stupor. Alteration of autonomic functions is a great burden for FFI patients consisting in sympathetic overactivation, dysregulation of its physiological responses and disruption of circadian rhythms. The cardiovascular system is the most frequently and severely affected confirming the increased sympathetic drive with preserved parasympathetic responses. Sleep loss, autonomic and motor hyperactivation define Agrypnia Excitata (AE), which is not exclusive to FFI, but it has been canonically described also in Morvan Syndrome and Delirium Tremens. These three conditions present different pathophysiological mechanisms but share the same thalamo-limbic impairment of which AE is one of the possible clinical presentations. FFI, and consequently also AE, is a model for the investigation of the essential role of the thalamus in the organization of body homeostasis, integrating both sleep and autonomic function control.

An autopsied case of MM1-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with pathology of Wernicke encephalopathy

An 83-year-old Japanese man presented with gait disturbance followed by rapidly-progressive cognitive impairment. Magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted images showed extensive hyperintense regions in the cerebral cortex. Four weeks after symptom onset, myoclonus appeared, and the patient developed difficulty swallowing; intravenous peripheral continuous infusions without vitamin supplementation were administered during the last two months of the patient’s life. The patient reached the akinetic mutism state and died 12 weeks after symptom onset due to sepsis. The brain weighed 940 g and showed general cerebral atrophy. Extensive spongiform change were observed in the cerebral cortex, striatum, thalamus, and cerebellar cortex, but gliosis was generally mild. Numerous newly-developed hemorrhage foci were observed in the mammillary body, the areas adjacent to the third and fourth ventricles, and the periaqueduct of the midbrain; however, proliferation of capillaries and endothelium and collections of macrophages were relatively inconspicuous. These findings suggested comorbidity with the acute stage of Wernicke encephalopathy (WE). Immunostaining showed extensive diffuse synaptic-type prion protein deposition in the gray matter. According to the neuropathological, genetic, and molecular findings, the present case was finally diagnosed as MM1-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) with WE. We should remain alert to the diagnosis of WE when CJD is suspected, and it is necessary to consider the complications of both diseases. This report emphasizes the importance of pathological investigations for the diagnosis of CJD, WE, and the coexistence of both.

Autopsy case of V180I genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presenting with early disease pathology

The patient was a Japanese woman who experienced a decrease in activity and gait disturbance as the initial symptoms at the age of 86, followed by disorientation and memory dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging showed extensive cortical regions with hyperintensity in diffusion-weighted images, and these regions showed swelling in T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. The medial occipital cortex and striatum showed no apparent hyperintensity on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Mild myoclonus was detected, and the patient died 10 months after the onset of symptoms; she did not enter the akinetic mutism state. The patient's brain weighed 1050 g, and neuropathological examination showed extensive characteristic various-sized and non-confluent (VaSNoC) vacuoles in the cerebral cortex. These vacuoles were observable macroscopically by loupe on images of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue. Gliosis, hypertrophic astrocytosis, and neuron loss were generally mild in character. Prion protein (PrP) immunostaining showed very mild diffuse-synaptic-type PrP deposition in the cerebral gray matter. These clinicopathological findings led us to several conclusions relative to the early disease pathology of V180I genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: (i) spongiform change was not found in the medial occipital cortex, which corresponds to the results of DWI; (ii) VaSNoC-type spongiform changes, extensively recognized in the cerebral cortex, corresponded to the DWI findings showing continued hyperintensity with higher brightness, and T2-weighted and FLAIR images findings showing a swelling; and (iii) spongiform changes first appear in the deeper layer and subsequently in the superficial layer in the cerebral cortex.

Autopsied case of non-plaque-type dura mater graft-associated Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presenting with extensive amyloid-β deposition

We present an autopsied case of non-plaque-type dura mater graft-associated Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (dCJD) with extensive amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the brain. A 39-year-old Japanese woman presented with memory disturbance and abnormal behavior. The patient had a history of craniotomy with dura matter-graft transplant for a head injury which occurred when she was 19 years old. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed hyperintensities in the cerebral cortex and striatum on diffusion-weighted images, particularly on the dura mater-grafted right side. Her clinical symptoms, including rapidly progressing cognitive impairment, myoclonus, and periodic sharp wave complexes on electroencephalogram, could not be distinguished from typical sporadic CJD cases. The patient died 11 months after symptom onset, and pathological investigations showed extensive spongiform degeneration with prion protein (PrP) deposition without Kuru plaques; these observations were essentially the same as those of typical sporadic CJD cases. Furthermore, Aβ immunohistochemistry showed extensive diffuse staining in the cerebral neocortex, plaque-type deposition, positive staining in the pia mater, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Although the MRI findings suggested that the pathological involvement originated from the dura mater-grafted right side, the PrP and Aβ depositions showed no apparent regionalization and laterality. Tau-pathology including neurofibrillary tangles was hardly identified. The proteins phosphorylated α-synuclein and phosphorylated transactivation response DNA-binding protein 43 kDa were not detected on immunostaining. Although this report describes only one case, various speculations were made based on detailed clinical and pathological observations in conjunction with previous reports of dCJD. In particular, this report provides significant insight into the characteristics and progression of dCJD pathology and its relationship with Aβ pathology.

Pathological progression of genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with a PrP V180I mutation

In comparison to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) with MM1-type and MM2- cortical (MM2C)-type, genetic CJD with a prion protein gene V180I mutation (V180I gCJD) is clinically characterized by onset at an older age, slower progress, and the absence of visual disturbances or cerebellar symptoms. In terms of pathological characteristics, gliosis and neuronal loss are generally milder in degree, and characteristic spongiform change can be observed at both the early and advanced stages. However, little is known on the progress of spongiform change over time or its mechanisms. In this study, to elucidate the pathological course of V180I gCJD, statistical analysis of the size and dispersion of the major diameters of vacuoles in six V180I gCJD cases was performed, with five MM1-type sCJD and MM2C-type sCJD cases as controls. As a result, V180I gCJD showed no significant difference in vacuolar diameter regardless of disease duration. In addition, the dispersion of the major diameters of vacuoles in V180I gCJD was larger than that in the MM1-type, which was smaller than that in the MM2C-type. We speculated that the absence of difference in the size of the vacuoles regardless of disease duration suggests that tissue rarefaction does not result from the expansion of vacuole size and increase in number of vacuoles in V180Ig CJD. These features were considered to be significant pathological findings of V180I gCJD.

Fatal familial insomnia and sporadic fatal insomnia

Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) and sporadic fatal insomnia (sFI), or thalamic form of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease MM2 (sCJDMM2T), are prion diseases originally named and characterized in 1992 and 1999, respectively. FFI is genetically determined and linked to a D178N mutation coupled with the M129 genotype in the prion protein gene (PRNP) at chromosome 20. sFI is a phenocopy of FFI and likely its sporadic form. Both diseases are primarily characterized by progressive sleep impairment, disturbances of autonomic nervous system, and motor signs associated with severe loss of nerve cells in medial thalamic nuclei. Both diseases harbor an abnormal disease-associated prion protein isoform, resistant to proteases with relative mass of 19 kDa identified as resPrP^TSE type 2. To date at least 70 kindreds affected by FFI with 198 members and 18 unrelated carriers along with 25 typical cases of sFI have been published. The D178N-129M mutation is thought to cause FFI by destabilizing the mutated prion protein and facilitating its conversion to PrP^TSE. The thalamus is the brain region first affected. A similar mechanism triggered spontaneously may underlie sFI.

An autopsy case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with a prion protein gene codon 180 mutation presenting with pathological laughing and an exaggerated startle reaction

A 78-year-old Japanese woman presented with slow progressive disorientation and memory disturbances. Pathological laughing was observed at an early disease stage and continued for several months. Around the same time, the patient began to exhibit an exaggerated startle reaction and mild myoclonus. The pathological laughing and startle reaction disappeared before the patient reached an akinetic mutism state approximately 16 months after symptom onset. MRI showed extensive hyperintensity of the cerebral cortex and striatum on diffusion-weighted images, and swelling in the cerebral cortex on T2-weighted and fluid attenuated inversion recovery images. A prion protein (PrP) gene analysis revealed a V180I mutation with methionine homozygosity at codon 129. Neuropathological examination showed extensive spongiform changes with characteristic various-sized and non-confluent (VaSNoC) vacuoles in the cerebral neocortex and striatum. Gliosis and hypertrophic astrocytosis were generally mild in character. Neurons were relatively preserved in number. We believe that pathological laughing and an exaggerated startle reaction are possible pathognomonic findings of V180I genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Based on the pathological findings of the present case, the presence of the VaSNoC-type spongiform changes with relative preservation of the neurons in the cerebral cortex and a lack of apparent brainstem involvement are associated at least in part with the pathological laughing and startle reaction.

Gastrostomy in patients with prion disease

Patients with prion diseases can live for long periods of time in a state of akinetic mutism given appropriate management of their symptoms. To study symptom support in these cases, we performed gastrostomies on 3 patients with V180I genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) who had become akinetic and mute, and compared them to 14 other similar patients being fed by tube. In the 3 gastrostomy cases, there were no direct complications due to the gastrostomy or tube feeding, nor were there episodes of discontinuation of tube feeding or initiation of continuous drip infusion due to severe complications. Antibiotics were administered for mild infections, a complication of CJD, with 0.2% and 8.8% of the total time after gastrostomy being used for intravenous or transluminal administration, respectively. We compared the present patient series with that of our previous report statistically, and found that patients undergoing gastrostomy required significantly fewer discontinuations of tube feeding than those who did not. No significant difference in antibiotic administration was found between groups, however. It is our conclusion that gastrostomy should be allowed for symptom support in akinetic patients with prion disease, but adequate informed consent must be provided to the patient's family.

MM1-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with 1-month total disease duration and early pathologic indicators

A 62-year-old man presented with abnormal behavior and cognitive impairment. Diffusion-weighted images (DWI) obtained on MRI showed extensive hyperintense regions in the cerebral cortex and striatum. Myoclonus was recognized, and the patient died 1 month after the onset; his condition did not reach the akinetic mutism state. The brain weighed 1300 g and showed no apparent atrophy. Extensive spongiform changes were observed in the cerebral neocortex, striatum, thalamus and cerebellar cortex, but gliosis was mild or absent. Neuropil rarefaction and neuron loss were not apparent. Mild proliferation of anti- GFAP-positive astrocytes was observed in the cerebral cortex, but unaffected regions were noted. Regions without spongiform changes and GFAP-positive astrocytes included the hippocampal formation and subiculum. PrP immunostaining showed extensive diffuse synaptic-type PrP deposition in the gray matter, including the hippocampal region, but it was also mild. PrP gene analysis revealed no mutation with methionine homozygosity at polymorphic codon 129. Western blot analysis of proteinase K-resistant PrP indicated type 1 PrP^Sc . The clinicopathological findings of the present case confirm several hypotheses: (i) the earliest pathologic evidence observed by HE staining in CJD are spongiform changes; (ii) DWI hyperintense regions indicate these spongiform changes; and (iii) regions without spongiform changes, gliosis and proliferation of GFAP-positive astrocytes, but with PrP deposition, exist in the early disease stage.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

This review will explore the clinical and pathological findings of the various forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Clinical findings of CJD are characterized by rapidly progressive cognitive dysfunction, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) hyperintensity, myoclonus, periodic sharp-wave complexes on electroencephalogram and akinetic mutism state. Neuropathologic findings of CJD are characterized by spongiform changes in gray matter, gliosis-particularly hypertrophic astrocytosis-neuropil rarefaction, neuron loss and prion protein (PrP) deposition. The earliest pathological symptom observed by HE staining in the cerebral cortex is spongiform change. This spongiform change begins several months before clinical onset, and is followed by gliosis. Subsequently, neuropil rarefaction appears, followed by neuron loss. Regions showing fine vacuole-type spongiform change reflect synaptic-type PrP deposition and type 1 PrP^Sc deposition, whereas regions showing large confluent vacuole-type spongiform changes reflect perivacuolar-type PrP deposition and type 2 PrP^Sc deposition. Hyperintensities of the cerebral gray matter observed in DWI indicate the pathology of the spongiform change in CJD. The cerebral cortical lesions with large confluent vacuoles and type 2 PrP^Sc show higher brightness and more continuous hyperintensity on DWI than those with fine vacuoles and type 1 PrP^Sc . CJD cases showing diffuse myelin pallor of cerebral white matter have been described as panencephalopathic-type, and this white matter pathology is mainly due to secondary degeneration caused by cerebral cortical involvement, particularly in regard to neuron loss. In conclusion, clinical and neuroimaging findings and neuropathologic observations are well matched in both typical and atypical cases in CJD. The clinical diagnosis of CJD is relatively easy for typical CJD cases such as the MM1-type. However, even in atypical cases it seems that clinical findings can be used for an accurate diagnosis.

An autopsied case of MM1 + MM2-cortical with thalamic-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presenting with hyperintensities on diffusion-weighted MRI before clinical onset

A 78-year-old Japanese man presented with rapidly progressive dementia and gait disturbances. Eight months before the onset of clinical symptoms, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) demonstrated hyperintensities in the right temporal, right parietal and left medial occipital cortices. Two weeks after symptom onset, DWI showed extensive hyperintensity in the bilateral cerebral cortex, with regions of higher brightness that existed prior to symptom onset still present. Four weeks after clinical onset, periodic sharp wave complexes were identified on an electroencephalogram. Myoclonus was observed 8 weeks after clinical onset. The patient reached an akinetic mutism state and died 5 months after onset. Neuropathological examination showed widespread cerebral neocortical involvement of fine vacuole-type spongiform changes with large confluent vacuole-type spongiform changes. Spongiform degeneration with neuron loss and hypertrophic astrocytosis was also observed in the striatum and medial thalamus. The inferior olivary nucleus showed severe neuron loss with hypertrophic astrocytosis. Prion protein (PrP) immunostaining showed widespread synaptic-type PrP deposition with perivacuolar-type PrP deposition in the cerebral neocortex. Mild to moderate PrP deposition was also observed extensively in the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum and brainstem, but it was not apparent in the inferior olivary nucleus. PrP gene analysis showed no mutations, and polymorphic codon 129 showed methionine homozygosity. Western blot analysis of protease-resistant PrP showed both type 1 scrapie type PrP (PrP^Sc ) and type 2 PrP^Sc . Based on the relationship between the neuroimaging and pathological findings, we speculated that cerebral cortical lesions with large confluent vacuoles and type 2 PrP^Sc would show higher brightness and continuous hyperintensity on DWI than those with fine vacuoles and type 1 PrP^Sc . We believe the present patient had a combined form of MM1 + MM2-cortical with thalamic-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), which suggests a broader spectrum of sCJD clinicopathological findings.

Specific clinical signs and symptoms are predictive of clinical course in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Background and purpose

Akinetic mutism is thought to be an appropriate therapeutic end‐point in patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt−Jakob disease (sCJD). However, prognostic factors for akinetic mutism are unclear and clinical signs or symptoms that precede this condition have not been defined. The goal of this study was to identify prognostic factors for akinetic mutism and to clarify the order of clinical sign and symptom development prior to its onset.

Methods

The cumulative incidence of akinetic mutism and other clinical signs and symptoms was estimated based on Japanese CJD surveillance data (455 cases) collected from 2003 to 2008. A proportional hazards model was used to identify prognostic factors for the time to onset of akinetic mutism and other clinical signs and symptoms.

Results

Periodic synchronous discharges on electroencephalography were present in the majority of cases (93.5%). The presence of psychiatric symptoms or cerebellar disturbance at sCJD diagnosis was associated with the development of akinetic mutism [hazard ratio (HR) 1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14–1.99, and HR 2.15, 95% CI1.61–2.87, respectively]. The clinical course from cerebellar disturbance to myoclonus or akinetic mutism was classified into three types: (i) direct path, (ii) path via pyramidal or extrapyramidal dysfunction and (iii) path via psychiatric symptoms or visual disturbance.

Conclusions

The presence of psychiatric symptoms or cerebellar disturbance increased the risk of akinetic mutism of sCJD cases with probable MM/MV subtypes. Also, there appear to be sequential associations in the development of certain clinical signs and symptoms of this disease.

Factors influencing the survival period in Japanese patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Although Japanese cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) generally involve longer survival periods compared to those from other countries, details regarding the factors influencing survival are unclear. To determine the influence of certain factors on survival, we retrospectively assessed 51 Japanese MM1-type sCJD patients with respect to background, clinical course, and disease management. No significant differences were found between men and women, tracheotomy and nontracheotomy patients, or patients treated in public and other types of hospitals. Although the survival period of tube-fed patients was significantly longer than that of patients who were not tube fed, survival of patients fed via a nasal tube did not differ significantly from that of gastrostomy-fed patients. The proportion of tube-fed patients was 68.6% (35/51). Disease duration was not significantly associated with age or year of onset. However, it was associated with time from onset to first recognition of myoclonus, first recognition of periodic sharp-wave complexes on electroencephalogram, and progression to the akinetic mutism state. Mechanical ventilation was not performed for any patient. Because the total disease duration increased in cases with a slowly progressive clinical course as a natural outcome, we concluded that the most crucial factor contributing to the prolonged survival of Japanese sCJD patients was tube feeding once the akinetic mutism state had been reached.

White matter involvement in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is considered primarily a disease of grey matter, although the extent of white matter involvement has not been well described. We used diffusion tensor imaging to study the white matter in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease compared to healthy control subjects and to correlated magnetic resonance imaging findings with histopathology. Twenty-six patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and nine age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects underwent volumetric T₁-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging. Six patients had post-mortem brain analysis available for assessment of neuropathological findings associated with prion disease. Parcellation of the subcortical white matter was performed on 3D T₁-weighted volumes using Freesurfer. Diffusion tensor imaging maps were calculated and transformed to the 3D-T₁ space; the average value for each diffusion metric was calculated in the total white matter and in regional volumes of interest. Tract-based spatial statistics analysis was also performed to investigate the deeper white matter tracts. There was a significant reduction of mean (P = 0.002), axial (P = 0.0003) and radial (P = 0.0134) diffusivities in the total white matter in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Mean diffusivity was significantly lower in most white matter volumes of interest (P < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons), with a generally symmetric pattern of involvement in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Mean diffusivity reduction reflected concomitant decrease of both axial and radial diffusivity, without appreciable changes in white matter anisotropy. Tract-based spatial statistics analysis showed significant reductions of mean diffusivity within the white matter of patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, mainly in the left hemisphere, with a strong trend (P = 0.06) towards reduced mean diffusivity in most of the white matter bilaterally. In contrast, by visual assessment there was no white matter abnormality either on T₂-weighted or diffusion-weighted images. Widespread reduction in white matter mean diffusivity, however, was apparent visibly on the quantitative attenuation coefficient maps compared to healthy control subjects. Neuropathological analysis showed diffuse astrocytic gliosis and activated microglia in the white matter, rare prion deposition and subtle subcortical microvacuolization, and patchy foci of demyelination with no evident white matter axonal degeneration. Decreased mean diffusivity on attenuation coefficient maps might be associated with astrocytic gliosis. We show for the first time significant global reduced mean diffusivity within the white matter in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, suggesting possible primary involvement of the white matter, rather than changes secondary to neuronal degeneration/loss.

Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is considered primarily a disease of grey matter. However, Caverzasi et al. now show a global decrease in mean diffusivity in white matter. The changes appear to be associated with reactive astrocytic gliosis and activated microglia, and suggest primary involvement of the white matter in sCJD.

Comparison of the clinical course of Japanese MM1-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease between subacute spongiform encephalopathy and panencephalopathic-type

BACKGROUND

Approximately half of Japanese sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) cases show panencephalopathic-type (PE-type) pathology, which is a rare subtype in North Americans and Europeans. Until now, the differences in the clinical course between subacute spongiform encephalopathy (SSE) cases and PE-type cases have been unclear.

METHODS

To investigate the clinical course of both subtypes, clinical findings from 42 Japanese MM1-type sCJD cases (20 SSE cases and 22 PE-type cases) were retrospectively evaluated by statistical analysis.

RESULTS

No significant differences could be found regarding age at disease onset, the period between disease onset and first observation of myoclonus, the period between disease onset and the first observation of periodic sharp-wave complexes on electroencephalogram, or the period between disease onset and progression to the akinetic mutism state - whereas total disease duration and the period between the akinetic mutism state and death were significantly longer in PE-type cases. The prolonged disease duration was induced by the extended survival period in the akinetic mutism state. There was a statistically significant difference between the two series regarding performance of tube-feeding, but no statistically significant difference regarding performance of tracheotomy or gastrostomy. None of the cases received mechanical ventilation.

CONCLUSION

We speculate that the most crucial factor of the prolonged survival period of Japanese sCJD cases, particularly in the PE-type, is that the introduction of tube-feeding in the akinetic mutism state leads to the stabilization of the patient's general condition.

Relation between clinical findings and progression of cerebral cortical pathology in MM1-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: proposed staging of cerebral cortical pathology

In our pathologic observation of the cerebral cortex including the neocortex, hippocampus, and limbic cortex in 43 Japanese patients with MM1-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the earliest pathologic finding was spongiform change and next was gliosis. Subsequently, neuropil rarefaction appeared, followed by neuron loss. On the basis of these observations, we propose the following cortical pathologic staging: Stage I, spongiform change; Stage II, hypertrophic astrocytosis; Stage III, neuropil rarefaction; Stage IV, neuron loss; Stage V, status spongiosus; and Stage VI, large cavity formation. We also suggest a more simple staging classification: Stages I and II, mild; Stages III and IV, moderate; and Stages V and VI, severe involvement. Based on statistical analysis of the cases, strong correlation coefficients were obtained between the neocortical and limbic pathologic stage and both total disease duration and brain weight. We estimated that the first observation times of cortical hyperintensity on diffusion-weighted images of magnetic resonance imaging, myoclonus, and periodic sharp wave complexes on the electroencephalogram approximately correspond to the early phase of Stage II of the neocortex. The time to reach the akinetic mutism state approximately corresponds to the middle phase of Stage II of the neocortex. Therefore, we think that approximate clinical manifestations at death, total disease duration, and brain weight can be estimated according to the pathologic stage of the neocortex or limbic cortex. Panencephalopathic-type pathology appeared approximately 12 months after disease onset, and this time approximately corresponds to the middle phase of Stage III of the neocortex.

An autopsied case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with mutation in the prion protein gene codon 232 and type 1+2 prion protein

A 68-year-old Japanese man gradually showed abnormal behavior and gait disturbance with bradykinesia. Slowly progressive dementia, including memory disturbance and disorientation, was also observed. Cerebral cortical hyperintensity on diffusion-weighted MRI was observed 6 months after onset. The patient progressed to an akinetic mutism state with mild myoclonus, and atypical periodic sharp-wave complexes were observed by electroencephalogram 13 months after onset. He was clinically suspected of having atypical CJD and died after 19 months total disease duration. The brain weighed 1160 g and showed mild atrophy of the cerebrum and cerebellum with ventricular dilatation. Spongiform changes with varying vacuole size and gliosis was extensive in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. Neuron loss in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus was relatively mild. The cerebellum showed mild spongiform changes of the molecular layer and mild neuron loss in the Purkinje cell layer. PrP immunostaining showed mainly coarse-type combined with diffuse synaptic-type PrP deposition in the cerebral gray matter. Some perivacuolar-type PrP deposition was also present. Numerous plaque-type PrP depositions were observed in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. Analysis of the PrP gene revealed a methionine-to-arginine (Met-to-Arg) substitution at codon 232 (M232R) with Met homozygosity at codon 129. Western blot analysis of protease-resistant PrP indicated type 2 dominant PrP combined with type 1. Genetic CJD with M232R substitution in the PrP gene has only been reported in Japan. Although two clinical phenotypes (rapid-type and slow-type) were suggested in the M232R CJD cases (despite the presence of the same PrP genotype), the pathological and molecular backgrounds have not been well understood because there have only been a few autopsied case reports. This is the first case report of M232R CJD presenting with 1 + 2 PrP.

[Investigation of the clinical course and treatment of prion disease patients in the akinetic mutism state in Japan]

Twelve cases (one Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (P102L; definite), one genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) (V180I; definite) and ten sporadic CJD (7 MM1-type definite, 3 probable)), who reached the akinetic mutism state, were investigated with regard to their clinical course and treatment. They were hospitalized for a total of 3,968 days in the akinetic mutism state. In the nine definite cases, the median period from the akinetic mutism state to death was 22 months (average: 27.0 ± 23.3 months, range: 3-80 months) and median total disease duration was 27 months (average: 34.2 ± 30.1 months, range: 5-102 months). In the seven definite sporadic CJD cases, the median period from akinetic mutism to death was 21 months (average: 17.0 ± 9.6 months, range 3-28 months), and median total disease duration was 24 months (average: 20.6 ± 10.0 months, range: 5-31 months). Nasal-tube feeding was performed in all cases. Symptomatic treatments such as parenteral nutrition and antibiotic drugs were administered for complications such as respitory and urinary tract infections and digestive symptoms. Patients received rehabilitation and hot spring therapy regularly until death. Gastrostomy and/or tracheotomy was not performed in any case, the patients were not intubated nor was mechanical ventilation (including non-invasive positive pressure ventilation) applied. Vasoactive drugs were not administered. Clonazepam was administered for myoclonus in four patients but not in another three when myoclonus appeared. It is unclear whether the treatment influenced the duration of myoclonus. Our observations indicate that the extended survival period among Japanese prion disease patients is likely due to the management procedures implemented for prion disease in Japan, which are usually continued after the patients reach the akinetic mutism state. We speculate that nasal-tube feeding is the crucial factor that results in the prolonged disease duration of prion disease patients in the akinetic mutism state.

Survival to akinetic mutism state in Japanese cases of MM1-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is similar to Caucasians

BACKGROUND

It is not known whether the clinical course of Japanese sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) cases differs from that of Caucasian sCJD cases.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

To investigate the clinical course of Japanese sCJD, clinical findings from 29 patients with Japanese MM1-type sCJD were retrospectively evaluated and compared to Caucasian sCJD findings.

RESULTS

Survival of Japanese MM1-type sCJD up to the time of akinetic mutism state is similar to that of Caucasian subjects. However, the total disease duration of Japanese patients was approximately three times longer.

CONCLUSIONS

The present observations indicate that Japanese sCJD cases generally show a longer disease duration because of the longer survival period after reaching the akinetic mutism state.

Aquaporins and neurodegenerative diseases

Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of widely distributed membrane-inserted water channel proteins providing a pathway for osmotically-driven water, glycerol, urea or ions transport through cell membranes and mechanisms to control particular aspects of homeostasis. Beside their physiological expression patterns in Central Nervous System (CNS), it is conceivable that AQPs are also abnormally expressed in some pathological conditions interesting CNS (e.g. neurodegenerative diseases) in which preservation of brain homeostasis is at risk.The purpose of this review was to take in consideration those neurodegenerative diseases in whose pathogenetic processes it was possible to hypothesize some alterations in CNS AQPs expression or modulation leading to damages of brain water homeostasis.

[Epidemiologic study of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from autopsy-confirmed cases]

We investigated epidemiologic data from 61 cases of autopsy-confirmed sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Dura mater-associated CJD cases and familial CJD cases were excluded. There were 34 male and 27 female cases, with an average age at onset of 66.0 +/- 10.5 years (range 27 to 89). At onset of CJD, 1 case was aged in the 20's and 1 in 30's, but there were no cases aged in the 40's. In 6 cases, age at onset was in the 80's. There was no significant difference in relation to the age at onset between males and females, averaging 66.2 +/- 12.4 years (range 27 to 89), and 65.9 7.5 years (range 53 to 82), respectively. Two cases had been employed as medical workers (a medical technologist and a nurses' aide) but neither had an apparent history of contact with CJD patients. No cases in the study had either family history of CJD or apparent contact with CJD patients. Ten cases had a history of hypertension, 5 cases had a history of diabetes mellitus, 2 cases had a history of malaria and 1 case had suffered from atomic bomb exposure. Twenty-one cases had operation history, including 2 cases of an operation involving the central nervous system. One case had a skull-base fracture operation 19 years before the onset of CJD and the other case had an atlantoaxial subluxation operation 11 years before the onset of CJD; there was no transplantation of dura mater graft in either operation. There was one case with a history of conservative treatment for cerebral hemorrhage; this case had symptomatic secondary epilepsy as a coexisting disease at the onset of CJD. Two cases had Parkinson's disease as a coexisting disease at the onset of CJD. The source hospitals enforcing medical treatment were located in the Aichi (n = 42), Gifu (n = 12) and Mie (n = 7) prefectures of the Tokai region of Japan. Regarding patients' place of residence, 22 cases resided in Nagoya-city. Nagoya University Hospital performed the autopsy in 12 cases, but 10 cases of those were transported after death from the source hospital. Departments of neurology provided clinical treatment in 54 cases. Other departments that provided treatment were Internal Medicine (n = 3), Psychiatry (n = 2), Geriatrics (n = 1), and Neurosurgery (n = 1). In 39 cases, prion protein gene analyses using peripheral blood leukocyte or cryopreserved brain tissue were performed. As for polymorphic codon 129, 36 cases (92%) showed Met/Met, 3 cases showed Met/Val (8%) and no case showed Val/Val polymorphism. Polymorphic codon 219 showed Glu/Glu homozygosity in all of the examined cases. Active autopsy performance of CJD in the Tokai region was suggested from the present study. We estimated that the CJD autopsy rate of the district was more than 50% over the past 7 years.

Panencephalopathic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the Netherlands and the UK: clinical and pathological characteristics of nine patients

AIMS

The panencephalopathic type of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (PECJD) has extensive abnormalities in cerebral white matter as well as the cortex. PECJD has rarely been described in Caucasians and debate continues on its classification and pathogenesis. We describe our experience of PECJD over a 14-year period of surveillance for CJD in the Netherlands and the UK.

METHODS

Between 1993 and 2006, nine cases of PECJD were identified. Clinical, histological and biochemical characteristics of all patients were analysed and compared; all cases were classified clinically as sporadic CJD.

RESULTS

The median age at onset was 57.8 years and median disease duration was 22 months. The average brain weight was 887 g. Most patients showed a two-stage clinical course with initial rapid deterioration to a state of akinetic mutism, which then persisted over a longer time scale. Neuropathological findings were characterized by severe global atrophy with status spongiosus. Cerebral white matter involvement tended to be associated with either disease duration or severity of cerebral cortical lesions. Five patients could be classified into the MM1 subtype of sporadic CJD, one patient into the MM2 subgroup and another into the MV2 subgroup. Two patients were heterozygous at codon 129 in the prion protein gene and contained both type 1 and type 2 PrP(res) isoforms in the brain.

CONCLUSIONS

We believe that white matter pathology in PECJD represents an end-stage pattern that reflects secondary degeneration due to widespread cortical neuronal loss that occurs in the early part of the disease, rather than representing a primary lesion.

An autopsied case of panencephalopathic-type Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with mutation in the prion protein gene at codon 232 and type 1 prion protein

In this study, we describe the clinicopathologic findings in a 68-year-old man with panencephalopathic-type CJD with a substitution from methionine to arginine at codon 232 (M232R) in the prion protein (PrP) gene and type 1 PrP. Initial symptoms of the patient were a rapidly progressive memory disturbance and disorientation. The patient showed myoclonus and periodic sharp-wave complexes on electroencephalogram in the early stages of disease. Diffusion-weighted MRI along with the presence of both neuron-specific enolase and 14-3-3 protein in the CSF showed similarities to classic-type sporadic CJD. The patient reached the akinetic mutism state 2 months following the onset of symptoms and died after 13 months. Neuropathologic examination revealed panencephalopathic-type CJD pathology including widespread neuron loss with severe hypertrophic astrocytosis and status spongiosus in the cerebral gray matter, particularly in the neocortex. Cerebral white matter and the cerebellum also showed severe involvement. Immunohistochemical staining for PrP showed diffuse gray matter staining, indicating synaptic-type PrP deposition without plaque-type. Two different clinical phenotypes of M232R CJD were recognized despite the presence of the same PrP genotype, and the present case is speculated to correspond to the rapid-type.

Plaque-type deposition of prion protein in the damaged white matter of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease MM1 patients

Plaque-type deposition of prion protein (PrP) in the brain has been extremely rare in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients with methionine homozygosity at polymorphic codon 129 of the PrP gene and type 1 abnormal isoform of PrP (sCJD-MM1). Here we report three sCJD-MM1 patients who showed prominent PrP-positive amyloid plaques in the cerebral and cerebellar white matter. All three patients showed clinical courses of long duration (2 years < or =), particularly at the end-stage. The white matter of these patients was severely damaged because of the prolonged disease duration. Furthermore, Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein, which accumulates within the axonal swellings under pathological conditions, co-accumulated with the PrP-amyloid plaques. These findings suggest that the axonal damage reflecting the prolonged disease duration causes the deposition of PrP-amyloid plaques in the white matter. The present study shows that PrP-amyloid plaques can occur in the white matter of sCJD-MM1 cases.

Clinicopathologic characteristics of five autopsied cases of dura mater-associated Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

We present five cases of dura mater-associated Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (dura-CJD) that were analyzed clinicopathologically and review previous reports. The average age at dura mater transplantation was 54.4 +/- 7.3 years, and the average age at CJD onset was 66.0 +/- 8.2 years, with an average latency period of 11.6 +/- 1.1 years. The average age at death was 67.6 +/- 8.7 years, with an average CJD disease duration of 16.8 +/- 10.4 months. Symptoms of CJD onset in four patients who received dura mater transplantation below the cerebellar tent reflected cerebellar or brainstem dysfunction, whereas symptoms of one patient who received transplantation above the cerebellar tent reflected cerebral cortical involvement. All patients showed rapidly progressive cognitive impairment, and both periodic sharp-wave complexes on electroencephalogram and myoclonus were observed in the early disease stage. Neuropathologic evaluation showed one case of subacute spongiform encephalopathy and four cases of panencephalopathic-type CJD. Widespread cerebral neocortical, subcortical gray matter and cerebellar cortical involvement were observed to varying degrees, and severity tended to be associated with CJD disease duration. There were no instances of kuru plaques or florid plaques. Prion protein (PrP) immunostaining showed widespread synaptic-type PrP deposition. No differences between our dura-CJD cases and typical cases of sporadic CJD were found with respect to clinicopathologic findings, except history of dura mater transplantation. Although a specific association between the dura mater graft site and neuropathologic observations was not evaluated in the present study, the initial symptoms appear to be closely related to the graft site, indicating a direct transmission of CJD from the graft site to the adjacent brain.

MM2-cortical-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with early stage cerebral cortical pathology presenting with a rapidly progressive clinical course

We report the case of a 67-year-old man with MM2-cortical-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) with a rapidly progressive clinical course of 5 months. Initial symptoms were progressive memory disturbance and dementia. MRI revealed high signal-intensity lesions on diffusion-weighted images in the bilateral frontal and occipital cortices. Myoclonus and periodic sharp-wave complexes on the electroencephalogram were observed in the early disease stage. The clinical diagnosis was typical sCJD. Neuropathologic examination at autopsy showed widespread, characteristic cerebral neocortical involvement with large confluent vacuole-type spongiform change. Spongiform degeneration was also evident in the striatum and medial thalamus. In the cerebellar cortex, slight depletion of Purkinje neurons was evident without spongiform change in the molecular layer or apparent neuron loss in the granule cell layer. The inferior olivary nucleus showed slight hypertrophic astrocytosis without neuron loss. Prion protein (PrP) immunostaining showed widespread, characteristic perivacuolar-type PrP deposits with irregular plaque-like PrP deposits in the cerebral neocortex, striatum and medial thalamus. We believe this patient showed early-stage cerebral cortical pathology of MM2-cortical-type sCJD, which may provide clues regarding the pathologic progression of this rare sCJD subtype. Although MM2-cortical-type sCJD generally shows slow progression without myoclonus or periodic sharp-wave complexes, the present patient showed a rapidly progressive clinical course similar to that of MM1-type sCJD.

MM1-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with unusually prolonged disease duration presenting with panencephalopathic-type pathology

We report an autopsy case of MM1-type sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) with an unusually prolonged disease duration of 58 months. The initial symptom was progressive mental disorder followed by advanced cognitive impairment. Clinical progression was generally slow; myoclonus appeared at 17 months and periodic sharp-wave complexes on electroencephalogram at 21 months. A state of akinetic mutism occurred 29 months after the onset of symptoms. MRI showed gradually progressive cerebral atrophy. Neuropathologic examination showed widespread severe brain involvement. In the cerebral neocortex, widespread severe tissue rarefaction, hypertrophic astrocytosis and neuron loss (so-called status spongiosus) were observed. The cerebral white matter showed diffuse myelin pallor with intense hypertrophic astrocytosis, numerous foamy macrophages and emperipolesis, indicating panencephalopathic-type sCJD pathology. The brainstem was relatively preserved from sCJD pathology, with the exception of the pontine nucleus and pyramidal tract. This may explain the prolonged disease duration without respiratory insufficiency until the terminal stage. Immunohistochemistry for prion protein (PrP) showed widespread synaptic-type PrP deposits in the cerebral neocortex, hippocampus and thalamus. The striatum and cerebellar cortex showed faint synaptic-type PrP deposition with some areas of small plaque-like PrP deposition. Sparse PrP deposition was also observed in the brainstem. Analysis of the PrP gene showed no mutation but methionine homozygosity at polymorphic codon 129. Western blot analysis of protease-resistant PrP indicated type 1 PrP. To our knowledge, this is the longest reported disease duration of MM1-type sCJD.