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Foliaki ST, Race B, Williams K, Baune C, Groveman BR, Haigh CL. Reduced SOD2 expression does not influence prion disease course or pathology in mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259597. [PMID: 34735539 PMCID: PMC8568125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are progressive, neurodegenerative diseases affecting humans and animals. Also known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, for the hallmark spongiform change seen in the brain, these diseases manifest increased oxidative damage early in disease and changes in antioxidant enzymes in terminal brain tissue. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) is an antioxidant enzyme that is critical for life. SOD2 knock-out mice can only be kept alive for several weeks post-birth and only with antioxidant therapy. However, this results in the development of a spongiform encephalopathy. Consequently, we hypothesized that reduced levels of SOD2 may accelerate prion disease progression and play a critical role in the formation of spongiform change. Using SOD2 heterozygous knock-out and litter mate wild-type controls, we examined neuronal long-term potentiation, disease duration, pathology, and degree of spongiform change in mice infected with three strains of mouse adapted scrapie. No influence of the reduced SOD2 expression was observed in any parameter measured for any strain. We conclude that changes relating to SOD2 during prion disease are most likely secondary to the disease processes causing toxicity and do not influence the development of spongiform pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simote T. Foliaki
- Prion Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Brent Race
- Veterinary Biology Unit, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Katie Williams
- Prion Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Chase Baune
- Veterinary Biology Unit, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Bradley R. Groveman
- Prion Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Cathryn L. Haigh
- Prion Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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LPS Tolerance Inhibits Cellular Respiration and Induces Global Changes in the Macrophage Secretome. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020164. [PMID: 33513762 PMCID: PMC7918892 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory response plays an essential role in the resolution of infections. However, inflammation can be detrimental to an organism and cause irreparable damage. For example, during sepsis, a cytokine storm can lead to multiple organ failures and often results in death. One of the strongest triggers of the inflammatory response is bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), acting mostly through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Paradoxically, while exposure to LPS triggers a robust inflammatory response, repeated or prolonged exposure to LPS can induce a state of endotoxin tolerance, a phenomenon where macrophages and monocytes do not respond to new endotoxin challenges, and it is often associated with secondary infections and negative outcomes. The cellular mechanisms regulating this phenomenon remain elusive. We used metabolic measurements to confirm differences in the cellular metabolism of naïve macrophages and that of macrophages responding to LPS stimulation or those in the LPS-tolerant state. In parallel, we performed an unbiased secretome survey using quantitative mass spectrometry during the induction of LPS tolerance, creating the first comprehensive secretome profile of endotoxin-tolerant cells. The secretome changes confirmed that LPS-tolerant macrophages have significantly decreased cellular metabolism and that the proteins secreted by LPS-tolerant macrophages have a strong association with cell survival, protein metabolism, and the metabolism of reactive oxygen species.
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Brand MD. Riding the tiger - physiological and pathological effects of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generated in the mitochondrial matrix. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:592-661. [PMID: 33148057 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1828258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Elevated mitochondrial matrix superoxide and/or hydrogen peroxide concentrations drive a wide range of physiological responses and pathologies. Concentrations of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the mitochondrial matrix are set mainly by rates of production, the activities of superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2) and peroxiredoxin-3 (PRDX3), and by diffusion of hydrogen peroxide to the cytosol. These considerations can be used to generate criteria for assessing whether changes in matrix superoxide or hydrogen peroxide are both necessary and sufficient to drive redox signaling and pathology: is a phenotype affected by suppressing superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production; by manipulating the levels of SOD2, PRDX3 or mitochondria-targeted catalase; and by adding mitochondria-targeted SOD/catalase mimetics or mitochondria-targeted antioxidants? Is the pathology associated with variants in SOD2 and PRDX3 genes? Filtering the large literature on mitochondrial redox signaling using these criteria highlights considerable evidence that mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide drive physiological responses involved in cellular stress management, including apoptosis, autophagy, propagation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, cellular senescence, HIF1α signaling, and immune responses. They also affect cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and the cell cycle. Filtering the huge literature on pathologies highlights strong experimental evidence that 30-40 pathologies may be driven by mitochondrial matrix superoxide or hydrogen peroxide. These can be grouped into overlapping and interacting categories: metabolic, cardiovascular, inflammatory, and neurological diseases; cancer; ischemia/reperfusion injury; aging and its diseases; external insults, and genetic diseases. Understanding the involvement of mitochondrial matrix superoxide and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in these diseases can facilitate the rational development of appropriate therapies.
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Pomatto LCD, Davies KJA. Adaptive homeostasis and the free radical theory of ageing. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:420-430. [PMID: 29960100 PMCID: PMC6098721 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Free Radical Theory of Ageing, was first proposed by Denham Harman in the mid-1950's, based largely on work conducted by Rebeca Gerschman and Daniel Gilbert. At its core, the Free Radical Theory of Ageing posits that free radical and related oxidants, from the environment and internal metabolism, cause damage to cellular constituents that, over time, result in an accumulation of structural and functional problems. Several variations on the original concept have been advanced over the past six decades, including the suggestion of a central role for mitochondria-derived reactive species, and the proposal of an age-related decline in the effectiveness of protein, lipid, and DNA repair systems. Such innovations have helped the Free Radical Theory of Aging to achieve widespread popularity. Nevertheless, an ever-growing number of apparent 'exceptions' to the Theory have seriously undermined its acceptance. In part, we suggest, this has resulted from a rather simplistic experimental approach of knocking-out, knocking-down, knocking-in, or overexpressing antioxidant-related genes to determine effects on lifespan. In some cases such experiments have yielded results that appear to support the Free Radical Theory of Aging, but there are just as many published papers that appear to contradict the Theory. We suggest that free radicals and related oxidants are but one subset of stressors with which all life forms must cope over their lifespans. Adaptive Homeostasis is the mechanism by which organisms dynamically expand or contract the homeostatic range of stress defense and repair systems, employing a veritable armory of signal transduction pathways (such as the Keap1-Nrf2 system) to generate a complex profile of inducible and enzymatic protection that best fits the particular need. Viewed as a component of Adaptive Homeostasis, the Free Radical Theory of Aging appears both viable and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C D Pomatto
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 00089-0191, USA
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 00089-0191, USA; Molecular and Computational Biology Program of the Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and sciences, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Farhadian M, Rafat SA, Hasanpur K, Ebrahimi M, Ebrahimie E. Cross-Species Meta-Analysis of Transcriptomic Data in Combination With Supervised Machine Learning Models Identifies the Common Gene Signature of Lactation Process. Front Genet 2018; 9:235. [PMID: 30050559 PMCID: PMC6052129 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactation, a physiologically complex process, takes place in mammary gland after parturition. The expression profile of the effective genes in lactation has not comprehensively been elucidated. Herein, meta-analysis, using publicly available microarray data, was conducted identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between pre- and post-peak milk production. Three microarray datasets of Rat, Bos Taurus, and Tammar wallaby were used. Samples related to pre-peak (n = 85) and post-peak (n = 24) milk production were selected. Meta-analysis revealed 31 DEGs across the studied species. Interestingly, 10 genes, including MRPS18B, SF1, UQCRC1, NUCB1, RNF126, ADSL, TNNC1, FIS1, HES5 and THTPA, were not detected in original studies that highlights meta-analysis power in biosignature discovery. Common target and regulator analysis highlighted the high connectivity of CTNNB1, CDD4 and LPL as gene network hubs. As data originally came from three different species, to check the effects of heterogeneous data sources on DEGs, 10 attribute weighting (machine learning) algorithms were applied. Attribute weighting results showed that the type of organism had no or little effect on the selected gene list. Systems biology analysis suggested that these DEGs affect the milk production by improving the immune system performance and mammary cell growth. This is the first study employing both meta-analysis and machine learning approaches for comparative analysis of gene expression pattern of mammary glands in two important time points of lactation process. The finding may pave the way to use of publically available to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of physiologically complex traits such as lactation in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Farhadian
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed A Rafat
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Karim Hasanpur
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.,Division of Information Technology, Engineering and the Environment, School of Information Technology & Mathematical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Wang W, Jin Y, Zeng N, Ruan Q, Qian F. SOD2 Facilitates the Antiviral Innate Immune Response by Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:582-589. [PMID: 28574756 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) is essential in radical scavenging, which balances the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The dysfunction of SOD2 is associated with increasing incidence of various human diseases, including cancer, neuron diseases, and myocardial defects. However, the connections between SOD2-mediated oxidative homeostasis and innate immune response remain unclear. In this study, we report that SOD2 is a crucial regulator of antiviral signaling. Depletion of SOD2 impairs RNA virus-induced type I interferon (IFN) and proinflammatory cytokine production, resulting in enhanced viral replication. Type I IFN production is highly sensitive to cellular level of ROS. SOD2 deficiency-mediated ROS accumulation potently inhibits RIG-I-like receptor (RLR)-induced innate immune responses through the regulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factor-3 activation. These findings uncover a novel role for SOD2 in regulating RLR-mediated antiviral innate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Wang
- 1 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Yufei Jin
- 1 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Ningxiang Zeng
- 1 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Qingwei Ruan
- 2 Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Research Center of Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Qian
- 1 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
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Sosulski ML, Gongora R, Feghali-Bostwick C, Lasky JA, Sanchez CG. Sirtuin 3 Deregulation Promotes Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:595-602. [PMID: 27522058 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress leads to alveolar epithelial cell injury and fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation (FMD), key events in the pathobiology of pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is a mitochondrial protein deacetylase regulator of antioxidant response and mitochondrial homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate reduced SIRT3 expression in the lungs of old mice compared to young mice, as well as in two murine models of PF. The analysis of the pattern of SIRT3 expression in the lungs of patients with PF revealed low SIRT3 staining within the fibrotic regions. We also demonstrated, using murine models of PF and human lung fibroblasts, that reduced SIRT3 expression in response to transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) promotes acetylation (inactivation) of major oxidative stress response regulators, such as SOD2 and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2. Reduction of SIRT3 in human lung fibroblasts promoted FMD. By contrast, overexpression of SIRT3 attenuated TGFβ1-mediated FMD and significantly reduced the levels of SMAD family member 3 (SMAD3). Resveratrol induced SIRT3 expression and ameliorated acetylation changes induced by TGFβ1. We demonstrated that SIRT3-deficient mice are more susceptible to PF compared to control mice, and concomitantly exhibit enhanced SMAD3 expression. Collectively, these data define a SIRT3/TGFβ1 interaction during aging that may play a significant role in the pathobiology of PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith L Sosulski
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Rafael Gongora
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Carol Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Joseph A Lasky
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Cecilia G Sanchez
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Kaszubowska L, Foerster J, Kaczor JJ, Schetz D, Ślebioda TJ, Kmieć Z. Expression of cellular protective proteins SIRT1, HSP70 and SOD2 correlates with age and is significantly higher in NK cells of the oldest seniors. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2017; 14:3. [PMID: 28127381 PMCID: PMC5259875 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-017-0085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background NK cells are key effector lymphocytes of innate immunity provided with constitutive cytolytic activity, however, their role in human ageing is not entirely understood. The study aimed to analyze the expression of proteins involved in cellular stress response sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) in non-stimulated NK cells of the oldest seniors (n = 25; aged over 85; mean age 88 years) and compare with NK cells of the old (n = 30; aged under 85; mean age 76 years) and the young (n = 32; mean age 21 years) to find potential relationships between the level of expression of these proteins in NK cells and longevity. The concentration of carbonyl groups and 8-isoprostanes in NK cell lysates reflecting the level of oxidative stress was also measured. Results The group of the oldest seniors differed from the other age groups by significantly higher percentage of NK cells expressing SIRT1, HSP70 and SOD2. The concentration of both carbonyl groups and 8-isoprostanes in NK cell extracts remained within the normal range in all age groups. The percentage of NK cells with the expression of, respectively, SIRT1, HSP70 and SOD2 correlated positively with age. Some correlations between expression levels of particular protective proteins SIRT1, HSP70 and SOD2 were observed in the study population. Conclusions The increased expression of cellular protective proteins SIRT1, HSP70 and SOD2 in NK cells of the oldest seniors seems to correspond to longevity and the observed correlations may suggest the involvement of these proteins in establishing NK cell homeostasis specific for healthy ageing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Kaszubowska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, Gdańsk, PL-80-211 Poland
| | - Jerzy Foerster
- Department of Social and Clinical Gerontology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, Gdańsk, PL-80-211 Poland
| | - Jan Jacek Kaczor
- Department of Physiotherapy, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Górskiego 1, Gdańsk, PL-80-336 Poland
| | - Daria Schetz
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Kartuska 4/6, Gdańsk, PL-80-104 Poland
| | - Tomasz Jerzy Ślebioda
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, Gdańsk, PL-80-211 Poland
| | - Zbigniew Kmieć
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, Gdańsk, PL-80-211 Poland
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Schinnerling K, García-González P, Aguillón JC. Gene Expression Profiling of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells - Searching for Molecular Regulators of Tolerogenicity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:528. [PMID: 26539195 PMCID: PMC4609880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to initiate and modulate antigen-specific immune responses has made them attractive targets for immunotherapy. Since DC research in humans is limited by the scarcity of DC populations in the blood circulation, most of our knowledge about DC biology and function has been obtained in vitro from monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs), which can be readily generated in sufficient numbers and are able to differentiate into distinct functional subsets depending on the nature of stimulus. In particular, moDCs with tolerogenic properties (tolDCs) possess great therapeutic potential for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Several protocols have been developed to generate tolDCs in vitro, able to reinstruct auto-reactive T cells and to promote regulatory cells. While ligands and soluble mediators, by which DCs shape immune responses, have been vastly studied, the intracellular pathways and transcriptional regulators that govern tolDC differentiation and function are poorly understood. Whole-genome microarrays and proteomics provide useful strategies to dissect the complex molecular processes that promote tolerogenicity. Only few attempts have been made to understand tolDC biology through a global view on "omics" profiles. So far, the identification of a common regulator of tolerogenicity has been hampered by the fact that each protocol, used for tolDC generation, targets distinct signaling pathways. Here, we review the progress in understanding the transcriptional regulation of moDC differentiation, with a special focus on tolDCs, and highlight candidate molecules that might be associated with DC tolerogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina Schinnerling
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII) , Santiago , Chile
| | - Paulina García-González
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII) , Santiago , Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII) , Santiago , Chile
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Haq K, McElhaney JE. Ageing and respiratory infections: the airway of ageing. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:323-8. [PMID: 24973652 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections are a leading cause of infectious disease burden worldwide especially among the elderly. Furthermore, a direct relationship between ageing and susceptibility to infections has been reported, which may be caused by impaired immune function, frailty and degree of exposure to infectious diseases. Many complex changes, including structural and age-associated decline in immunity are associated with increased pulmonary diseases worldwide and result in a high age-related disease burden. The common respiratory infections that present serious risks for the elderly include influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and a number of bacterial pathogens including pneumococcus and tuberculosis. Vaccines are available for a limited number of these pathogens including influenza, pneumococcal and pertussis vaccines. This mini review article examines the age-related changes in immune function that predispose the elderly population to respiratory infections and potential loss of vaccine efficacy with a focus on ageing and influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Haq
- Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada, Sudbury, ON, Canada P3E 5J1
| | - Janet E McElhaney
- Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada, Sudbury, ON, Canada P3E 5J1.
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