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Cai Y, Tian J, Li J, Liu X, Li F, Zhang L, Xiao S, Jia C, Deng C. A novel combined technology for treating hypertrophic scars: adipose tissue extract combined with fractional CO 2 laser. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1284312. [PMID: 37965106 PMCID: PMC10642933 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1284312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Owing to the need for liposuction and its unsuitability for allogeneic transplantation, the clinical application of stromal vascular fraction gel (SVF-gel) combined with fractional CO2 laser for scar treatment is limited. Adipose tissue extract (ATE), rich in cytokines and growth factors, offers a more convenient option for clinical practice as it can be easily prepared using purely physical methods and has low immunogenicity. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ATE combined with fractional CO2 laser in the treatment of hypertrophic scars. Methods: ATE was prepared using discarded liposuction fluid from patients undergoing liposuction. A rabbit ear hypertrophic scar model was established and treated with ATE, fractional CO2 laser, or a combination. PBS was used as a control. The scar appearance and histological changes were observed. The immunohistochemistry method was used to evaluate the expression of α-SMA, while perilipin was detected using immunofluorescence. Additionally, the level of adipogenic signal C/EBPα and PPARγ mRNA was studied. Results: Following treatment, the volume of hypertrophic scar decreased, resulting in a softer texture and thinner dermis. Additionally, there was a decrease in the infiltration of inflammatory cells, and the collagen arrangement became looser and more regular, and the expression of α-SMA also decreased, with the combination of ATE and fractional laser showing the most significant improvement. Moreover, the combination group was found to promote subcutaneous fat regeneration and increase the expression of adipogenic signals C/EBPα and PPARγ. Conclusion: The combination of ATE and fractional CO2 laser treatment has been shown to inhibit the development of hypertrophic scars. This effect may be attributed to the enhancement of adipogenesis and decrease in collagen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiao Tian
- Department of Surgery, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jianyi Li
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Afliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Dermatology, Guiyang First People’s Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Lanfang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Shune Xiao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Afliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Changsha Jia
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Chengliang Deng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Afliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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Hofmann E, Fink J, Pignet AL, Schwarz A, Schellnegger M, Nischwitz SP, Holzer-Geissler JCJ, Kamolz LP, Kotzbeck P. Human In Vitro Skin Models for Wound Healing and Wound Healing Disorders. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041056. [PMID: 37189674 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin wound healing is essential to health and survival. Consequently, high amounts of research effort have been put into investigating the cellular and molecular components involved in the wound healing process. The use of animal experiments has contributed greatly to the knowledge of wound healing, skin diseases, and the exploration of treatment options. However, in addition to ethical concerns, anatomical and physiological inter-species differences often influence the translatability of animal-based studies. Human in vitro skin models, which include essential cellular and structural components for wound healing analyses, would improve the translatability of results and reduce animal experiments during the preclinical evaluation of novel therapy approaches. In this review, we summarize in vitro approaches, which are used to study wound healing as well as wound healing-pathologies such as chronic wounds, keloids, and hypertrophic scars in a human setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Hofmann
- COREMED-Centre of Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Reconstruction, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Fink
- COREMED-Centre of Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Reconstruction, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Anna-Lisa Pignet
- COREMED-Centre of Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Reconstruction, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Schwarz
- COREMED-Centre of Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Reconstruction, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Marlies Schellnegger
- COREMED-Centre of Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Sebastian P Nischwitz
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Reconstruction, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Judith C J Holzer-Geissler
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Reconstruction, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Lars-Peter Kamolz
- COREMED-Centre of Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Petra Kotzbeck
- COREMED-Centre of Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Reconstruction, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
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Treatments for Crohn's Disease-Associated Bowel Damage: A Systematic Review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:847-856. [PMID: 30012430 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Despite significant advances in the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD), most patients still develop stricturing or penetrating complications that require surgical resections. We performed a systematic review of mechanisms and potential treatments for tissue damage lesions in CD patients. METHODS We searched the PubMed, MBASE, and Cochrane databases from January 1960 to July 2017 for full-length articles on CD, fibrosis, damage lesions, mesenchymal stem cells, and/or treatment. We also searched published conference abstracts and performed manual searches of all reference lists of relevant articles. RESULTS Mechanisms of intestinal damage in patients with CD include fibroblast proliferation and migration, activation of stellate cells, recruitment of intestinal or extra-intestinal fibroblast, and cell trans-differentiation. An altered balance of metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases might contribute to fistula formation. Treatment approaches that reduce excessive transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) activation might be effective in treating established intestinal damage. Stem cell therapies have been effective in tissue damage lesions in CD. Particularly, randomized controlled trials have shown local injections of mesenchymal stem cells to heal perianal fistulas. CONCLUSION In a systematic review of mechanisms and treatments of bowel wall damage in patients with CD, we found a need to test drugs that reduce TGFB and increase healing of transmural damage lesions and to pursue research on local injection of mesenchymal stem cells.
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Yun SM, Kim SH, Kim EH. The Molecular Mechanism of Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling for Intestinal Fibrosis: A Mini-Review. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:162. [PMID: 30873033 PMCID: PMC6400889 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is known as the most chronic inflammatory disorder in colon, which subsequently progresses to intestinal obstruction and fistula formation. Many studies to date for the treatment of IBD have been focused on inflammation. However, most of the anti-inflammatory agents do not have anti-fibrotic effects and could not relieve intestinal stricture in IBD patients. Because preventing or reversing intestinal fibrosis in IBD is a major therapeutic target, we analyzed the papers focusing on TGF-β signaling in intestinal fibrosis. TGF-β is a good candidate to treat the intestinal fibrosis in IBD which involves TGF-β signaling pathway, EMT, EndMT, ECM, and other regulators. Understanding the mechanism involved in TGF-β signaling will contribute to the treatment and diagnosis of intestinal fibrosis occurring in IBD as well as the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Mi Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
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Lecarpentier Y, Gourrier E, Gobert V, Vallée A. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Crosstalk Between PPARγ, WNT/β-Catenin and TGF-β Pathways; The Potential Therapeutic Role of PPARγ Agonists. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:176. [PMID: 31131268 PMCID: PMC6509750 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a serious pulmonary disease which occurs in preterm infants. Mortality remains high due to a lack of effective treatment, despite significant progress in neonatal resuscitation. In BPD, a persistently high level of canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway activity at the canalicular stage disturbs the pulmonary maturation at the saccular and alveolar stages. The excessive thickness of the alveolar wall impairs the normal diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide, leading to hypoxia. Transforming growth factor (TGF-β) up-regulates canonical WNT signaling and inhibits the peroxysome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). This profile is observed in BPD, especially in animal models. Following a premature birth, hypoxia activates the canonical WNT/TGF-β axis at the expense of PPARγ. This gives rise to the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, which can lead to pulmonary fibrosis that impairs the respiratory function after birth, during childhood and even adulthood. Potential therapeutic treatment could target the inhibition of the canonical WNT/TGF-β pathway and the stimulation of PPARγ activity, in particular by the administration of nebulized PPARγ agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien, Meaux, France
| | - Elizabeth Gourrier
- Service de néonatologie, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien, Meaux, France
| | - Vincent Gobert
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien, Meaux, France
| | - Alexandre Vallée
- Diagnosis and Therapeutic Center, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Prevention Unit, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP Paris, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
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Lecarpentier Y, Schussler O, Claes V, Vallée A. The Myofibroblast: TGFβ-1, A Conductor which Plays a Key Role in Fibrosis by Regulating the Balance between PPARγ and the Canonical WNT Pathway. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.11131/2017/101299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l’Est Francilien (GHEP), Meaux, France
| | - Olivier Schussler
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, HUG/CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Victor Claes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Vallée
- Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, INSERM U1084, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Xu JY, Chen GH, Yang YJ. Exosomes: A Rising Star in Falling Hearts. Front Physiol 2017; 8:494. [PMID: 28751864 PMCID: PMC5508217 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although exosomes were previously recognized as a mechanism for discharging useless cellular components, growing evidence has elucidated their roles in conveying information between cells. They contribute to cell-cell communication by carrying nucleic acids, proteins and lipids that can, in turn, regulate behavior of the target cells. Recent research suggested that exosomes extensively participate in progression of diverse cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary arterial hypertension and others. Here, we summarize effects of exosome-derived molecules (mainly microRNAs and proteins) on cardiac function, to examine their potential applications as biomarkers or therapeutics in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Gui-Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Yue-Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
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Koo JB, Nam MO, Jung Y, Yoo J, Kim DH, Kim G, Shin SJ, Lee KM, Hahm KB, Kim JW, Hong SP, Lee KJ, Yoo JH. Anti-fibrogenic effect of PPAR-γ agonists in human intestinal myofibroblasts. BMC Gastroenterol 2017; 17:73. [PMID: 28592228 PMCID: PMC5463383 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-017-0627-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal fibrosis is a serious complication of inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. There is no specific treatment for intestinal fibrosis. Studies have indicated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- γ (PPAR-γ) agonists have anti-fibrogenic properties in organs besides the gut; however, their effects on human intestinal fibrosis are poorly understood. This study investigated the anti-fibrogenic properties and mechanisms of PPAR-γ agonists on human primary intestinal myofibroblasts (HIFs). Methods HIFs were isolated from normal colonic tissue of patients undergoing resection due to colorectal cancer. HIFs were treated with TGF-β1 and co-incubated with or without one of two synthetic PPAR-γ agonists, troglitazone or rosiglitazone. mRNA and protein expression of procollagen1A1, fibronectin, and α-smooth muscle actin were determined by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. LY294002 (Akt inhibitor) was used to examine whether Akt phosphorylation was a downstream mechanism of TGF-β1 induced expression of procollagen1A1, fibronectin, and α-smooth muscle actin in HIFs. The irreversible PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 was used to investigate whether the effect of PPAR-γ agonists was PPAR-γ dependent. Results Both PPAR-γ agonists reduced the TGF-β1-induced expression of α-smooth muscle actin which was integrated into stress fibers in HIFs, as determined by actin microfilaments fluorescent staining and α-smooth muscle actin-specific immunocytochemistry. PPAR-γ agonists also inhibited TGF-β1-induced mRNA and protein expressions of procollagen1A1, fibronectin, and α-smooth muscle actin. TGF-β1 stimulation increased phosphorylation of downstream signaling molecules Smad2, Akt, and ERK. TGF-β1 induced synthesis of procollagen1A1, fibronectin, and α-smooth muscle actin through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-dependent mechanism. PPAR-γ agonists down regulated fibrogenesis, as shown by inhibition of Akt and Smad2 phosphorylation. This anti-fibrogenic effect was PPAR-γ independent. Conclusions Troglitazone and rosiglitazone suppress TGF-β1-induced synthesis of procollagen1A1, fibronectin, and α-smooth muscle actin in HIFs and may be useful in treating intestinal fibrosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12876-017-0627-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Bon Koo
- Clinical Research Center, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Myeong-Ok Nam
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Younshin Jung
- Digestive Disease Center, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-712, South Korea
| | - Jongman Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Duk Hwan Kim
- Digestive Disease Center, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-712, South Korea
| | - Gwangil Kim
- Department of Pathology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-380, South Korea
| | - Kee Myung Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-380, South Korea
| | - Ki Baik Hahm
- Digestive Disease Center, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-712, South Korea
| | - Jong Woo Kim
- Department of Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sung Pyo Hong
- Digestive Disease Center, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-712, South Korea
| | - Kwang Jae Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-380, South Korea.
| | - Jun Hwan Yoo
- Digestive Disease Center, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-712, South Korea.
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Tan J, Wu J. Current progress in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of burn scar contracture. BURNS & TRAUMA 2017; 5:14. [PMID: 28546987 PMCID: PMC5441009 DOI: 10.1186/s41038-017-0080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal wound healing is likely to induce scar formation, leading to dysfunction, deformity, and psychological trauma in burn patients. Despite the advancement of medical care treatment, scar contracture in burn patients remains a challenge. Myofibroblasts play a key role in scar contracture. It has been demonstrated that myofibroblasts, as well as inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells, secrete transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and other cytokines, which can promote persistent myofibroblast activation via a positive regulation loop. In addition to the cellular contribution, the microenvironments, including the mechanical tension and integrin family, are also involved in scar contracture. Most recently, eukaryotic initiation factor 6 (eIF6), an upstream regulator of TGF-β1, has been demonstrated to be involved in myofibroblast differentiation and contraction in both in vitro fibroblast-populated collagen lattice (FPCL) and in vivo external mechanical stretch models. Moreover, the data showed that P311 could induce the transdifferentiation of epidermal stem cells to myofibroblasts by upregulating TGF-β1 expression, which mediated myofibroblast contraction. In this review, we briefly described the most current progress on the biological function of myofibroblasts in scar contracture and subsequently summarized the molecular events that initiated contracture. This would help us better understand the molecular basis of scar contracture as well as to find a comprehensive strategy for preventing/managing scar contracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Tan
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injuries, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Burns, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
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Curcumin Suppresses Intestinal Fibrosis by Inhibition of PPAR γ-Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:7876064. [PMID: 28203261 PMCID: PMC5292200 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7876064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrotic stricture is a major complication of Crohn's disease (CD) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is considered as an important contributor to the formation of intestinal fibrosis by increasing extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Curcumin, a compound derived from rhizomes of Curcuma, has been demonstrated with a potent antifibrotic effect. However, its effect on intestinal fibrosis and the potential mechanism is not completely understood. Here we found that curcumin pretreatment significantly represses TGF-β1-induced Smad pathway and decreases its downstream α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6); in contrast, curcumin increases expression of E-cadherin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in IEC-6. Moreover, curcumin promotes nuclear translocation of PPARγ and the inhibitory effect of curcumin on EMT could be reversed by PPARγ antagonist GW9662. Consistently, in the rat model of intestinal fibrosis induced by 2,4,5-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS), oral curcumin attenuates intestinal fibrosis by increasing the expression of PPARγ and E-cadherin and decreasing the expression of α-SMA, FN, and CTGF in colon tissue. Collectively, these results indicated that curcumin is able to prevent EMT progress in intestinal fibrosis by PPARγ-mediated repression of TGF-β1/Smad pathway.
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Expression of pro-fibrotic and anti-fibrotic molecules in dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic fibrosis. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 213:58-65. [PMID: 27894619 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic fibrosis is characterized by a progressive accumulation of fibrillar extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, produced by activated myofibroblasts which are modulated by both profibrotic and antifibrotic factors. OBJECTIVE To evaluate in vivo the expression of pro-fibrotic molecules like avβ6 integrin, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), Smad3, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR), as well as anti-fibrotic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) in an experimental model of chronic hepatitis-associated fibrosis induced by intraperitoneal administration of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in mice. METHODS Chronic hepatitis was induced in 12 Smad3 wild-type (WT) and 12 knock-out (KO) mice by intraperitoneal DMN administration. Histological, morphometric and immunohistochemical analyses using α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen types I-III, TGF-β1, Smad3, avβ6 integrin, CTGF, mTOR and PPARγ antibodies were performed. RESULTS The liver of DMN-treated Smad3 WT mice showed a higher degree of hepatic accumulation of connective tissue compared to KO mice. The expression of α-SMA, collagen I-III and CTGF was increased in Smad3 WT compared to KO mice treated with DMN, associated with a concomitant up-regulation of avβ6, TGFβ, Smad3, and mTOR and a reduction in PPARγ expression. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a possible interaction between pro-fibrotic and anti-fibrotic molecules in the development of hepatic fibrosis.
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Growth factor pathways in hypertrophic scars: Molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic implications. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:42-50. [PMID: 27636511 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars represent the most common complication of skin injury and are caused by excessive cutaneous wound healing characterized by hypervascularity and pathological deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. To date, the optimal and specific treatment methods for hypertrophic scars have not been available in the clinic. Current paradigm has established fibroblasts and myofibroblasts as pivotal effector cells in the pathophysiology of wound healing. Their biological properties including origin, proliferation, migration, contraction and ECM regulation have profound impacts on the progression and regression of hypertrophic scars. These complex processes are executed and modulated by a signaling network involving a number of growth factors and cytokines. Of particular importance is transforming growth factor-β, platelet-derived growth factor, connective tissue growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. This review article briefly describes the biological functions of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts during hypertrophic scars, and thereafter examines the up-to-date molecular knowledge on the roles of key growth factor pathways in the pathophysiology of hypertrophic scars. Importantly, the therapeutic implications and future challenges of these molecular discoveries are critically discussed in the hope of advancing therapeutic approaches to limit pathological scar formation.
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Zhang GY, Wu LC, Dai T, Chen SY, Wang AY, Lin K, Lin DM, Yang JQ, Cheng B, Zhang L, Gao WY, Li ZJ. NADPH oxidase-2 is a key regulator of human dermal fibroblasts: a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of skin fibrosis. Exp Dermatol 2016; 23:639-44. [PMID: 24981855 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of human skin dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) is a critical step in skin fibrosis, and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) exerts pro-oxidant and fibrogenic effects on HDFs. In addition, the oxidative stress system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of skin disease. However, the role of NADPH oxidase as a mediator of TGF-β1-induced effects in HDFs remains unknown. Thus, our aim was to investigate the role of NADPH in human skin dermal fibroblasts. Primary fibroblasts were cultured and pretreated with various stimulants. Real-time Q-PCR and Western blotting analyses were used for mRNA and protein detection. In addition, siRNA technology was applied for gene knock-down analysis. Hydrogen peroxide production and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) measurement assay were performed. Here, our findings demonstrated that HDFs express key components of non-phagocytic NADPH oxidase mRNA. TGF-β1 induced NOX2 and reactive oxygen species formation via NADPH oxidase activity. In contrast, NOX3 was barely detectable, and other NOXs did not display significant changes. In addition, TGF-β1 phosphorylated MAPKs and increased activator protein-1 (AP-1) in a redox-sensitive manner, and NOX2 suppression inhibited baseline and TGF-β1-mediated stimulation of Smad2 phosphorylation. Moreover, TGF-β1 stimulated cell proliferation, migration, collagen I and fibronectin expression, and bFGF and PAI-1 secretion: these effects were attenuated by diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, and NOX2 siRNA. Importantly, NOX2 siRNA suppresses collagen production in primary keloid dermal fibroblasts. These findings provide the proof of concept for NADPH oxidase as a potential target for the treatment of skin fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-You Zhang
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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14
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal fibrosis is mainly associated with Crohn's disease and is defined as a progressive and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components. No specific antifibrotic therapies are available. In this study, we evaluate the antifibrotic effect of a novel 5-ASA analog able to activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, named GED-0507-34 Levo. METHODS Colonic fibrosis was induced in 110 C57BL/6 mice by 3 cycles of 2.5% (wt/vol) dextran sulfate sodium administration for 6 weeks. The preventive effects of oral daily GED (30 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1)) administration were evaluated using a macroscopic and histological score and also through biological endpoints. Expression of main markers of myofibroblasts activation was determined in transforming growth factor (TGF-β)-stimulated intestinal fibroblasts and epithelial cells. RESULTS GED improved macroscopic and microscopic intestinal lesions in dextran sulfate sodium-treated animals and reduced the profibrotic gene expression of Acta2, COL1a1, and Fn1 by 1.48-folds (P < 0.05), 1.93-folds (P < 0.005), and 1.03-fold (P < 0.05), respectively. It reduced protein levels of main markers of fibrosis (α-SMA and Collagen I-II) and the main TGF-β/Smad pathway components. GED also decreased the interleukin-13 and connective tissue growth factor expression by 1.89-folds (P < 0.05) and 2.2-folds (P < 0.005), respectively. GED inhibited TGF-β-induced activation of both fibroblast and intestinal epithelial cell lines, by regulating mRNA expression of α-SMA and fibronectin, and restoring the TGF-β-induced loss of intestinal epithelial cell markers. GED treatment also reduced the TGF-β and ACTA1 expression in primary human intestinal fibroblasts from ulcerative colitis patients. CONCLUSIONS GED ameliorates intestinal fibrosis in dextran sulfate sodium-induced chronic colitis in mice and regulates major profibrotic cellular and molecular mechanisms.
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The Role of PPAR Gamma in Systemic Sclerosis. PPAR Res 2015; 2015:124624. [PMID: 26064084 PMCID: PMC4438188 DOI: 10.1155/2015/124624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is recognized as an important feature of many chronic diseases, such as systemic sclerosis (SSc), an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, characterized by immune dysregulation and vascular injury, followed by progressive fibrosis affecting the skin and multiple internal organs. SSc has a poor prognosis because no therapy has been shown to reverse or arrest the progression of fibrosis, representing a major unmet medical need. Recently, antifibrotic effects of PPARγ ligands have been studied in vitro and in vivo and some theories have emerged leading to new insights. Aberrant PPARγ function seems to be implicated in pathological fibrosis in the skin and lungs. This antifibrotic effect is mainly related to the inhibition of TGF-β/Smad signal transduction but other pathways can be involved. This review focused on recent studies that identified PPARγ as an important novel pathway with critical roles in regulating connective tissue homeostasis, with emphasis on skin and lung fibrosis and its role on systemic sclerosis.
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Latella G, Di Gregorio J, Flati V, Rieder F, Lawrance IC. Mechanisms of initiation and progression of intestinal fibrosis in IBD. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:53-65. [PMID: 25523556 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2014.968863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). It becomes clinically apparent in >30% of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and in about 5% with ulcerative colitis (UC). Fibrosis is a consequence of local chronic inflammation and is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition. ECM is produced by activated myofibroblasts, which are modulated by both, profibrotic and antifibrotic factors. Fibrosis depends on the balance between the production and degradation of ECM proteins. This equilibrium can be impacted by a complex and dynamic interaction between profibrotic and antifibrotic mediators. Despite the major therapeutic advances in the treatment of active inflammation in IBD over the past two decades, the incidence of intestinal strictures in CD has not significantly changed as the current anti-inflammatory therapies neither prevent nor reverse the established fibrosis and strictures. This implies that control of intestinal inflammation does not necessarily affect the associated fibrotic process. The conventional view that intestinal fibrosis is an inevitable and irreversible process in patients with IBD is also gradually changing in light of an improved understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underline the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Comprehension of the mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis is thus vital and may pave the way for the developments of antifibrotic agents and new therapeutic approaches in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Latella
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
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17
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Activation of PPAR-γ inhibits differentiation of rat osteoblasts by reducing expression of connective tissue growth factor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 34:652-656. [PMID: 25318873 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-014-1332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Long-term treatment with an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ is associated with bone fractures in the clinical practice. However, the mechanisms underlying the fractures are not fully understood. This study was aimed to examine the effect of rosiglitazone (an agonist of PPAR-γ) of different doses on the proliferation, differentiation, and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in primary rat osteoblasts in vitro. Osteoblasts were isolated from newly born SD rats and treated with different doses of rosiglitazone (0-20 μmol/L). The proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts were measured by MTT assay and NPP assay, respectively. The expression of CTGF was determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting. The results showed that most isolated osteoblasts displayed strong alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and treatment with different doses of rosiglitazone did not affect their proliferation, but significantly inhibited the differentiation of osteoblasts in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, treatment with different doses of rosiglitazone significantly reduced the TGF-β1-induced CTGF mRNA transcription and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner in rat osteoblasts. It was concluded that the activation of PPAR-γ may inhibit the differentiation of osteoblasts by reducing the TGF-β1-induced CTGF expression in vitro.
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18
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Latella G, Rogler G, Bamias G, Breynaert C, Florholmen J, Pellino G, Reif S, Speca S, Lawrance IC. Results of the 4th scientific workshop of the ECCO (I): pathophysiology of intestinal fibrosis in IBD. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8:1147-65. [PMID: 24731838 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The fourth scientific workshop of the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization (ECCO) focused on the relevance of intestinal fibrosis in the disease course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The objective was to better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis, to identify useful markers and imaging modalities of fibrosis in order to assess its presence and progression, and, finally, to point out possible approaches for the prevention and the treatment of fibrosis. The results of this workshop are presented in three separate manuscripts. This first section describes the most important mechanisms that contribute to the initiation and progression of intestinal fibrosis in IBD including the cellular and molecular mediators, the extracellular matrix molecules and matrix metalloproteinases/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-system, the microbiota products, the role of fat, genetic and epigenetic factors, as well as the currently available experimental models. Furthermore, it identifies unanswered questions in the field of intestinal fibrosis and provides a framework for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Latella
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hopsital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giorgos Bamias
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Ethnikon and Kapodistriakon University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christine Breynaert
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jon Florholmen
- Research Group of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Artic University of Norway and University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gianluca Pellino
- General Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Shimon Reif
- Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Silvia Speca
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research-INSERM, Unit U995, Lille, France
| | - Ian C Lawrance
- Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Fremantle Hospital, WA, Australia; University Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, WA, Australia
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Latella G, Vetuschi A, Sferra R, Speca S, Gaudio E. Localization of ανβ6 integrin-TGF-β1/Smad3, mTOR and PPARγ in experimental colorectal fibrosis. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e40. [PMID: 24441193 PMCID: PMC3896042 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A simultaneous action of several pro-fibrotic mediators appears relevant in the development of fibrosis. There are evidences that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad3 pathway forms with αvβ6 integrin, mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) a complex signalling network with extensive crosstalk and strong effects on fibrosis development. The present study evaluated the expression of TGFβ, Smad3, αvβ6 integrin, mTOR and PPARγ in 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colorectal fibrosis in Smad3 wild-type (WT) and null mice. Smad3 WT mice treated with TNBS developed a marked colorectal fibrosis and showed a concomitant up-regulation of TGFβ, Smad3, αvβ6 and mTOR and a reduction of PPARγ expression. On the other hand, Smad3 Null mice similarly treated with TNBS did not develop fibrosis and showed a very low or even absent expression of TGFβ, Smad3, αvβ6 and mTOR and a marked over-expression of PPARγ. At the same time the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (a marker of activated myofibroblasts), collagen I-III and connective tissue growth factor (a downstream effector of TGFβ/Smad3-induced extracellular matrix proteins) were up-regulated in Smad3 WT mice treated with TNBS compared to Null TNBS-treated mice. These preliminary results suggest a possible interaction between these pro-fibrotic molecules in the development of intestinal fibrosis.
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Vasheghani F, Monemdjou R, Fahmi H, Zhang Y, Perez G, Blati M, St-Arnaud R, Pelletier JP, Beier F, Martel-Pelletier J, Kapoor M. Adult cartilage-specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma knockout mice exhibit the spontaneous osteoarthritis phenotype. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1099-106. [PMID: 23375622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related progressive degenerative joint disease. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a transcription factor, is suggested as an attractive therapeutic target to counteract degradative mechanisms associated with OA. Studies suggest that activation of PPARγ by its agonists can reduce the synthesis of OA catabolic and inflammatory factors and the development of cartilage lesions in OA animal models. Because these agonists impart several PPARγ-independent effects, the specific in vivo function of PPARγ in cartilage homeostasis and OA remains largely unknown. Herein, we describe the in vivo role of PPARγ in OA using cartilage-specific PPARγ knockout (KO) mice generated using the Cre-lox system. Adult PPARγ KO mice exhibited a spontaneous OA phenotype associated with enhanced cartilage degradation, hypocellularity, synovial and cartilage fibrosis, synovial inflammation, mononuclear cell influx in the synovium, and increased expression of catabolic factors, including matrix metalloproteinase-13, accompanied by an increase in staining for matrix metalloproteinase-generated aggrecan and type II collagen neoepitopes (VDIPEN and C1-2C). We demonstrate that PPARγ-deficient articular cartilage exhibits elevated expression of the additional catabolic factors hypoxia-inducible factor-2α, syndecan-4, and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 and of the inflammatory factors cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. In conclusion, PPARγ is a critical regulator of cartilage health, the lack of which leads to an accelerated spontaneous OA phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Vasheghani
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre
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Speca S, Giusti I, Rieder F, Latella G. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3635-61. [PMID: 22851857 PMCID: PMC3406417 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i28.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a chronic and progressive process characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) leading to stiffening and/or scarring of the involved tissue. Intestinal fibrosis may develop in several different enteropathies, including inflammatory bowel disease. It develops through complex cell, extracellular matrix, cytokine and growth factor interactions. Distinct cell types are involved in intestinal fibrosis, such as resident mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells) but also ECM-producing cells derived from epithelial and endothelial cells (through a process termed epithelial- and endothelial-mesenchymal transition), stellate cells, pericytes, local or bone marrow-derived stem cells. The most important soluble factors that regulate the activation of these cells include cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, components of the renin-angiotensin system, angiogenic factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, mammalian target of rapamycin, and products of oxidative stress. It soon becomes clear that although inflammation is responsible for triggering the onset of the fibrotic process, it only plays a minor role in the progression of this condition, as fibrosis may advance in a self-perpetuating fashion. Definition of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in intestinal fibrosis may provide the key to developing new therapeutic approaches.
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Pioglitazone Attenuates Cystic Burden in the PCK Rodent Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease. PPAR Res 2010; 2010:274376. [PMID: 21052534 PMCID: PMC2968120 DOI: 10.1155/2010/274376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by growth of fluid-filled cysts predominately in kidney tubules and liver bile ducts. Currently, the clinical management of PKD is limited to cyst aspiration, surgical resection or organ transplantation. Based on an observation that PPARγ agonists such as pioglitazone and rosiglitazone decrease mRNA levels of a Cl− transport protein, CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), and the Cl− secretory response to vasopressin in cultured renal cells, it is hypothesized that PPARγ agonists will inhibit cyst growth. The current studies show that a 7- or 14-week pioglitazone feeding regimen inhibits renal and hepatic bile duct cyst growth in the PCK rat, a rodent model orthologous to human PKD. These studies provide proof of concept for the mechanism of action of the PPARγ agonists and suggest that this class of drugs may be effective in controlling both renal and hepatic cyst growth and fibrosis in PKD.
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Rotman N, Wahli W. PPAR modulation of kinase-linked receptor signaling in physiology and disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2010; 25:176-85. [PMID: 20551231 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00018.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinase-linked receptors and nuclear receptors connect external cues to gene transcription. Among nuclear receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are of special interest in relation to widespread human diseases. Mapping out connections between PPARs and kinase-linked receptor signaling is central to better understand physiological and pathophysiological processes and to better define therapeutic strategies. This is the aim of the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rotman
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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