Longitudinal analysis and treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19

Long-term neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological impact of the pandemic in Italian COVID-19 family clusters, including children and parents

AIM

This study investigated the long-term neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological impact of COVID-19 on children and their parents in households with COVID-19 exposure.

METHODS

A prospective cohort study was conducted on 46 families attending the COVID-19 Follow-up Clinic at the Department for Women's and Children's Health, Padua (Italy) from December 2021 to November 2022. Self-perceived stress-related, emotional-behavioral, and post-traumatic stress (PTSD-related) symptoms were assessed in both children and parents. Children with underlying neuropsychiatric conditions were excluded from the study.

RESULTS

A total of 81 parents (median age = 38 years [IQR: 43-48], females = 44 [54.3%]), and 77 children (median age = 8 years [IQR: 5-11], females = 33 [42.9%]) participated in the study. Overall,125 (79%) and 33 (21%) participants were classified as COVID-19 cases and non-COVID-19 cases, respectively. The time interval between the COVID-19 family outbreak and the neuropsychiatric and psychological assessment was ≤4 months (median=3 months [IQR=0]) for 89 (56.3%) participants and >4 months for 69 (43.8%) (median=11.5 months [IQR=5-12]) participants. A total of 136 (86.1%) participants reported stress-related symptoms, with emotional stress being the most common. A positive correlation was observed between self-perceived stress-related symptoms in children and their parents within the same family (r=0.53, p=0.0005). Among children aged 6-18 years, 16 (37.2%) had clinical scores for internalizing symptoms at the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), while none children aged 1.5-5 years showed clinical score for internalizing symptoms. Similarly, total difficulty scores at the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ 4-17) and assessment of PTSD-related symptoms through the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC) questionnaire were within non-clinical cut-offs in 45 (84.9%) and 43 (75.4%) children aged 3-12 years, respectively. The Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) resulted in the non-clinical cut-off for 36 (92.3%) children aged 8-18 years. While a higher prevalence of self-perceived stress-related symptoms was found in COVID-19 cases compared to non-COVID-19 cases (p=.01), no differences were observed for emotional-behavioral and PTSD-related symptoms between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

This study documented the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Italian children and their family's stress levels. Further research is needed to confirm our findings and explore the long-term effects of the pandemic on families.

Dynamic brain glymphatic changes and cognitive function in COVID-19 recovered patients: a DTI-ALPS prospective cohort study

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate brain glymphatic function in COVID-19 recovered patients using the non-invasive Diffusion Tensor Imaging-Analysis Along the Perivascular Space (DTI-ALPS) technique. The DTI-ALPS technique was employed to investigate changes in brain glymphatic function in these patients and explore correlations with cognitive function and fatigue.

Materials and methods

Follow-up assessments were conducted at 1, 3, and 12 months post-recovery. A total of 31 patients completed follow-ups at all three time points, with 30 healthy controls (HCs) for comparison.

Results

Compared to HCs, COVID-19 recovered patients showed a significant decline in MoCA scores at 3 months post-recovery (p < 0.05), which returned to near-normal levels by 12 months. Mental fatigue, measured by the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), was significantly higher in COVID-19 patients at all follow-up points compared to HCs (p < 0.05). The DTI-ALPS index in both hemispheres showed significant differences at 3 months post-recovery compared to HCs (p < 0.001), indicating increased glymphatic activity. Longitudinal analysis revealed a peak in the DTI-ALPS index at 3 months post-recovery, which then decreased by 12 months. Correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between the Bilateral brain hemisphere DTI-ALPS index and MoCA scores (right side: r = -0.373, p = 0.003; left side: r = -0.255, p = 0.047), and a positive correlation with mental fatigue (right side: r = 0.275, p = 0.032; left side: r = 0.317, p = 0.013).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates dynamic changes in brain glymphatic function in COVID-19 recovered patients, with a peak in activity at 3 months post-recovery. These changes are associated with cognitive function and mental fatigue, suggesting potential targets for addressing neurological symptoms of long COVID. The non-invasive DTI-ALPS technique proves to be a valuable tool for assessing brain glymphatic function in this population.

Brain organoids: building higher-order complexity and neural circuitry models

Brain organoids are 3D tissue models of the human brain that are derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). They have enabled studies that were previously stymied by the inaccessibility of human brain tissue or the limitations of mouse models of some brain diseases. Despite their enormous potential, brain organoids have had significant limitations that prevented them from recapitulating the full complexity of the human brain and reduced their utility in disease studies. We describe recent progress in addressing these limitations, especially building complex organoids that recapitulate the interactions between multiple brain regions, and reconstructing in vitro the neural circuitry present in in vivo. These major advances in the human brain organoid technology will remarkably facilitate brain disease modeling and neuroscience research.

Investigating the trajectory of post-COVID impairments: a longitudinal study in Sweden

INTRODUCTION

Individuals recovering from COVID-19 often experience a range of post-recovery symptoms. However, the literature on post-COVID-19 symptoms reveals conflicting results, necessitating a heightened focus on longitudinal studies to comprehend the trajectory of impairments over time. Our study aimed to investigate changes in long-term impairments among individuals infected with COVID-19 and explore potential predictors influencing these changes.

METHODS

We conducted a web-survey targeting individuals that had been infected with COVID-19 at four time-points: T0 (baseline), T1 (three months), T2 (six months), and T3 (twelve months). The survey included contextual factors, factors related to body functions and structures, and post-COVID impairments. The longitudinal sample included 213 individuals (with a mean age of 48.92 years). Linear mixed models were employed to analyze changes in post-COVID impairments over time and identify impacting factors.

RESULTS

Findings revealed a general decline in post-COVID impairments over time, with each symptom exhibiting a dynamic pattern of fluctuations. Factors such as initial infection severity, education level, and work status were significantly associated with the levels of impairments.

DISCUSSION

The study emphasizes that post-COVID impairments are not static but exhibit variations over time. Personalized care, especially for vulnerable populations, is crucial. The results underscore the need for long-term monitoring and multidisciplinary treatment approaches. Targeted support and interventions are highlighted for individuals with severe initial infections and those in socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.

Does COVID-19 Infection during Pregnancy Increase the Appearance of Congenital Gastrointestinal Malformations in Neonates?

BACKGROUND

COVID-19 was an infection that was capable of bringing the entire world to a standstill position within a period of days to months. Despite the advancements in the medical sector, the contagion was difficult to control and costed the lives of millions of people worldwide. Many short- and long-term effects are witnessed even to date in people that contracted the disease. Pregnant females had to suffer not only the devastating effects of the virus, but also the psycho-social impact of the lockdown. The impact of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy causing decreased antenatal care or hypoxemic episodes due to severe respiratory distress and whether it could lead to the appearance of congenital gastrointestinal malformation in neonates is still unclear. The aim of our study was to analyze if COVID-19 infection during pregnancy could increase the incidence of gastric malformations in neonates born from these women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We sifted the files of all neonates admitted into our hospital between January 2022 and December 2022, and based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, we included the cases having gastrointestinal congenital malformations during the COVID-19 pandemic. We performed a single-center, retrospective, observational descriptive study. We further divided the patients based on the anatomical location of the malformation. We also took down details of the evolution of pregnancy and whether the mother had contracted a SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pregnancy. Details regarding the Apgar score, days of intensive care admission, sex, and nutrition were the key findings studied.

RESULTS

A total of 47 neonates were found to have digestive anomalies, among which, based on the anatomical locations, the number of malformation cases found at the level of the esophagus were 15, while 16 occurred at the level of the pylorus; we found 12 cases of malformation of the duodenum, and four cases had malformation of the rectum. Out of these 47 neonates, 38.3% were females and 61.7% were males. A total of 58% were preemies, among which 9% had intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR), and 42% were full-term newborns, among which 4% had intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR). A total of 45% of the births were primiparous pregnancies and 55% were from multiparous females. A total of 14 mothers were found to have tested positive for COVID-19 during the course of pregnancy (p-value = 0.23); many had mild symptoms but were not tested.

CONCLUSIONS

COVID-19 can affect the wellbeing of the pregnant female and their fetus. Larger studies can help gain extensive knowledge as to whether COVID-19 also has the potential to result in congenital gastrointestinal anomalies in children born from COVID-19 positive mothers. In our study, only a few infants born with this pathology were found to be born from COVID-19 positive mothers. Hence, it is difficult to conclude or exclude a direct correlation between the infection and the congenital malformations.