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Zhang L, Huang J, Dai L, Zhu G, Yang XL, He Z, Li YH, Yang H, Zhang CQ, Shen KF, Liang P. Expression profiles of α-synuclein in cortical lesions of patients with FCD IIb and TSC, and FCD rats. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1255097. [PMID: 38020594 PMCID: PMC10662349 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1255097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) IIb and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are common causes of drug-resistant epilepsy in children. However, the etiologies related to the development of FCD IIb and TSC are not fully understood. α-synuclein (α-syn) is a member of synucleins family that plays crucial roles in modulating synaptic transmission in central nervous system. Here, we explored the expression profiles and potential pathogenic functions of α-syn in cortical lesions of epileptic patients with FCD IIb and TSC. Methods Surgical specimens from epileptic patients with FCD IIb and TSC, as well as FCD rats generated by in utero X-ray-radiation were adopted in this study and studied with immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, western blotting, and co-immunoprecipitation etc. molecular biological techniques. Result Our results showed that α-syn expression was reduced in FCD IIb and TSC lesions. Specifically, α-syn protein was intensely expressed in dysplastic neurons (DNs) and balloon cells (BCs) in FCD IIb lesions, whereas was barely detected in DNs and giant cells (GCs) of TSC lesions. Additionally, p-α-syn, the aggregated form of α-syn, was detected in DNs, BCs, GCs, and glia-like cells of FCD IIb and TSC lesions. We previous showed that the function of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) was enhanced in FCD rats generated by X-ray-radiation. Here, we found the interaction between α-syn and NMDAR subunits NMDAR2A, NMDAR2B were augmented in cortical lesions of FCD patients and FCD rats. Conclusion These results suggested a potential role of α-syn in the pathogenesis of FCD IIb and TSC by interfering with NMDAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Dai
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guang Yang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Hong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guang Yang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai-Feng Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
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2
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Galvão IC, Kandratavicius L, Messias LA, Athié MCP, Assis-Mendonça GR, Alvim MKM, Ghizoni E, Tedeschi H, Yasuda CL, Cendes F, Vieira AS, Rogerio F, Lopes-Cendes I, Veiga DFT. Identifying cellular markers of focal cortical dysplasia type II with cell-type deconvolution and single-cell signatures. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13321. [PMID: 37587190 PMCID: PMC10432381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a brain malformation that causes medically refractory epilepsy. FCD is classified into three categories based on structural and cellular abnormalities, with FCD type II being the most common and characterized by disrupted organization of the cortex and abnormal neuronal development. In this study, we employed cell-type deconvolution and single-cell signatures to analyze bulk RNA-seq from multiple transcriptomic studies, aiming to characterize the cellular composition of brain lesions in patients with FCD IIa and IIb subtypes. Our deconvolution analyses revealed specific cellular changes in FCD IIb, including neuronal loss and an increase in reactive astrocytes (astrogliosis) when compared to FCD IIa. Astrogliosis in FCD IIb was further supported by a gene signature analysis and histologically confirmed by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining. Overall, our findings demonstrate that FCD II subtypes exhibit differential neuronal and glial compositions, with astrogliosis emerging as a hallmark of FCD IIb. These observations, validated in independent patient cohorts and confirmed using immunohistochemistry, offer novel insights into the involvement of glial cells in FCD type II pathophysiology and may contribute to the development of targeted therapies for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella C Galvão
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ludmyla Kandratavicius
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lauana A Messias
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria C P Athié
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R Assis-Mendonça
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marina K M Alvim
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Enrico Ghizoni
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Helder Tedeschi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Clarissa L Yasuda
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernando Cendes
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil
| | - André S Vieira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fabio Rogerio
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Diogo F T Veiga
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil.
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3
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Shen K, Duan Q, Duan W, Xu S, An N, Ke Y, Wang L, Liu S, Yang H, Zhang C. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C modulates cortical NMDA receptor activity in cortical lesions of young patients and rat model with focal cortical dysplasia. Brain Pathol 2022; 32:e13065. [PMID: 35259773 PMCID: PMC9425019 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of dysmorphic neurons is the primary pathology in focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) associated pediatric intractable epilepsy; however, the etiologies related to the development and function of dysmorphic neurons are not fully understood. Our previous studies revealed that the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and corresponding receptors VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3 was increased in the epileptic lesions of patients with tuberous sclerosis complex or mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Here, we showed that the expression of VEGF-C, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 was increased at both mRNA and protein levels in patients with cortical lesions of type I, IIa, and IIb FCD. The immunoreactivity of VEGF-C, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 was located in the micro-columnar neurons in FCD type I lesions, dysplastic neurons (DNs) in FCD type IIa lesions, balloon cells (BCs) and astrocytes in FCD type IIb lesions. Additionally, the amplitude of evoked-EPSCs (eEPSC) mediated by NMDA receptor, the ratio of NMDA receptor- and AMPA receptor-mediated eEPSC were increased in the dysmorphic neurons of FCD rats established by prenatal X-ray radiation. Furthermore, NMDA receptor mediated current in dysmorphic neurons was further potentiated by exogenous administration of VEGF-C, however, could be antagonized by ki8751, the blocker of VEGFR-2. These results suggest that VEGF-C system participate in the pathogenesis of cortical lesions in patients with FCD in association with modulating NMDA receptor-mediated currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai‐Feng Shen
- Department of NeurosurgeryEpilepsy Research Center of PLAXinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Qing‐Tian Duan
- Department of NeurosurgeryEpilepsy Research Center of PLAXinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Wei Duan
- Department of NeurologyXinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Sen‐Lin Xu
- Institute of PathologySouthwest HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ning An
- Department of NeurosurgeryEpilepsy Research Center of PLAXinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yan‐Yan Ke
- Department of NeurosurgeryEpilepsy Research Center of PLAXinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Li‐Ting Wang
- Biomedical Analysis CenterArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Shi‐Yong Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryEpilepsy Research Center of PLAXinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of NeurosurgeryEpilepsy Research Center of PLAXinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Guangyang Bay LaboratoryChongqing Institute for Brain and IntelligenceChongqingChina
| | - Chun‐Qing Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryEpilepsy Research Center of PLAXinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Guangyang Bay LaboratoryChongqing Institute for Brain and IntelligenceChongqingChina
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4
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Reorganization of Parvalbumin Immunopositive Perisomatic Innervation of Principal Cells in Focal Cortical Dysplasia Type IIB in Human Epileptic Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094746. [PMID: 35563137 PMCID: PMC9100614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is one of the most common causes of drug-resistant epilepsy. As several studies have revealed, the abnormal functioning of the perisomatic inhibitory system may play a role in the onset of seizures. Therefore, we wanted to investigate whether changes of perisomatic inhibitory inputs are present in FCD. Thus, the input properties of abnormal giant- and control-like principal cells were examined in FCD type IIB patients. Surgical samples were compared to controls from the same cortical regions with short postmortem intervals. For the study, six subjects were selected/each group. The perisomatic inhibitory terminals were quantified in parvalbumin and neuronal nuclei double immunostained sections using a confocal fluorescent microscope. The perisomatic input of giant neurons was extremely abundant, whereas control-like cells of the same samples had sparse inputs. A comparison of pooled data shows that the number of parvalbumin-immunopositive perisomatic terminals contacting principal cells was significantly larger in epileptic cases. The analysis showed some heterogeneity among epileptic samples. However, five out of six cases had significantly increased perisomatic input. Parameters of the control cells were homogenous. The reorganization of the perisomatic inhibitory system may increase the probability of seizure activity and might be a general mechanism of abnormal network activity.
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5
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Achiriloaie A, Deisch J, Boling W, Bannout F. Striking MRI Changes of Focal Cortical Dysplasia Over Time: A Case Series and Literature Review. Neurol Clin Pract 2021; 11:445-451. [PMID: 34840871 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000001019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Brain MRI findings of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) can undergo dramatic changes over time, which may be related to long-term epilepsy or a combination of histopathologic changes that necessitate further investigation. Recent Findings We describe 2 cases of FCD type IIb that initially displayed inconspicuous findings on MRI, however progressed to obvious signal changes on subsequent MRI 10-17 years later. Pathologic analysis indicates that the interval changes are likely attributed to reactive astrogliosis and diffuse parenchymal rarefaction. A few case reports and case series showing similar MRI changes have been described in the literature, the majority in pediatric patients. The adult cases we present add to the scientific evidence of these changes occurring in the adult population. Summary Our observations lead to several clinical suggestions, including closer interval follow-up imaging for nonlesional cases, the addition of postprocessing imaging methods, earlier surgical intervention, and meticulous surgical planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Achiriloaie
- Loma Linda University Medical Center (AA), Department of Radiology, Loma Linda, CA; Loma Linda University Medical Center (JD), Department of Pathology, Loma Linda, CA; Loma Linda University Medical Center (WB), Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA; and Loma Linda University Medical Center (FB), Department of Neurology, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Jeremy Deisch
- Loma Linda University Medical Center (AA), Department of Radiology, Loma Linda, CA; Loma Linda University Medical Center (JD), Department of Pathology, Loma Linda, CA; Loma Linda University Medical Center (WB), Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA; and Loma Linda University Medical Center (FB), Department of Neurology, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Warren Boling
- Loma Linda University Medical Center (AA), Department of Radiology, Loma Linda, CA; Loma Linda University Medical Center (JD), Department of Pathology, Loma Linda, CA; Loma Linda University Medical Center (WB), Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA; and Loma Linda University Medical Center (FB), Department of Neurology, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Firas Bannout
- Loma Linda University Medical Center (AA), Department of Radiology, Loma Linda, CA; Loma Linda University Medical Center (JD), Department of Pathology, Loma Linda, CA; Loma Linda University Medical Center (WB), Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA; and Loma Linda University Medical Center (FB), Department of Neurology, Loma Linda, CA
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6
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Brito da Silva A, Pennifold J, Henley B, Chatterjee K, Bateman D, Whittaker RW, Joshi A, Kumar H, Nicholson C, Baker MR, Greenhill SD, Walsh R, Seri S, Jones RSG, Woodhall GL, Cunningham MO. The AMPA receptor antagonist perampanel suppresses epileptic activity in human focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia Open 2021; 7:488-495. [PMID: 34653311 PMCID: PMC9436284 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is one of the most common malformations causing refractory epilepsy. Dysregulation of glutamatergic systems plays a critical role in the hyperexcitability of dysplastic neurons in FCD lesions. The pharmacoresistant nature of epilepsy associated with FCD may be due to a lack of well‐tolerated and precise antiepileptic drugs that can target glutamate receptors. Here, for the first time in human FCD brain slices, we show that the established, noncompetitive α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist, perampanel has potent antiepileptic action. Moreover, we demonstrate that this effect is due to a reduction in burst firing behavior in human FCD microcircuits. These data support a potential role for the treatment of refractory epilepsy associated with FCD in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Brito da Silva
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Henry Wellcome Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.,CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Jane Pennifold
- Aston Brain Centre, Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Ben Henley
- Aston Brain Centre, Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Koustav Chatterjee
- Institute of Neurosciences Kolkata, AJC Bose Road, Kolkata, 700017, West Bengal, India
| | - David Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Sunderland Royal Hospital, Kayll Road, Sunderland, Tyne & Wear, SR4 7TP, UK
| | - Roger W Whittaker
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Henry Wellcome Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Abhijit Joshi
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Hrishikesh Kumar
- Institute of Neurosciences Kolkata, AJC Bose Road, Kolkata, 700017, West Bengal, India
| | - Claire Nicholson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Victoria Infirmary, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Mark R Baker
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Henry Wellcome Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Stuart D Greenhill
- Aston Brain Centre, Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Richard Walsh
- Children's Epilepsy Surgery Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B4 6NH, UK
| | - Stefano Seri
- Children's Epilepsy Surgery Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B4 6NH, UK
| | - Roland S G Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Gavin L Woodhall
- Aston Brain Centre, Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Mark O Cunningham
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Henry Wellcome Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.,Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Zhang L, Huang T, Teaw S, Nguyen LH, Hsieh LS, Gong X, Burns LH, Bordey A. Filamin A inhibition reduces seizure activity in a mouse model of focal cortical malformations. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/531/eaay0289. [PMID: 32075941 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy treatments for patients with mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) disorders, such as tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) or focal cortical dysplasia type II (FCDII), are urgently needed. In these patients, the presence of focal cortical malformations is associated with the occurrence of lifelong epilepsy, leading to severe neurological comorbidities. Here, we show that the expression of the actin cross-linking protein filamin A (FLNA) is increased in resected cortical tissue that is responsible for seizures in patients with FCDII and in mice modeling TSC and FCDII with mutations in phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb) pathway genes. Normalizing FLNA expression in these mice through genetic knockdown limited cell misplacement and neuronal dysmorphogenesis, two hallmarks of focal cortical malformations. In addition, Flna knockdown reduced seizure frequency independently of mTOR signaling. Treating mice with a small molecule targeting FLNA, PTI-125, before the onset of seizures alleviated neuronal abnormalities and reduced seizure frequency compared to vehicle-treated mice. In addition, the treatment was also effective when injected after seizure onset in juvenile and adult mice. These data suggest that targeting FLNA with either short hairpin RNAs or the small molecule PTI-125 might be effective in reducing seizures in patients with TSC and FCDII bearing mutations in PI3K-Rheb pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbo Zhang
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8082, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Street, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Tianxiang Huang
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8082, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Street, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Shannon Teaw
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8082, USA
| | - Lena H Nguyen
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8082, USA
| | - Lawrence S Hsieh
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8082, USA
| | - Xuan Gong
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8082, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Street, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | | | - Angélique Bordey
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8082, USA.
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Yang X, Zhang X, Ma Y, Wang Z, Huang K, Liu G, Shen K, Zhu G, Wang T, Lv S, Zhang C, Yang H, Liu S. Abnormal Rat Cortical Development Induced by Ventricular Injection of rHMGB1 Mimics the Pathophysiology of Human Cortical Dysplasia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:634405. [PMID: 33748118 PMCID: PMC7969805 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.634405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical dysplasia (CD) is a common cause of drug-resistant epilepsy. Increasing studies have implicated innate immunity in CD with epilepsy. However, it is unclear whether innate immune factors induce epileptogenic CD. Here, we injected recombinant human high mobility group box 1 (rHMGB1) into embryonic rat ventricles to determine whether rHMGB1 can induce epileptogenic CD with pathophysiological characteristics similar to those of human CD. Compared with controls and 0.1 μg rHMGB1-treated rats, the cortical organization was severely disrupted in the 0.2 μg rHMGB1-treated rats, and microgyria and heterotopia also emerged; additionally, disoriented and deformed neurons were observed in the cortical lesions and heterotopias. Subcortical heterotopia appeared in the white matter and the gray–white junction of the 0.2 μg rHMGB1-treated rats. Moreover, there was decreased number of neurons in layer V–VI and an increased number of astrocytes in layer I and V of the cortical lesions. And the HMGB1 antagonist dexmedetomidine alleviated the changes induced by rHMGB1. Further, we found that TLR4 and NF-κB were increased after rHMGB1 administration. In addition, the excitatory receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 (NR1), 2A (NR2A), and 2B (NR2B) immunoreactivity were increased, and immunoreactivity of excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1) and 2 (EAAT2) were reduced in 0.2 μg rHMGB1-treated rats compared with controls. While there were no differences in the glutamic acid decarboxylase 65/67 (GAD65/67) immunoreactivity between the two groups. These results indicate that the excitation of cortical lesions was significantly increased. Furthermore, electroencephalogram (EEG) showed a shorter latency of seizure onset and a higher incidence of status epilepticus in the 0.2 μg rHMGB1-treated rats; the frequency and amplitude of EEG were higher in the treated rats than controls. Intriguingly, spontaneous electrographic seizure discharges were detected in the 0.2 μg rHMGB1-treated rats after 5 months of age, and spike-wave discharges of approximately 8 Hz were the most significantly increased synchronous propagated waves throughout the general brain cortex. Taken together, these findings indicate that rHMGB1 exposure during pregnancy could contribute to the development of epileptogenic CD, which mimicked some pathophysiological characteristics of human CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanshi Ma
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, First People's Hospital, Zhaotong, China
| | - Zhongke Wang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaixuan Huang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guolong Liu
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaifeng Shen
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengqing Lv
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Fu M, Tao J, Wang D, Zhang Z, Wang X, Ji Y, Li Z. Downregulation of MicroRNA-34c-5p facilitated neuroinflammation in drug-resistant epilepsy. Brain Res 2020; 1749:147130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Nobili P, Cattalini A, de Grazia U, Cagnoli C, de Curtis M, Battaglia GS, Colciaghi F. Early Chronic Carbamazepine-in-Food Administration to MAM/Pilocarpine Rats Does Not Affect Convulsive Motor Seizures. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:181. [PMID: 32180728 PMCID: PMC7059791 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiepileptic drug-resistance is a major health problem in patients with cortical dysplasia (CD). Whether drug-resistant epilepsy is associated with progressive brain damage is still debated. We previously generated a rat model of acquired CD, the methylazoxymethanol-pilocarpine (MP) rat, in which the occurrence of status epilepticus and subsequent spontaneous seizures induce progressive brain damage (Nobili et al., 2015). The present study tested the outcome of early-chronic carbamazepine (CBZ) administration on both seizure activity and brain damage in MP rats. We took advantage of the non-invasive CBZ-in-food administration protocol, established by Ali (2012), which proved effective in suppressing generalized convulsive seizures in kainic acid rat model of epilepsy. MP rats were treated immediately after the onset of the first spontaneous seizure with 300 mg/kg/day CBZ formulated in pellets for a two-months-trial. CBZ-treated rats were continuously video-monitored to detect seizure activity and were compared with untreated epileptic MP rats. Despite CBZ serum levels in treated rats were within the suggested therapeutic range for humans, CBZ affected spontaneous convulsive seizures in 2 out of 10 treated rats (responders), whereas the remaining animals (non-responders) did not show any difference when compared to untreated MP rats. Histological analysis revealed cortical thinning paralleled by robust staining of Fluoro-Jade+ (FJ+) degenerating neurons and diffuse tissue necrosis in CBZ-non-responder vs CBZ-responder rats. Data reported here suggest that MP rat model represents suitable experimental setting where to investigate mechanisms of CD-related drug-resistant epilepsy and to verify if modulation of seizures, with appropriate treatment, may reduce seizure-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Nobili
- Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cattalini
- Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Ugo de Grazia
- Laboratory of Neurological Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cagnoli
- Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco de Curtis
- Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Stefano Battaglia
- Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Colciaghi
- Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesca Colciaghi,
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11
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Colciaghi F, Nobili P, Cipelletti B, Cagnoli C, Zambon S, Locatelli D, de Curtis M, Battaglia GS. Targeting PSD95-nNOS interaction by Tat-N-dimer peptide during status epilepticus is neuroprotective in MAM-pilocarpine rat model. Neuropharmacology 2019; 153:82-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Blauwblomme T, Dossi E, Pellegrino C, Goubert E, Iglesias BG, Sainte-Rose C, Rouach N, Nabbout R, Huberfeld G. Gamma-aminobutyric acidergic transmission underlies interictal epileptogenicity in pediatric focal cortical dysplasia. Ann Neurol 2019; 85:204-217. [PMID: 30597612 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysregulation of γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) transmission has been reported in lesional acquired epilepsies (gliomas, hippocampal sclerosis). We investigated its involvement in a developmental disorder, human focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), focusing on chloride regulation driving GABAergic signals. METHODS In vitro recordings of 47 human cortical acute slices from 11 pediatric patients who received operations for FCD were performed on multielectrode arrays. GABAergic receptors and chloride regulators were pharmacologically modulated. Immunostaining for chloride cotransporter KCC2 and interneurons were performed on recorded slices to correlate electrophysiology and expression patterns. RESULTS FCD slices retain intrinsic epileptogenicity. Thirty-six of 47 slices displayed spontaneous interictal discharges, along with a pattern specific to the histological subtypes. Ictal discharges were induced in proepileptic conditions in 6 of 8 slices in the areas generating spontaneous interictal discharges, with a transition to seizure involving the emergence of preictal discharges. Interictal discharges were sustained by GABAergic signaling, as a GABAA receptor blocker stopped them in 2 of 3 slices. Blockade of NKCC1 Cl- cotransporters further controlled interictal discharges in 9 of 12 cases, revealing a Cl- dysregulation affecting actions of GABA. Immunohistochemistry highlighted decreased expression and changes in KCC2 subcellular localization and a decrease in the number of GAD67-positive interneurons in regions generating interictal discharges. INTERPRETATION Altered chloride cotransporter expression and changes in interneuron density in FCD may lead to paradoxical depolarization of pyramidal cells. Spontaneous interictal discharges are consequently mediated by GABAergic signals, and targeting chloride regulation in neurons may be considered for the development of new antiepileptic drugs. Ann Neurol 2019; 1-14 ANN NEUROL 2019;85:204-217.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Blauwblomme
- APHP, Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Necker, Paris, France.,Université René Descartes. PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM U1129, Infantile Epilepsies and Brain Plasticity, Paris Descartes University, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Elena Dossi
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNR UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Beatriz Gal Iglesias
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Sainte-Rose
- APHP, Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Necker, Paris, France.,Université René Descartes. PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Rouach
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNR UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Rima Nabbout
- Université René Descartes. PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,APHP, Department of Neuropediatrics, Hospital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Huberfeld
- INSERM U1129, Infantile Epilepsies and Brain Plasticity, Paris Descartes University, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNR UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, AP-HP, Department of Neurophysiology, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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13
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Dixit AB, Sharma D, Tripathi M, Srivastava A, Paul D, Prakash D, Sarkar C, Kumar K, Banerjee J, Chandra PS. Genome-wide DNA Methylation and RNAseq Analyses Identify Aberrant Signalling Pathways in Focal Cortical Dysplasia (FCD) Type II. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17976. [PMID: 30568293 PMCID: PMC6299275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35892-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is one of the most common pathologies associated with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). The pharmacological targets remain obscured, as the molecular mechanisms underlying FCD are unclear. Implications of epigenetically modulated aberrant gene expression in disease progression are reported in various DRE pathologies except FCD. Here we performed genome-wide CpG-DNA methylation profiling by methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) microarray and RNA sequencing (RNAseq) on cortical tissues resected from FCD type II patients. A total of 19088 sites showed altered DNA methylation in all the CpG islands. Of these, 5725 sites were present in the promoter regions, of which 176 genes showed an inverse correlation between methylation and gene expression. Many of these 176 genes were found to belong to a cohesive network of physically interacting proteins linked to several cellular functions. Pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), EGFR, PDGFRA, NTRK3, and mTOR signalling pathways. This is the first study that investigates the epigenetic signature associated with FCD type II pathology. The candidate genes and pathways identified in this study may play a crucial role in the regulation of the pathogenic mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with FCD type II pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Banerjee Dixit
- Center of Excellence for Epilepsy, A joint NBRC-AIIMS collaboration, NBRC, Manesar, India. .,Dr. B R Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Devina Sharma
- Center of Excellence for Epilepsy, A joint NBRC-AIIMS collaboration, NBRC, Manesar, India.,Department of Neurosurgery, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Center of Excellence for Epilepsy, A joint NBRC-AIIMS collaboration, NBRC, Manesar, India.,Department of Neurology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Debasmita Paul
- Center of Excellence for Epilepsy, A joint NBRC-AIIMS collaboration, NBRC, Manesar, India.,Department of Neurosurgery, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Prakash
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Krishan Kumar
- Center of Excellence for Epilepsy, A joint NBRC-AIIMS collaboration, NBRC, Manesar, India.,Department of Neurosurgery, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Banerjee
- Center of Excellence for Epilepsy, A joint NBRC-AIIMS collaboration, NBRC, Manesar, India.,Department of Biophysics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - P Sarat Chandra
- Center of Excellence for Epilepsy, A joint NBRC-AIIMS collaboration, NBRC, Manesar, India. .,Department of Neurosurgery, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
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14
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Arena A, Zimmer TS, van Scheppingen J, Korotkov A, Anink JJ, Mühlebner A, Jansen FE, van Hecke W, Spliet WG, van Rijen PC, Vezzani A, Baayen JC, Idema S, Iyer AM, Perluigi M, Mills JD, van Vliet EA, Aronica E. Oxidative stress and inflammation in a spectrum of epileptogenic cortical malformations: molecular insights into their interdependence. Brain Pathol 2018; 29:351-365. [PMID: 30303592 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) occurs in brains of patients with epilepsy and coincides with brain inflammation, and both phenomena contribute to seizure generation in animal models. We investigated whether expression of OS and brain inflammation markers co-occurred also in resected brain tissue of patients with epileptogenic cortical malformations: hemimegalencephaly (HME), focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and cortical tubers in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Moreover, we studied molecular mechanisms linking OS and inflammation in an in vitro model of neuronal function. Untangling interdependency and underlying molecular mechanisms might pose new therapeutic strategies for treating patients with drug-resistant epilepsy of different etiologies. Immunohistochemistry was performed for specific OS markers xCT and iNOS and brain inflammation markers TLR4, COX-2 and NF-κB in cortical tissue derived from patients with HME, FCD IIa, IIb and TSC. Additionally, we studied gene expression of these markers using the human neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y in which OS was induced using H2 O2 . OS markers were higher in dysmorphic neurons and balloon/giant cells in cortex of patients with FCD IIb or TSC. Expression of OS markers was positively correlated to expression of brain inflammation markers. In vitro, 100 µM, but not 50 µM, of H2 O2 increased expression of TLR4, IL-1β and COX-2. We found that NF-κB signaling was activated only upon stimulation with 100 µM H2 O2 leading to upregulation of TLR4 signaling and IL-1β. The NF-κB inhibitor TPCA-1 completely reversed this effect. Our results show that OS positively correlates with neuroinflammation and is particularly evident in brain tissue of patients with FCD IIb and TSC. In vitro, NF-κB is involved in the switch to an inflammatory state after OS. We propose that the extent of OS can predict the neuroinflammatory state of the brain. Additionally, antioxidant treatments may prevent the switch to inflammation in neurons thus targeting multiple epileptogenic processes at once.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Arena
- Department of (Neuro-)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Till S Zimmer
- Department of (Neuro-)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jackelien van Scheppingen
- Department of (Neuro-)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anatoly Korotkov
- Department of (Neuro-)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Anink
- Department of (Neuro-)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Angelika Mühlebner
- Department of (Neuro-)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Floor E Jansen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim van Hecke
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim G Spliet
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter C van Rijen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Johannes C Baayen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Idema
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anand M Iyer
- Department of (Neuro-)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - James D Mills
- Department of (Neuro-)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin A van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro-)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro-)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), the Netherlands
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15
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Quantitative volume-based morphometry in focal cortical dysplasia: A pilot study for lesion localization at the individual level. Eur J Radiol 2018; 105:240-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Deshmukh A, Leichner J, Bae J, Song Y, Valdés-Hernández PA, Lin WC, Riera JJ. Histological Characterization of the Irritative Zones in Focal Cortical Dysplasia Using a Preclinical Rat Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:52. [PMID: 29867355 PMCID: PMC5968101 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current clinical practice in focal epilepsy involves brain source imaging (BSI) to localize brain areas where from interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) emerge. These areas, named irritative zones, have been useful to define candidate seizures-onset zones during pre-surgical workup. Since human histological data are mostly available from final resected zones, systematic studies characterizing pathophysiological mechanisms and abnormal molecular/cellular substrates in irritative zones—independent of them being epileptogenic—are challenging. Combining BSI and histological analysis from all types of irritative zones is only possible through the use of preclinical animal models. Here, we recorded 32-channel spontaneous electroencephalographic data from rats that have focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and chronic seizures. BSI for different IED subtypes was performed using the methodology presented in Bae et al. (2015). Post-mortem brain sections containing irritative zones were stained to quantify anatomical, functional, and inflammatory biomarkers specific for epileptogenesis, and the results were compared with those obtained using the contralateral healthy brain tissue. We found abnormal anatomical structures in all irritative zones (i.e., larger neuronal processes, glioreactivity, and vascular cuffing) and larger expressions for neurotransmission (i.e., NR2B) and inflammation (i.e., ILβ1, TNFα and HMGB1). We conclude that irritative zones in this rat preclinical model of FCD comprise abnormal tissues disregarding whether they are actually involved in icto-genesis or not. We hypothesize that seizure perpetuation happens gradually; hence, our results could support the use of IED-based BSI for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of potential epileptic foci. Further verifications in humans are yet needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Deshmukh
- Neuronal Mass Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jared Leichner
- Neuronal Mass Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jihye Bae
- Neuronal Mass Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Yinchen Song
- Neuronal Mass Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Pedro A Valdés-Hernández
- Neuronal Mass Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Wei-Chiang Lin
- Neuronal Mass Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jorge J Riera
- Neuronal Mass Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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17
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Kovac S, Dinkova Kostova AT, Herrmann AM, Melzer N, Meuth SG, Gorji A. Metabolic and Homeostatic Changes in Seizures and Acquired Epilepsy-Mitochondria, Calcium Dynamics and Reactive Oxygen Species. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1935. [PMID: 28885567 PMCID: PMC5618584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired epilepsies can arise as a consequence of brain injury and result in unprovoked seizures that emerge after a latent period of epileptogenesis. These epilepsies pose a major challenge to clinicians as they are present in the majority of patients seen in a common outpatient epilepsy clinic and are prone to pharmacoresistance, highlighting an unmet need for new treatment strategies. Metabolic and homeostatic changes are closely linked to seizures and epilepsy, although, surprisingly, no potential treatment targets to date have been translated into clinical practice. We summarize here the current knowledge about metabolic and homeostatic changes in seizures and acquired epilepsy, maintaining a particular focus on mitochondria, calcium dynamics, reactive oxygen species and key regulators of cellular metabolism such as the Nrf2 pathway. Finally, we highlight research gaps that will need to be addressed in the future which may help to translate these findings into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stjepana Kovac
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Albena T Dinkova Kostova
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | | | - Nico Melzer
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Ali Gorji
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 1996836111, Iran.
- Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
- Epilepsy Research Center, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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18
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Rossini L, Garbelli R, Gnatkovsky V, Didato G, Villani F, Spreafico R, Deleo F, Lo Russo G, Tringali G, Gozzo F, Tassi L, de Curtis M. Seizure activity per se does not induce tissue damage markers in human neocortical focal epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2017; 82:331-341. [PMID: 28749594 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The contribution of recurring seizures to the progression of epileptogenesis is debated. Seizure-induced brain damage is not conclusively demonstrated either in humans or in animal models of epilepsy. We evaluated the expression of brain injury biomarkers on postsurgical brain tissue obtained from 20 patients with frequent seizures and a long history of drug-resistant focal epilepsy. METHODS The expression patterns of specific glial, neuronal, and inflammatory molecules were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in the core of type II focal cortical dysplasias (FCD-II), at the FCD boundary (perilesion), and in the adjacent normal-appearing area included in the epileptogenic region. We also analyzed surgical specimens from cryptogenic patients not presenting structural alterations at imaging. RESULTS Astroglial and microglial activation, reduced neuronal density, perivascular CD3-positive T-lymphocyte clustering, and fibrinogen extravasation were demonstrated in the core of FCD-II lesions. No pathological immunoreactivity was observed outside the FCD-II or in cryptogenetic specimens, where the occurrence of interictal and ictal epileptiform activity was confirmed by either stereo-electroencephalography or intraoperative electrocorticography. INTERPRETATION Recurrent seizures do not induce the expression of brain damage markers in nonlesional epileptogenic cortex studied in postsurgical tissue from cryptogenic and FCD patients. This evidence argues against the hypothesis that epileptiform activity per se contributes to focal brain injury, at least in the neocortical epilepsies considered here. Ann Neurol 2017;82:331-341.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rossini
- Epilepsy Unit, C. Besta Neurological Institute Foundation
| | - Rita Garbelli
- Epilepsy Unit, C. Besta Neurological Institute Foundation
| | | | | | - Flavio Villani
- Epilepsy Unit, C. Besta Neurological Institute Foundation
| | | | | | | | - Giovanni Tringali
- Neurosurgery Unit, C. Besta Neurological Institute Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Tassi
- C. Munari Epilepsy Surgery Center, Niguarda Hospital
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19
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Continuous neurodegeneration and death pathway activation in neurons and glia in an experimental model of severe chronic epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 83:54-66. [PMID: 26264964 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether seizures might determine the activation of cell death pathways and what could be the relevance of seizure-induced cell death in epilepsy are still highly debated issues. We recently developed an experimental model of acquired focal cortical dysplasia (the MAM-pilocarpine or MP rat) in which the occurrence of status epilepticus--SE--and subsequent seizures induced progressive cellular/molecular abnormalities and neocortical/hippocampal atrophy. Here, we exploited the same model to verify when, where, and how cell death occurred in neurons and glia during epilepsy course. We analyzed Fluoro Jade (FJ) staining and the activation of c-Jun- and caspase-3-dependent pathways during epilepsy, from few hours post-SE up to six months of spontaneous recurrent seizures. FJ staining revealed that cell injury in MP rats was not temporally restricted to SE, but extended throughout the different epileptic stages. The region-specific pattern of FJ staining changed during epilepsy, and FJ(+) neurons became more prominent in the dorsal and ventral hippocampal CA at chronic epilepsy stages. Phospho-c-Jun- and caspase-3-dependent pathways were selectively activated respectively in neurons and glia, at early but even more conspicuously at late chronic stages. Phospho-c-Jun activation was associated with increased cytochrome-c staining, particularly at chronic stages, and the staining pattern of cytochrome-c was suggestive of its release from the mitochondria. Taken together, these data support the content that at least in the MP rat model the recurrence of seizures can also sustain cell death mechanisms, thus continuously contributing to the pathologic process triggered by the occurrence of SE.
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20
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Aronica E, Crino PB. Epilepsy related to developmental tumors and malformations of cortical development. Neurotherapeutics 2014; 11:251-68. [PMID: 24481729 PMCID: PMC3996119 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-013-0251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural abnormalities of the brain are increasingly recognized in patients with neurodevelopmental delay and intractable focal epilepsies. The access to clinically well-characterized neurosurgical material has provided a unique opportunity to better define the neuropathological, neurochemical, and molecular features of epilepsy-associated focal developmental lesions. These studies help to further understand the epileptogenic mechanisms of these lesions. Neuropathological evaluation of surgical specimens from patients with epilepsy-associated developmental lesions reveals two major pathologies: focal cortical dysplasia and low-grade developmental tumors (glioneuronal tumors). In the last few years there have been major advances in the recognition of a wide spectrum of developmental lesions associated with a intractable epilepsy, including cortical tubers in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex and hemimegalencephaly. As an increasing number of entities are identified, the development of a unified and comprehensive classification represents a great challenge and requires continuous updates. The present article reviews current knowledge of molecular pathogenesis and the pathophysiological mechanisms of epileptogenesis in this group of developmental disorders. Both emerging neuropathological and basic science evidence will be analyzed, highlighting the involvement of different, but often converging, pathogenetic and epileptogenic mechanisms, which may create the basis for new therapeutic strategies in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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Colciaghi F, Finardi A, Nobili P, Locatelli D, Spigolon G, Battaglia GS. Progressive brain damage, synaptic reorganization and NMDA activation in a model of epileptogenic cortical dysplasia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89898. [PMID: 24587109 PMCID: PMC3937400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether severe epilepsy could be a progressive disorder remains as yet unresolved. We previously demonstrated in a rat model of acquired focal cortical dysplasia, the methylazoxymethanol/pilocarpine - MAM/pilocarpine - rats, that the occurrence of status epilepticus (SE) and subsequent seizures fostered a pathologic process capable of modifying the morphology of cortical pyramidal neurons and NMDA receptor expression/localization. We have here extended our analysis by evaluating neocortical and hippocampal changes in MAM/pilocarpine rats at different epilepsy stages, from few days after onset up to six months of chronic epilepsy. Our findings indicate that the process triggered by SE and subsequent seizures in the malformed brain i) is steadily progressive, deeply altering neocortical and hippocampal morphology, with atrophy of neocortex and CA regions and progressive increase of granule cell layer dispersion; ii) changes dramatically the fine morphology of neurons in neocortex and hippocampus, by increasing cell size and decreasing both dendrite arborization and spine density; iii) induces reorganization of glutamatergic and GABAergic networks in both neocortex and hippocampus, favoring excitatory vs inhibitory input; iv) activates NMDA regulatory subunits. Taken together, our data indicate that, at least in experimental models of brain malformations, severe seizure activity, i.e., SE plus recurrent seizures, may lead to a widespread, steadily progressive architectural, neuronal and synaptic reorganization in the brain. They also suggest the mechanistic relevance of glutamate/NMDA hyper-activation in the seizure-related brain pathologic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Colciaghi
- Molecular Neuroanatomy and Pathogenesis Unit, IRCCS Neurological Institute “C. Besta”, Milano, Italy
| | - Adele Finardi
- Molecular Neuroanatomy and Pathogenesis Unit, IRCCS Neurological Institute “C. Besta”, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Nobili
- Molecular Neuroanatomy and Pathogenesis Unit, IRCCS Neurological Institute “C. Besta”, Milano, Italy
| | - Denise Locatelli
- Molecular Neuroanatomy and Pathogenesis Unit, IRCCS Neurological Institute “C. Besta”, Milano, Italy
| | - Giada Spigolon
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Giorgio Stefano Battaglia
- Molecular Neuroanatomy and Pathogenesis Unit, IRCCS Neurological Institute “C. Besta”, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Battaglia G, Colciaghi F, Finardi A, Nobili P. Intrinsic epileptogenicity of dysplastic cortex: converging data from experimental models and human patients. Epilepsia 2013; 54 Suppl 6:33-6. [PMID: 24001068 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a brain malformation associated with particularly severe drug-resistant epilepsy that often requires surgery for seizure control. The molecular basis for such enhanced propensity to seizure generation in FCD is not as yet elucidated. To investigate cellular and molecular bases of epileptogenic mechanisms and possible effect of severe epilepsy on the malformed cortex we have here performed a parallel analysis of a rat model of acquired cortical dysplasia previously established in our laboratory, i.e., the methylazoxymethanol/pilocarpine (MAM-PILO) rats, and surgical samples from patients with type IIB FCD. Data from the MAM-PILO rat model and human FCD samples reveal in both conditions: (1) that status epilepticus (SE) and/or seizures can further modify the cellular and molecular settings of the malformed cortex; (2) excitation/inhibition imbalance, and dysregulation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate/ membrane-associated guanylate kinase (NMDA/MAGUK) expression; (3) activation of cell death in neurons and glia. The data therefore highlight the mechanistic relevance of glutamate/NMDA hyperactivation in FCD epileptogenesis and suggest that epilepsy is a pathologic process capable of affecting structure and function of both neurons and glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Battaglia
- Molecular Neuroanatomy and Pathogenesis Unit, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Via Libero Temolo 4, Milan, Italy.
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