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Hiller M, Woda C, Degteva M, Bugrov N, Shishkina E, Pryakhin E, Ivanov O. External dose reconstruction at the shore of the Metlinsky Pond in the former village of Metlino (Techa River, Russia) based on environmental surveys, luminescence measurements and radiation transport modelling. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2022; 61:87-109. [PMID: 34816291 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-021-00953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cohorts of people formerly living at the Techa River shoreline in the Southern Urals, Russia, are widely studied cohorts for the investigation of low-dose radiation effects to human health. The nuclear facilities of the Mayak Production Association (PA) discharged their radioactive effluents into the nearby Techa River, especially in the first years of operation. Health status of cohort member data is constantly being improved and updated. Consequently, there is a need to also improve and verify the underlying dosimetry, which gives information about the dose of cohort members. For the Techa River population, the dosimetry is handled in the Techa River Dosimetry System (TRDS). The present work shows results of a feasibility study to validate the TRDS at the location of the village of Metlino, a village just 7 km downstream from the Mayak PA. For this settlement there were two sources of external exposure, the contaminated banks of the Techa River and the contaminated shoreline of the nearby Metlinsky Pond. In the present study the north-western wall of a granary was used as a dose archive to validate dose estimates. Measurements of doses in brick accumulated over many decades and measurements of the current dose rate in bricks were combined with dose rate measurements in air above ground in front of the granary, historical contamination data and Monte-Carlo simulations. Air kerma estimates for 1949-1956 significantly different from zero could not be reconstructed for the Metlinsky Pond shoreline near the granary, but an upper dose limit could be estimated. Implications for TRDS-2016 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clemens Woda
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Medicine, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marina Degteva
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelaybinsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay Bugrov
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelaybinsk, Russia
| | - Elena Shishkina
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelaybinsk, Russia
- Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk, 454001, Russia
| | - Evgeny Pryakhin
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelaybinsk, Russia
| | - Oleg Ivanov
- National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, 123182, Russia
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Abend M, Pfeiffer RM, Port M, Hatch M, Bogdanova T, Tronko MD, Mabuchi K, Azizova T, Unger K, Braselmann H, Ostheim P, Brenner AV. Utility of gene expression studies in relation to radiation exposure and clinical outcomes: thyroid cancer in the Ukrainian-American cohort and late health effects in a MAYAK worker cohort. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:12-18. [PMID: 32310011 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1748739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We herein report on changes in gene expression after radiation exposure to iodine-131 from the Chernobyl accident in the Ukrainian-American thyroid cohort and to external gamma ray or internal plutonium exposure in the Mayak Production Association radiation workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Taking advantage of access to tissue samples from the thyroid cancer cases in the Ukrainian-American cohort, our group tried to identify candidate genes to discriminate spontaneously occurring thyroid cancers from thyroid cancers caused by radiation exposure. We also examined gene expression changes in normal and cancerous thyroid tissue in relation to iodine-131 dose separately. Gene expression changes in the peripheral blood of radiation exposed Mayak workers were examined to elucidate the dose-to-gene and gene-to-health (e.g. cardiovascular disease) relationships. CONCLUSIONS Results of both projects are discussed under the aspect of dose-response relationships (dose-to-gene) and clinical outcome relationships (gene-to-effect) in light of how mechanistic data can be translated into actionable knowledge for radiation protection or clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Abend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Matthias Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Tamara Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Integrative Biology Group, Helmholtz-Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Braselmann
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Integrative Biology Group, Helmholtz-Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
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Hiller MM, Woda C, Bougrov NG, Degteva MO, Ivanov O, Ulanovsky A, Romanov S. External dose reconstruction for the former village of Metlino (Techa River, Russia) based on environmental surveys, luminescence measurements, and radiation transport modelling. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2017; 56:139-159. [PMID: 28374124 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-017-0688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the first years of its operation, the Mayak Production Association, a facility part of the Soviet nuclear weapons program in the Southern Urals, Russia, discharged large amounts of radioactively contaminated effluent into the nearby Techa River, thus exposing the people living at this river to external and internal radiations. The Techa River Cohort is a cohort intensely studied in epidemiology to investigate the correlation between low-dose radiation and health effects on humans. For the individuals in the cohort, the Techa River Dosimetry System describes the accumulated dose in human organs and tissues. In particular, organ doses from external exposure are derived from estimates of dose rate in air on the Techa River banks which were estimated from measurements and Monte Carlo modelling. Individual doses are calculated in accordance with historical records of individuals' residence histories, observational data of typical lifestyles for different age groups, and age-dependent conversion factors from air kerma to organ dose. The work here describes an experimentally independent assessment of the key input parameter of the dosimetry system, the integral air kerma, for the former village of Metlino, upper Techa River region. The aim of this work was thus to validate the Techa River Dosimetry System for the location of Metlino in an independent approach. Dose reconstruction based on dose measurements in bricks from a church tower and Monte Carlo calculations was used to model the historic air kerma accumulated in the time from 1949 to 1956 at the shoreline of the Techa River in Metlino. Main issues are caused by a change in the landscape after the evacuation of the village in 1956. Based on measurements and published information and data, two separate models for the historic pre-evacuation geometry and for the current geometry of Metlino were created. Using both models, a value for the air kerma was reconstructed, which agrees with that obtained in the Techa River Dosimetry System within a factor of two.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Hiller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - C Woda
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - N G Bougrov
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - M O Degteva
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - O Ivanov
- Kurchatov Institute Moscow, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - A Ulanovsky
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - S Romanov
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Russia
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Simonetto C, Azizova TV, Barjaktarovic Z, Bauersachs J, Jacob P, Kaiser JC, Meckbach R, Schöllnberger H, Eidemüller M. A mechanistic model for atherosclerosis and its application to the cohort of Mayak workers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175386. [PMID: 28384359 PMCID: PMC5383300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a stochastic model for use in epidemiological analysis, describing the age-dependent development of atherosclerosis with adequate simplification. The model features the uptake of monocytes into the arterial wall, their proliferation and transition into foam cells. The number of foam cells is assumed to determine the health risk for clinically relevant events such as stroke. In a simulation study, the model was checked against the age-dependent prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions. Next, the model was applied to incidence of atherosclerotic stroke in the cohort of male workers from the Mayak nuclear facility in the Southern Urals. It describes the data as well as standard epidemiological models. Based on goodness-of-fit criteria the risk factors smoking, hypertension and radiation exposure were tested for their effect on disease development. Hypertension was identified to affect disease progression mainly in the late stage of atherosclerosis. Fitting mechanistic models to incidence data allows to integrate biological evidence on disease progression into epidemiological studies. The mechanistic approach adds to an understanding of pathogenic processes, whereas standard epidemiological methods mainly explore the statistical association between risk factors and disease outcome. Due to a more comprehensive scientific foundation, risk estimates from mechanistic models can be deemed more reliable. To the best of our knowledge, such models are applied to epidemiological data on cardiovascular diseases for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristoforo Simonetto
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Radiation Sciences, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tamara V. Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russia
| | - Zarko Barjaktarovic
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Radiation Sciences, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Jacob
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Radiation Sciences, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Christian Kaiser
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Radiation Sciences, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Meckbach
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Radiation Sciences, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Schöllnberger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Radiation Sciences, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Markus Eidemüller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Radiation Sciences, Neuherberg, Germany
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Scherthan H, Sotnik N, Peper M, Schrock G, Azizova T, Abend M. Telomere Length in Aged Mayak PA Nuclear Workers Chronically Exposed to Internal Alpha and External Gamma Radiation. Radiat Res 2016; 185:658-67. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14271.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Shagina NB, Tolstykh EI, Fell TP, Smith TJ, Harrison JD, Degteva MO. Strontium biokinetic model for the lactating woman and transfer to breast milk: application to Techa River studies. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2015; 35:677-694. [PMID: 26295519 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/35/3/677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a biokinetic model for strontium metabolism in the lactating woman and transfer to breast milk for members of Techa River communities exposed as a result of discharges of liquid radioactive wastes from the Mayak plutonium production facility (Russia) in the early 1950s. This model was based on that developed for the International Commission for Radiological Protection with modifications to account for population specific features of breastfeeding and maternal bone mineral metabolism. The model is based on a biokinetic model for the adult female with allowances made for changes in mineral metabolism during periods of exclusive and partial breast-feeding. The model for females of all ages was developed earlier from extensive data on (90)Sr-body measurements for Techa Riverside residents. Measurements of (90)Sr concentrations in the maternal skeleton and breast milk obtained in the1960s during monitoring of global fallout in the Southern Urals region were used for evaluation of strontium transfer to breast and breast milk. The model was validated with independent data from studies of global fallout in Canada and measurements of (90)Sr body-burden in women living in the Techa River villages who were breastfeeding during maximum (90)Sr-dietary intakes. The model will be used in evaluations of the intake of strontium radioisotopes in breast milk by children born in Techa River villages during the radioactive releases and quantification of (90)Sr retention in the maternal skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Shagina
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Chelyabinsk, 454076, Russia
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Beyond two-stage models for lung carcinogenesis in the Mayak workers: implications for plutonium risk. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126238. [PMID: 26000637 PMCID: PMC4441484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic multi-stage models are used to analyze lung-cancer mortality after Plutonium exposure in the Mayak-workers cohort, with follow-up until 2008. Besides the established two-stage model with clonal expansion, models with three mutation stages as well as a model with two distinct pathways to cancer are studied. The results suggest that three-stage models offer an improved description of the data. The best-fitting models point to a mechanism where radiation increases the rate of clonal expansion. This is interpreted in terms of changes in cell-cycle control mediated by bystander signaling or repopulation following cell killing. No statistical evidence for a two-pathway model is found. To elucidate the implications of the different models for radiation risk, several exposure scenarios are studied. Models with a radiation effect at an early stage show a delayed response and a pronounced drop-off with older ages at exposure. Moreover, the dose-response relationship is strongly nonlinear for all three-stage models, revealing a marked increase above a critical dose.
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Abend M, Azizova T, Müller K, Dörr H, Doucha-Senf S, Kreppel H, Rusinova G, Glazkova I, Vyazovskaya N, Unger K, Braselmann H, Meineke V. Association of Radiation-Induced Genes with Noncancer Chronic Diseases in Mayak Workers Occupationally Exposed to Prolonged Radiation. Radiat Res 2015; 183:249-61. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13758.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Abend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk 456780, Russia
| | - Kerstin Müller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Dörr
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Doucha-Senf
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Kreppel
- Bundeswehr Medical Office, Department IX 1, CBRN Med Defence, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Galina Rusinova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk 456780, Russia
| | - Irina Glazkova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk 456780, Russia
| | - Natalia Vyazovskaya
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk 456780, Russia
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Integrative Biology Group, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Braselmann
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Integrative Biology Group, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Viktor Meineke
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, 80937 Munich, Germany
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9
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Abend M, Azizova T, Müller K, Dörr H, Senf S, Kreppel H, Rusinova G, Glazkova I, Vyazovskaya N, Unger K, Meineke V. Independent Validation of Candidate Genes Identified after a Whole Genome Screening on Mayak Workers Exposed to Prolonged Occupational Radiation. Radiat Res 2014; 182:299-309. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13645.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Abend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Kerstin Müller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Dörr
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Senf
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Kreppel
- Bundeswehr Medical Office, Department IX 1, CBRN Med Defence, Munich, Germany
| | - Galina Rusinova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Irina Glazkova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Vyazovskaya
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Integrative Biology Group, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Viktor Meineke
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
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Abend M, Azizova T, Müller K, Dörr H, Senf S, Kreppel H, Rusinova G, Glazkova I, Vyazovskaya N, Schmidl D, Unger K, Meineke V. Gene expression analysis in Mayak workers with prolonged occupational radiation exposure. HEALTH PHYSICS 2014; 106:664-676. [PMID: 24776898 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The authors evaluated gene expression in the peripheral blood in relation to occupational exposure in Mayak workers to find out about the existence of a permanent post exposure signature. Workers were exposed to combined incorporated ²³⁹Pu and external gamma rays (n = 82) or to external gamma rays only (n = 18), and 50 unexposed individuals served as controls. Peripheral blood was taken from workers older than 70 y. RNA was isolated, converted into cDNA, and stored at -20°C. A two-stage study design was performed focusing on examinations on the transcriptional (mRNA) and post-transcriptional level (microRNA). In the first stage, 40 samples were identified for screening purposes and selection of candidate genes. For examinations on the transcriptional level, whole genome microarrays and qRT-PCR were employed on the post-transcriptional level (667 microRNAs). Candidate genes were assessed by (1) introducing a twofold difference in gene expression over the reference group and (2) showing a significant p-value using the Kruskal-Wallis test. From 42,545 transcripts of the whole genome microarray, 376 candidate genes (80 up-regulated and 296 down-regulated relative to the reference group) were selected. Expression of almost all of these genes (70-98%) appeared significantly associated with internal ²³⁹Pu and to a lesser extent were associated with external gamma-ray exposure (2-30%). Associations in the same direction were found for 45 microRNAs. Although both exposures led to modulations of different gene sets in different directions, the authors could detect no differences in gene set enrichment analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Abend
- *Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany; †Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Russian Federation; ‡Bundeswehr Medical Office, Department IX 1, CBRN Med Defence, Munich, Germany; §Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Integrative Biology Group, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany
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11
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Simonetto C, Azizova TV, Grigoryeva ES, Kaiser JC, Schöllnberger H, Eidemüller M. Ischemic heart disease in workers at Mayak PA: latency of incidence risk after radiation exposure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96309. [PMID: 24828606 PMCID: PMC4020749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an updated analysis of incidence and mortality from atherosclerotic induced ischemic heart diseases in the cohort of workers at the Mayak Production Association (PA). This cohort constitutes one of the most important sources for the assessment of radiation risk. It is exceptional because it comprises information on several other risk factors. While most of the workers have been exposed to external gamma radiation, a large proportion has additionally been exposed to internal radiation from inhaled plutonium. Compared to a previous study by Azizova et al. 2012, the updated dosimetry system MWDS-2008 has been applied and methods of analysis have been revised. We extend the analysis of the significant incidence risk and observe that main detrimental effects of external radiation exposure occur after more than about 30 years. For mortality, significant risk was found in males with an excess relative risk per dose of 0.09 (95% CI: 0.02; 0.16) [Formula: see text] while risk was insignificant for females. With respect to internal radiation exposure no association to risk could be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristoforo Simonetto
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Radiation Sciences, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Tamara V. Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russia
| | | | - Jan C. Kaiser
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Radiation Sciences, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Schöllnberger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Radiation Sciences, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Markus Eidemüller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Radiation Sciences, Neuherberg, Germany
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Azizova TV, Fedirko V, Tsareva Y, Tretyakov F, Lassen CF, Friis S, Schüz J. Mayak workers study cohort. An inter-institutional comparison of causes of death in the cause-of-death register of Ozyorsk in the Russian Federation. Methods Inf Med 2012; 51:144-9. [PMID: 22311170 DOI: 10.3414/me11-01-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cause-of-death register at the Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Ozyorsk, Russia, was established to document the number and causes of deaths in the Mayak workers cohort, which includes all persons (N = 22,377) employed at Mayak nuclear facility between 1948 and 1982. Most workers were occupationally exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation and have been shown to have increased risks of various chronic diseases including cancer. OBJECTIVES To investigate the quality of cause of death coding in the SUBI register. METHODS A random sample of 246 deaths (~1% of the total) was coded independently at the SUBI and the Danish Cancer Society using the International Classification of Diseases 9 (ICD-9). Proportions of matching codes were calculated. RESULTS Overall, 233 deaths (95%) were identically classified using the ICD-9 main category matching. Excluding mismatches that were considered to be incorrectly coded during validation, the validity of the register increased to 98%. Using the specific ICD-9 first three-digit matching, 182 deaths were identically coded (74%) and the respective validity of the register was 85%. There were also some non-resolvable discrepancies demonstrating limitations of assigning one code for each death or using language-adapted ICD-9 version. CONCLUSIONS This validation study was an important quality check of a register used for mortality follow-up in a highly influential epidemiological study on radiation-related health effects. The results of the inter-institutional comparison were generally favourable; however, since the comparison revealed individual mismatches and some systematically differing coding practices, it is essential to repeat it on a regular basis in order to maintain a high quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Azizova
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Section of Environment and Radiation, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France.
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Rana S, Kumar R, Sultana S, Sharma RK. Radiation-induced biomarkers for the detection and assessment of absorbed radiation doses. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2011; 2:189-96. [PMID: 21829314 PMCID: PMC3148623 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.68500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation incident involving living organisms is an uncommon but a very serious situation. The first step in medical management including triage is high-throughput assessment of the radiation dose received. Radiation exposure levels can be assessed from viability of cells, cellular organelles such as chromosome and different intermediate metabolites. Oxidative damages by ionizing radiation result in carcinogenesis, lowering of the immune response and, ultimately, damage to the hematopoietic system, gastrointestinal system and central nervous system. Biodosimetry is based on the measurement of the radiation-induced changes, which can correlate them with the absorbed dose. Radiation biomarkers such as chromosome aberration are most widely used. Serum enzymes such as serum amylase and diamine oxidase are the most promising biodosimeters. The level of gene expression and protein are also good biomarkers of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Rana
- Division of CBRN Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Marg, Delhi - 110 054, India
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Fattibene P, Callens F. EPR dosimetry with tooth enamel: A review. Appl Radiat Isot 2010; 68:2033-116. [PMID: 20599388 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
When tooth enamel is exposed to ionizing radiation, radicals are formed, which can be detected using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. EPR dosimetry using tooth enamel is based on the (presumed) correlation between the intensity or amplitude of some of the radiation-induced signals with the dose absorbed in the enamel. In the present paper a critical review is given of this widely applied dosimetric method. The first part of the paper is fairly fundamental and deals with the main properties of tooth enamel and some of its model systems (e.g., synthetic apatites). Considerable attention is also paid to the numerous radiation-induced and native EPR signals and the radicals responsible for them. The relevant methods for EPR detection, identification and spectrum analyzing are reviewed from a general point of view. Finally, the needs for solid-state modelling and studies of the linearity of the dose response are investigated. The second part is devoted to the practical implementation of EPR dosimetry using enamel. It concerns specific problems of preparation of samples, their irradiation and spectrum acquisition. It also describes how the dosimetric signal intensity and dose can be retrieved from the EPR spectra. Special attention is paid to the energy dependence of the EPR response and to sources of uncertainties. Results of and problems encountered in international intercomparisons and epidemiological studies are also dealt with. In the final section the future of EPR dosimetry with tooth enamel is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fattibene
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Technology and Health, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Tolstykh EI, Shagina NB, Peremyslova LM, Degteva MO, Phipps AW, Harrison JD, Fell TP. Reconstruction of (90)Sr intake for breast-fed infants in the Techa riverside settlements. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2008; 47:349-357. [PMID: 18443812 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-008-0168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Techa River (Southern Urals, Russia) was contaminated as a result of radioactive releases by the Mayak plutonium production facility during 1949-1956. The persons born after the onset of the contamination have been identified as the "Techa River Offspring Cohort" (TROC). The TROC has the potential to provide direct data on health effects in progeny that resulted from exposure of a general parent population to chronic radiation. The purpose of the present investigation is the estimation of (90)Sr intake from breast milk and river water in the period from birth to 6 months of life, necessary for an infant dose calculation. The investigation is based on all available data concerning radioactive contamination due to global fallouts and Mayak releases in the Southern Urals where extensive radiometric and radiochemical investigations of human tissues and environmental samples were conducted during the second half of the twentieth century. The strontium transfer factor from mother's daily diet to breast milk was estimated as 0.05 (0.01-0.13) d L(-1). Based on this transfer factor and data on (90)Sr water contamination, the average total (90)Sr intake for an infant born in the middle Techa River region was found to be equal to 60-80 kBq in 1950-1951. For the same period, calculations of (90)Sr intake using ICRP models gave values of 70-100 kBq. From 1952 onwards, the differences in intakes calculated using the two approaches increased, reaching a factor of 2-3 in 1953. The Techa River data provide the basis for improving and adapting the ICRP models for application to Techa River-specific population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia I Tolstykh
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, 68-a Vorovsky Street, Chelyabinsk, Russia.
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16
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Azizova TV, Day RD, Wald N, Muirhead CR, O'Hagan JA, Sumina MV, Belyaeva ZD, Druzhinina MB, Teplyakov II, Semenikhina NG, Stetsenko LA, Grigoryeva ES, Krupenina LN, Vlasenko EV. The "clinic" medical-dosimetric database of Mayak production association workers: structure, characteristics and prospects of utilization. HEALTH PHYSICS 2008; 94:449-58. [PMID: 18403966 DOI: 10.1097/01.hp.0000300757.00912.a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To study early (deterministic) and long-term effects of radiation exposure, the "Clinic" medical-dosimetric database for the Mayak Production Association worker cohort has been established at the Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI). This paper describes the principles of organization, structure and prospects of future utilization of this database.
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17
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Bess JD, Krahenbuhl MP, Miller SC, Slaughter DM, Khokhryakov VV, Khokhryakov VF, Suslova KG, Vostrotin VV. Uncertainties analysis for the plutonium dosimetry model, doses-2005, using Mayak bioassay data. HEALTH PHYSICS 2007; 93:207-19. [PMID: 17693771 DOI: 10.1097/01.hp.0000266741.42070.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The Doses-2005 model is a combination of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) models modified using data from the Mayak Production Association cohort. Surrogate doses from inhaled plutonium can be assigned to approximately 29% of the Mayak workers using their urine bioassay measurements and other history records. The purpose of this study was to quantify and qualify the uncertainties in the estimates for radiation doses calculated with the Doses-2005 model by using Monte Carlo methods and perturbation theory. The average uncertainty in the yearly dose estimates for most organs was approximately 100% regardless of the transportability classification. The relative source of the uncertainties comes from three main sources: 45% from the urine bioassay measurements, 29% from the Doses-2005 model parameters, and 26% from the reference masses for the organs. The most significant reduction in the overall dose uncertainties would result from improved methods in bioassay measurement with additional improvements generated through further model refinement. Additional uncertainties were determined for dose estimates resulting from changes in the transportability classification and the smoking toggle. A comparison was performed to determine the effect of using the model with data from either urine bioassay or autopsy data; no direct correlation could be established. Analysis of the model using autopsy data and incorporation of results from other research efforts that have utilized plutonium ICRP models could improve the Doses-2005 model and reduce the overall uncertainty in the dose estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Bess
- Center for Excellence in Nuclear Technology, Engineering, and Research (CENTER), 50 So. Central Campus Drive, Rm 1206, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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18
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Hande MP, Azizova TV, Burak LE, Khokhryakov VF, Geard CR, Brenner DJ. Complex chromosome aberrations persist in individuals many years after occupational exposure to densely ionizing radiation: an mFISH study. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 44:1-9. [PMID: 15912529 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lived, sensitive, and specific biomarkers of particular mutagenic agents are much sought after and potentially have broad applications in the fields of cancer biology, epidemiology, and prevention. Many clastogens induce a spectrum of chromosome aberrations, and some of them can be exploited as biomarkers of exposure. Densely ionizing radiation, for example, alpha particle radiation (from radon or plutonium) and neutron radiation, preferentially induces complex chromosome aberrations, which can be detected by the 24-color multifluor fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) technique. We report the detection and quantification of stable complex chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes of healthy former nuclear-weapons workers, who were exposed many years ago to plutonium, gamma rays, or both, at the Mayak weapons complex in Russia. We analyzed peripheral-blood lymphocytes from these individuals for the presence of persistent complex chromosome aberrations. A significantly elevated frequency of complex chromosome translocations was detected in the highly exposed plutonium workers but not in the group exposed only to high doses of gamma radiation. No such differences were found for simple chromosomal aberrations. The results suggest that stable complex chromosomal translocations represent a long-lived, quantitative, low-background biomarker of densely ionizing radiation for human populations exposed many years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Prakash Hande
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
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19
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Bhat M. EPR tooth dosimetry as a tool for validation of retrospective doses: an end-user perspective. Appl Radiat Isot 2005; 62:155-61. [PMID: 15607442 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The US Department of Energy (DOE) is co-funding several studies on health effects of radiation in Southern Urals in Russia and on Chernobyl liquidators in Ukraine. Obtaining dose-response relationships is central to all these studies. In order to validate retrospective doses estimated by various methods, Electron paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) tooth dosimetry, considered by many as a gold standard, was attempted. The EPR technique, however, has some limitations. This paper discusses the potential pitfalls of using EPR tooth dosimetry, and some potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohandas Bhat
- Office of Health Studies, EH-51, 270 Corporate Center, Department of Energy, 1000 Independence Ave. SW Washington, DC 20585, USA.
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20
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Mitchell CR, Azizova TV, Hande MP, Burak LE, Tsakok JM, Khokhryakov VF, Geard CR, Brenner DJ. Stable Intrachromosomal Biomarkers of Past Exposure to Densely Ionizing Radiation in Several Chromosomes of Exposed Individuals. Radiat Res 2004; 162:257-63. [PMID: 15378838 DOI: 10.1667/rr3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A multicolor banding (mBAND) fluorescence in situ hybridization technique was used to investigate the presence inhuman populations of a stable biomarker-intrachromosomal chromosome aberrations-of past exposure to high-LET radiation. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were taken from healthy Russian nuclear workers occupationally exposed from 1949 onward to either plutonium, gamma rays or both. Metaphase spreads were produced and chromosomes 1 and 2 were hybridized with mBAND FISH probes and scored for intra-chromosomal aberrations. A large yield of intrachromosomal aberrations was observed in both chromosomes of the individuals exposed to high doses of plutonium, whereas there was no significant increase over the (low) background control rate in the population who were exposed to high doses of gamma rays. Interchromosome aberration yields were similar in both the high plutonium and the high gamma-ray groups. These results for chromosome 1 and 2 confirm and extend data published previously for chromosome 5. Intrachromosomal aberrations thus represent a potential biomarker for past exposure to high-LET radiations such as alpha particles and neutrons and could possibly be used as a biodosimeter to estimate both the dose and type of radiation exposure in previously exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Mitchell
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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21
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Hande MP, Azizova TV, Geard CR, Burak LE, Mitchell CR, Khokhryakov VF, Vasilenko EK, Brenner DJ. Past exposure to densely ionizing radiation leaves a unique permanent signature in the genome. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72:1162-70. [PMID: 12679897 PMCID: PMC1180269 DOI: 10.1086/375041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2002] [Accepted: 02/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Speculation has long surrounded the question of whether past exposure to ionizing radiation leaves a unique permanent signature in the genome. Intrachromosomal rearrangements or deletions are produced much more efficiently by densely ionizing radiation than by chemical mutagens, x-rays, or endogenous aging processes. Until recently, such stable intrachromosomal aberrations have been very hard to detect, but a new chromosome band painting technique has made their detection practical. We report the detection and quantification of stable intrachromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes of healthy former nuclear-weapons workers who were exposed to plutonium many years ago. Even many years after occupational exposure, more than half the blood cells of the healthy plutonium workers contain large (>6 Mb) intrachromosomal rearrangements. The yield of these aberrations was highly correlated with plutonium dose to the bone marrow. The control groups contained very few such intrachromosomal aberrations. Quantification of this large-scale chromosomal damage in human populations exposed many years earlier will lead to new insights into the mechanisms and risks of cytogenetic damage.
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MESH Headings
- Alpha Particles/adverse effects
- Bone Marrow/radiation effects
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Breakage
- Chromosome Inversion
- Chromosome Painting
- Chromosomes, Human/radiation effects
- Chromosomes, Human/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/radiation effects
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/ultrastructure
- Gamma Rays/adverse effects
- Genome, Human
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Inhalation Exposure/adverse effects
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Lymphocytes/radiation effects
- Nuclear Reactors
- Occupational Exposure/adverse effects
- Plutonium/adverse effects
- Radiation Dosage
- Radiation, Ionizing
- Reference Values
- Russia
- Time
- Translocation, Genetic
- USSR
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Prakash Hande
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York; and Southern Urals Biophysics Institute and Mayak Production Association, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Tamara V. Azizova
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York; and Southern Urals Biophysics Institute and Mayak Production Association, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Charles R. Geard
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York; and Southern Urals Biophysics Institute and Mayak Production Association, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Ludmilla E. Burak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York; and Southern Urals Biophysics Institute and Mayak Production Association, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Catherine R. Mitchell
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York; and Southern Urals Biophysics Institute and Mayak Production Association, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Valentin F. Khokhryakov
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York; and Southern Urals Biophysics Institute and Mayak Production Association, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny K. Vasilenko
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York; and Southern Urals Biophysics Institute and Mayak Production Association, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - David J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York; and Southern Urals Biophysics Institute and Mayak Production Association, Ozyorsk, Russia
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22
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Shagina NB, Tolstykh EI, Zalyapin VI, Degteva MO, Kozheurov VP, Tokareva EE, Anspaugh LR, Napier BA. Evaluation of age and gender dependences of the rate of strontium elimination 25-45 years after intake: analysis of data from residents living along the Techa river. Radiat Res 2003; 159:239-46. [PMID: 12537529 DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2003)159[0239:eoaagd]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The Mayak Production Association released large amounts of 90Sr into the Techa River with peak amounts in 1950-1951. Residents near the Techa River ingested an average of approximately 3,000 kBq of 90Sr. The affected people have been followed by scientists at the Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine. The whole-body content of 90Sr of approximately 15,000 individuals has been measured over a period of 24 years (1974-1997) using a special whole-body counter. This report evaluates the gender and age dependences of individual rates of strontium elimination. Data on persons who had been measured 12 or more times were selected for study. There were 108 men and 81 women older than 30 years who met this criterion. Individual measurement results were fitted to an exponential function and grouped mean averages of the rate of strontium elimination as a function of age for each sex were derived. For men, a significant increase (from 2.8% year(-1) to 3.2% year(-1)) in the rate of strontium elimination after age 55 years is seen. For women, the increase in the rate of elimination was significant at age 45 and reached 5.8% year(-1) after the age of 60. The results may be used to develop a gender- and age-dependent model of strontium metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Shagina
- Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Medgorodok, 454076 Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
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