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Sun L, Zhang X, Ding L, Zhao J, Shen Y, Tian M, Jian W, Zhou X. Long-term changes in crystalline lens transparency after accelerated transepithelial corneal cross-linking in patients with keratoconus. Eur J Ophthalmol 2023; 33:1850-1859. [PMID: 37077155 DOI: 10.1177/11206721231170036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the long-term clinical outcomes and changes in crystalline lens transparency after accelerated (45 mW/cm2) transepithelial corneal cross-linking (ATE-CXL) using the Pentacam imaging system in patients with progressive keratoconus. METHODS The study prospectively included 44 keratoconus eyes of 40 patients (mean age: 24.39 ± 5.61 years) who underwent ATE-CXL. The examinations, including assessment of uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity, corneal topography, and corneal endothelial cell density count, were conducted preoperatively and 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 5 years postoperatively. Measurement of crystalline lens density using Pentacam images was also performed pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS All surgeries were uneventful with no postoperative complications. All keratometry values and corneal thickness remained stable during the 5-year follow-up period (all p > 0.05). There were no significant differences in corneal endothelial cell density count, visual acuity, and anterior average lens density in the 0.5-, 1.0-, and 1.5-mm depth zones during the 5-year follow-up period compared with the preoperative values (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that ATE-CXL at 45 mW/cm2 is safe and effective for the treatment of progressive keratoconus in terms of both crystalline lens density and endothelial cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Sun
- Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000), Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000), Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000), Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000), Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Tian
- Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000), Shanghai, China
| | - Weijun Jian
- Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000), Shanghai, China
| | - Xingtao Zhou
- Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care (20DZ2255000), Shanghai, China
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Sultan F, Parkin ET. The Amyloid Precursor Protein Plays Differential Roles in the UVA
Resistance and Proliferation of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Protein Pept Lett 2022; 29:313-327. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866529666220217124152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can be characterised by
degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and the accumulation, in retinal drusen
deposits, of amyloid beta-peptides proteolytically derived, by secretases, from the amyloid precursor
protein (APP). Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure is a risk factor for the development of AMD.
Objectives:
In the current study, we investigated whether APP and/or its proteolysis are linked to the
UVA resistance or proliferation of ARPE-19 human RPE cells.
Methods:
Cell viability was determined, following UVA exposure, with prior small interfering
RNA-mediated APP depletion or secretase inhibitor treatments. APP levels/proteolysis were
analysed by immunoblotting. Cells were also grown in the presence/absence of secretase inhibitors
to assess their effects on longer-term culture growth. Finally, the effects of APP proteolytic
fragments on ARPE-19 cell proliferation were monitored following co-culture with human
embryonic kidney cells stably over-expressing these fragments.
Results:
Endogenous APP was depleted following UVA irradiation and β-secretase, but not α-
secretase, and the processing of the protein was reduced. Experimental APP depletion or γ-secretase
(but not α- or β-secretase) inhibition ablated the detrimental effect of UVA on cell viability. In
contrast, α-secretase, and possibly γ-secretase but not β-secretase activity, appeared to promote the
longer-term proliferation of ARPE-19 cells in the absence of UVA irradiation.
Conclusions:
There are clear but differential links between APP expression/proteolysis and the
proliferation and UVA resistance of ARPE-19 cells indicating that the protein should be
investigated further in relation to the identification of possible drug targets for the treatment of
AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Sultan
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United
Kingdom
| | - Edward T. Parkin
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United
Kingdom
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Shi D, Zhou X, Wang H. S14G-humanin (HNG) protects retinal endothelial cells from UV-B-induced NLRP3 inflammation activation through inhibiting Egr-1. Inflamm Res 2021; 70:1141-1150. [PMID: 34459932 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UV-B stimulation can induce retinopathy, whose pathogenesis is currently unclear. UV-B mediated inflammation in retinal endothelial cells is reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of retinopathy. S14G-humanin (HNG) is a neuroprotective peptide that has recently been reported to exert significant anti-inflammatory effects and protective properties against cell death. The present study aims to investigate the protective effects of HNG against UV-B-challenged retinal endothelial cells and explore the underlying mechanism. UV-B radiation was used to induce an injury model in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs). First, exposure to UV-B induced the expression of TXNIP. Additionally, we found that treatment with HNG inhibited the activation of the TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling pathway and mitigated the excessive release of IL-1β and IL-18 in UV-B-challenged HRECs. UV-B increased the expression of the transcriptional factor endothelial growth response-1 (Egr-1). Interestingly, overexpression of Egr-1 increased the luciferase activity of the TXNIP promoter as well as the mRNA and protein expression of TXNIP. In contrast, the knockdown of Egr-1 reduced the expression of TXNIP under both the normal and UV-B exposure conditions. Importantly, treatment with HNG attenuated UV-B-induced expression of Egr-1. However, overexpression of Egr-1 abolished the inhibitory effects of HNG-induced activation of NLRP3 as well as the production of IL-1β and IL-18. Taken together, our findings reveal that HNG protected retinal endothelial cells from UV-B-induced NLRP3 inflammation activation through inhibiting TXNIP mediated by Egr-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejing Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xuemei Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu RoadHeilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150086, China.
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150001, China
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Zhou M, Duan PC, Liang JH, Zhang XF, Pan CW. Geographic distributions of age-related macular degeneration incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:1427-1434. [PMID: 32907810 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarise the geographic distribution of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) incidence. METHODS Databases including PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched for publications of early and late AMD before September 2019. Studies were included if they applied a standardised photographic assessment and classification system. The proportion of participants with AMD in each eligible study was combined to obtain a pooled incidence from all studies using a random effects model. We also assessed sources of potential heterogeneity in the incidence of AMD using meta-regression analyses for both late and early AMD. RESULTS Twenty-four population-based studies (70 123 individuals aged 55 years or older) were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled global annual incidences of early and late AMD were 1.59% (95% CI 1.12% to 2.10%) and 0.19% (95% CI: 0.13% to 0.28%), respectively. Individuals of European descent had the highest annual incidence of both early (2.73%, 95% CI 1.63% to 4.57%) and late (0.36%, 95% CI 0.17% to 0.75%) AMD than other ethnic groups. Average age (p=0.001) at baseline, ethnicity (p=0.001), region (p=0.043) and gender (p=0.011) were predictors for incident late AMD, while only average age (p=0.01) at baseline and ethnicity (p=0.025) was associated with incidence of early AMD. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis offers an up-to-date overview of AMD globally, which may provide scientific guidance for the design and implementation of public health strategies such as screening programmes for AMD in both specific geographic locations and ethnic groups, as well as worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhou
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Pei-Chen Duan
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing-Hong Liang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chen-Wei Pan
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Chen JL, Hung CT, Keller JJ, Lin HC, Wu YJ. Proteomic analysis of retinal pigment epithelium cells after exposure to UVA radiation. BMC Ophthalmol 2019; 19:168. [PMID: 31375076 PMCID: PMC6679551 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-019-1151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the primary cause of blindness and severe vision loss in developed countries and is responsible for 8.7% of blindness globally. Ultraviolet radiation can induce DNA breakdown, produce reactive oxygen species, and has been implicated as a risk factor for AMD. This study investigated the effects of UVA radiation on Human retinal pigment epithelial cell (ARPE-19) growth and protein expression. Methods ARPE-19 cells were irradiated with a UVA lamp at different doses (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 J/cm2) from 10 cm. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Visual inspection was first achieved with inverted light microscopy and then the DeadEnd™ Fluorometric TUNEL System was used to observe nuclear DNA fragmentation. Flow cytometry based-Annexin V-FITC/PI double-staining was used to further quantify cellular viability. Mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed with JC-1 staining. 2D electrophoresis maps of exposed cells were compared to nonexposed cells and gel images analyzed with PDQuest 2-D Analysis Software. Spots with greater than a 1.5-fold difference were selected for LC-MS/MS analysis and some confirmed by western blot. We further investigated whether caspase activation, apoptotic-related mitochondrial proteins, and regulators of ER stress sensors were involved in UVA-induced apoptosis. Results We detected 29 differentially expressed proteins (9 up-regulated and 20 down-regulated) in the exposed cells. Some of these proteins such as CALR, GRP78, NPM, Hsp27, PDI, ATP synthase subunit alpha, PRDX1, and GAPDH are associated with anti-proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and oxidative-stress protection. We also detected altered protein expression levels among caspases (caspase 3 and 9) and in the mitochondrial (cytosolic cytochrome C, AIF, Mcl-1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bax, Bad, and p-Bad) and ER stress-related (p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP) apoptotic pathways. Conclusions UVA irradiation suppressed the proliferation of ARPE-19 cells in a dose-dependent manner, caused quantitative loses in transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), and induced both early and late apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Liang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Optometry, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Tzu Hung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Joseph Jordan Keller
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,International Master's Program, College of Health Technology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chung Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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6
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UV-Irradiated RPE Cells Assist Differentiation of Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into RPE Cells Under a Direct Co-Culture Environment. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-019-7114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Colombo L, Melardi E, Ferri P, Montesano G, Samir Attaalla S, Patelli F, De Cillà S, Savaresi G, Rossetti L. Visual function improvement using photocromic and selective blue-violet light filtering spectacle lenses in patients affected by retinal diseases. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:149. [PMID: 28830379 PMCID: PMC5568170 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate functional visual parameters using photocromic and selective blue-violet light filtering spectacle lenses in patients affected by central or peripheral scotoma due to retinal diseases. Sixty patients were enrolled in this study: 30 patients affected by central scotoma, group 1, and 30 affected by peripheral scotoma, group 2. Black on White Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BW-BCVA), White on Black Best Corrected Visual Acuity (WB-BCVA), Mars Contrast Sensitivity (CS) and a Glare Test (GT) were performed to all patients. Test results with blue-violet filter, a short-pass yellow filter and with no filters were compared. Results All scores from test results increased significantly with blue-violet filters for all patients. The mean BW-BCVA increased from 0.30 ± 0.20 to 0.36 ± 0.21 decimals in group 1 and from 0.44 ± 0.22 to 0.51 ± 0.23 decimals in group 2 (Mean ± SD, p < 0.0001 in both cases). The mean WB-BCVA increased from 0.31 ± 0.19 to 0.38 ± 0.23 decimals in group 1 and from 0.46 ± 0.20 to 0.56 ± 0.22 decimals in group 2 (Mean ± SD, p < 0.0001 in both cases). The letter count for the CS test increased from 26.7 ± 7.9 to 30.06 ± 7.8 in group 1 (Mean ± SD, p = 0.0005) and from 31.5 ± 7.6 to 33.72 ± 7.3 in group 2 (Mean ± SD, p = 0.031). GT was significantly reduced: the letter count increased from 20.93 ± 5.42 to 22.82 ± 4.93 in group 1 (Mean ± SD, p < 0.0001) and from 24.15 ± 5.5 to 25.97 ± 4.7 in group 2 (Mean ± SD, p < 0.0001). Higher scores were recorded with the Blue filter compared to Yellow filter in all tests (p < 0.05). No significant differences in any test results could be detected between the Yellow filter and the No filter condition. Conclusions The use of a combination of photocromic lens with a selective blue-violet light filter showed functional benefit in all evaluated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Colombo
- Department of Ophthalmology, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - E Melardi
- Department of Ophthalmology, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - P Ferri
- Department of Ophthalmology, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Montesano
- Department of Ophthalmology, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Samir Attaalla
- Department of Ophthalmology, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F Patelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S De Cillà
- Department of Ophthalmology, AO Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
| | - G Savaresi
- Associazione Retinitis Onlus, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - L Rossetti
- Department of Ophthalmology, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Silván JM, Reguero M, de Pascual-Teresa S. A protective effect of anthocyanins and xanthophylls on UVB-induced damage in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Food Funct 2016; 7:1067-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01368b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyanidin-3-glucoside and zeaxanthin, alone or in combination, protect against UVB-induced retinal cells damage throw redox and MAPK activation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Silván
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition
- Institute of Food Science
- Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN)
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
- 28040 - Madrid
| | - Marina Reguero
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition
- Institute of Food Science
- Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN)
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
- 28040 - Madrid
| | - Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition
- Institute of Food Science
- Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN)
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
- 28040 - Madrid
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Dayang W, Jinsong Z. Taurine inhibits interleukin-6 expression and release induced by ultraviolet B exposure to human retinal pigment epithelium cells. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2014; 34:189-94. [PMID: 25198400 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2014.944649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The massive uptake of compatible osmolytes is a self-protective response shared by retina exposed to hypertonic stress and ultraviolet stress. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of taurine against ultraviolet damage in human retinal pigment epithelium cells. METHODS Real-time PCR, radioimmunoassay, ELISA and immunoassay were used to measure osmolyte uptake and IL-6 expression. RESULTS Compared with normotonic stress, hypertonic stress led to an induction of osmolyte uptake including betaine, myoinositol and taurine. UVB exposure upregulated osmolyte transporter mRNA expression and increased osmolyte uptake respectively. Especially, taurine suppressed UVB-induced IL-6 mRNA expression significantly. The accumulation of IL-6 in UVB-exposed human retinal pigment epithelial cells supernatant was much slower when the cells were preincubated with taurine. Moreover, taurine suppressed IL-6 concentration in aqueous humour. CONCLUSION The effect of compatible osmolyte taurine on IL-6 expression and release may play an important role in cell resistance and adaption to UVB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Dayang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University , Jinzhou , P.R. China and
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Abstract
AbstractS cones expressing the short wavelength-sensitive type 1 (SWS1) class of visual pigment generally form only a minority type of cone photoreceptor within the vertebrate duplex retina. Hence, their primary role is in color vision, not in high acuity vision. In mammals, S cones may be present as a constant fraction of the cones across the retina, may be restricted to certain regions of the retina or may form a gradient across the retina, and in some species, there is coexpression of SWS1 and the long wavelength-sensitive (LWS) class of pigment in many cones. During retinal development, SWS1 opsin expression generally precedes that of LWS opsin, and evidence from genetic studies indicates that the S cone pathway may be the default pathway for cone development. With the notable exception of the cartilaginous fishes, where S cones appear to be absent, they are present in representative species from all other vertebrate classes. S cone loss is not, however, uncommon; they are absent from most aquatic mammals and from some but not all nocturnal terrestrial species. The peak spectral sensitivity of S cones depends on the spectral characteristics of the pigment present. Evidence from the study of agnathans and teleost fishes indicates that the ancestral vertebrate SWS1 pigment was ultraviolet (UV) sensitive with a peak around 360 nm, but this has shifted into the violet region of the spectrum (>380 nm) on many separate occasions during vertebrate evolution. In all cases, the shift was generated by just one or a few replacements in tuning-relevant residues. Only in the avian lineage has tuning moved in the opposite direction, with the reinvention of UV-sensitive pigments.
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11
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Mallet JD, Rochette PJ. Wavelength-dependent ultraviolet induction of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in the human cornea. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:1310-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp25408a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Morrison MA, Silveira AC, Huynh N, Jun G, Smith SE, Zacharaki F, Sato H, Loomis S, Andreoli MT, Adams SM, Radeke MJ, Jelcick AS, Yuan Y, Tsiloulis AN, Chatzoulis DZ, Silvestri G, Kotoula MG, Tsironi EE, Hollis BW, Chen R, Haider NB, Miller JW, Farrer LA, Hageman GS, Kim IK, Schaumberg DA, DeAngelis MM. Systems biology-based analysis implicates a novel role for vitamin D metabolism in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Hum Genomics 2012; 5:538-68. [PMID: 22155603 PMCID: PMC3525248 DOI: 10.1186/1479-7364-5-6-538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D has been shown to have anti-angiogenic properties and to play a protective role in several types of cancer, including breast, prostate and cutaneous melanoma. Similarly, vitamin D levels have been shown to be protective for risk of a number of conditions, including cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease, as well as numerous autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases and type 1 diabetes mellitus. A study performed by Parekh et al. was the first to suggest a role for vitamin D in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and showed a correlation between reduced serum vitamin D levels and risk for early AMD. Based on this study and the protective role of vitamin D in diseases with similar pathophysiology to AMD, we examined the role of vitamin D in a family-based cohort of 481 sibling pairs. Using extremely phenotypically discordant sibling pairs, initially we evaluated the association of neovascular AMD and vitamin D/sunlight-related epidemiological factors. After controlling for established AMD risk factors, including polymorphisms of the genes encoding complement factor H (CFH) and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2/HtrA serine peptidase (ARMS2/HTRA1), and smoking history, we found that ultraviolet irradiance was protective for the development of neovascular AMD (p = 0.001). Although evaluation of serum vitamin D levels (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]) was higher in unaffected individuals than in their affected siblings, this finding did not reach statistical significance. Based on the relationship between ultraviolet irradiance and vitamin D production, we employed a candidate gene approach for evaluating common variation in key vitamin D pathway genes (the genes encoding the vitamin D receptor [VDR]; cytochrome P450, family 27, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 [CYP27B1]; cytochrome P450, family 24, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 [CYP24A1]; and CYP27A1) in this same family-based cohort. Initial findings were then validated and replicated in the extended family cohort, an unrelated case-control cohort from central Greece and a prospective nested case-control population from the Nurse's Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Studies, which included patients with all subtypes of AMD for a total of 2,528 individuals. Single point variants in CYP24A1 (the gene encoding the catabolising enzyme of the vitamin D pathway) were demonstrated to influence AMD risk after controlling for smoking history, sex and age in all populations, both separately and, more importantly, in a meta-analysis. This is the first report demonstrating a genetic association between vitamin D metabolism and AMD risk. These findings were also supplemented with expression data from human donor eyes and human retinal cell lines. These data not only extend previous biological studies in the AMD field, but further emphasise common antecedents between several disorders with an inflammatory/immunogenic component such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux A Morrison
- Ocular Molecular Genetics Institute, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
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Chalam KV, Khetpal V, Rusovici R, Balaiya S. A review: role of ultraviolet radiation in age-related macular degeneration. Eye Contact Lens 2011; 37:225-32. [PMID: 21646979 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0b013e31821fbd3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in the western world. The retina is highly susceptible to photochemical damage from continuous exposure of light and oxygen. The cornea and the lens block a major portion of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation from reaching the retina (<295 nm). The relationship between UV light exposure and AMD is unclear, although short wavelength radiation and the blue light induce significant oxidative stress to the retinal pigment epithelium. Epidemiologic evidence indicates a trend toward association between severity of light exposure and AMD. In this review, we discuss type 1 and type 2 photochemical damage that occurs in response to UV exposure. We examine the impact of different doses of exposure to UV radiation and the subsequent production of oxidative stress in AMD. Local and systemic protective mechanisms of the retina including antioxidant enzymes and macular pigments are reviewed. This article provides a review of possible cellular and molecular effects of UV radiation exposure in AMD and potential therapies that may prevent blindness resulting from this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Chalam
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida-College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA.
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Werner L, Chang W, Haymore J, Haugen B, Romaniv N, Sandstedt C, Chang S, Mamalis N. Retinal safety of the irradiation delivered to light-adjustable intraocular lenses evaluated in a rabbit model. J Cataract Refract Surg 2010; 36:1392-7. [PMID: 20656165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2010.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the safety to the retina of a light-delivery device used to irradiate a light-adjustable intraocular lens (IOL) after implantation in a rabbit model. SETTING John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. METHODS In this study, rabbits had phacoemulsification with implantation of an ultraviolet (UV)-filtering light-adjustable IOL (study IOL) in 1 eye and a custom-made silicone IOL without a UV filter (control IOL) in the opposite eye. The study IOLs were irradiated at 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 times the expected maximum UV irradiation doses and the control IOLs, at 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, and 2.0 times. One week after irradiation, slitlamp and fundus (indirect ophthalmoscopy) examinations were performed. The rabbits were then humanely killed and their eyes enucleated and processed for histopathology. RESULTS The 16 eyes with the study IOL (with UV filter) showed no signs of corneal, anterior segment, or retinal toxicity on histopathologic evaluation. The 16 eyes with the control IOL (no UV filter) also showed no signs of corneal or anterior segment toxicity; however, 3 eyes receiving the higher radiation doses had focal areas of retinal damage consistent with laser burn. CONCLUSION Pigmented rabbit eyes with a light-adjustable IOL with a UV filter showed no signs of retina toxicity after near-UV light exposure up to 5 times the expected maximum treatment dosage. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. Additional disclosures are found in the footnotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Werner
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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15
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Carvalho LS, Knott B, Berg ML, Bennett ATD, Hunt DM. Ultraviolet-sensitive vision in long-lived birds. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 278:107-14. [PMID: 20667872 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light generates substantial damage, and in mammals, visual sensitivity to UV is restricted to short-lived diurnal rodents and certain marsupials. In humans, the cornea and lens absorb all UV-A and most of the terrestrial UV-B radiation, preventing the reactive and damaging shorter wavelengths from reaching the retina. This is not the case in certain species of long-lived diurnal birds, which possess UV-sensitive (UVS) visual pigments, maximally sensitive below 400 nm. The Order Psittaciformes contains some of the longest lived bird species, and the two species examined so far have been shown to possess UVS pigments. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of UVS pigments across long-lived parrots, macaws and cockatoos, and therefore assess whether they need to cope with the accumulated effects of exposure to UV-A and UV-B over a long period of time. Sequences from the SWS1 opsin gene revealed that all 14 species investigated possess a key substitution that has been shown to determine a UVS pigment. Furthermore, in vitro regeneration data, and lens transparency, corroborate the molecular findings of UV sensitivity. Our findings thus support the claim that the Psittaciformes are the only avian Order in which UVS pigments are ubiquitous, and indicate that these long-lived birds have UV sensitivity, despite the risks of photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia S Carvalho
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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16
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Sheu SJ, Wu TT. Resveratrol Protects Against Ultraviolet A-Mediated Inhibition of the Phagocytic Function of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Via Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2009; 25:381-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s1607-551x(09)70531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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17
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Corneal collagen crosslinking using riboflavin and ultraviolet-A light for keratoconus. J Cataract Refract Surg 2009; 35:425-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2008.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Youn HY, Bantseev V, Bols NC, Cullen AP, Sivak JG. In vitro assays for evaluating the ultraviolet B-induced damage in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2007; 88:21-8. [PMID: 17566755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates broadband UV-B-induced damage of cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells as an effort to develop an in vitro model that can be used, along with in vivo research and other in vitro efforts, to evaluate the need for retinal UV protection in humans after cataract removal. The human retinal pigment epithelial cell line, ARPE-19, was cultured in two groups: control and treated. Treated cells were irradiated with three broadband UVB radiations at energy levels of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2J/cm(2). After irradiation, cells were incubated for 48h while cellular viability, morphology, and phagocytotic activity were analyzed using the Alamar blue assay, confocal microscopy, and fluorescent microspheres. Confocal analysis concentrated on the study of the cell nuclei and mitochondria. The Alamar blue assay of UV-B-exposed cells showed dose and time-dependent decreases in cellular viability in comparison to control cells. Loss of cell viability was measured at the two higher energy levels (0.2 and 0.1J/cm(2)), but the cell group exposed to 0.05J/cm(2) showed no significant viability change at 1-h time point. Morphological evaluation also showed dose and time-dependent degradation of mitochondria and nucleic acids. Cells exposed with 0.05J/cm(2) UVB did not show significant degradation of mitochondria and nucleic acids during the entire culture period. Phagocytotic activity assay data for UVB-exposed cells showed dose-dependent decreases in phagocytotic activity in comparison with the control cells. The control cells have significantly greater capacities for uptake than the 0.1 and 0.2J/cm(2) UV-B-exposed cells, while the 0.05J/cm(2) UV-B-exposed cell group showed no significant difference from the control cell group. The findings suggest that UVB radiation-induced cultured RPE cell damage can be evaluated by assays that probe cellular viability, morphological change, and phagocytotic activity, and that these assay methods together provide a valuable in vitro model for ultraviolet radiation-induced retinal toxicology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Yi Youn
- School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Wu CW, Doughman DJ. Erythropsia revisited. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33:548-9. [PMID: 17321412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2006.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of unilateral erythropsia lasting 1 week that occurred 18 years after cataract extraction and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. The unaffected eye was pseudophakic and had an IOL with ultraviolet (UV) light protection; the affected eye had an IOL without UV light protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie W Wu
- Ophthalmology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Cetinkursun S, Demirbag S, Cincik M, Baykal B, Gunal A. Effects of phototherapy on newborn rat testicles. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2006; 52:61-70. [PMID: 16338871 DOI: 10.1080/01485010500302089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phototherapy is the most widespread treatment for lowering bilirubin concentration in neonates. In the routine, phototherapy has some side effects including skin eruption, fluid loss, abdominal distention, mild hemolysis and mild thrombocytopenia. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible mutagenic and gametocidal side effects of 72 h continuous phototherapy on the rat testicle. We observed decreases in spermatogonia numbers per tubule (S/T values), tubular fertilization index (TFI) and sperm sertoli cell index (SSCI), which are the most reliable methods in estimating future fertility potential, due to sensitivity to phototherapy. The differences between study and control groups for S/T, TFI and SSCI values were statistically significant (p = 0.008, p = 0.02 and p = 0.004, respectively). There were significant differences in seminiferous tubule diameters between the control and study groups (p < 0.005), but no significant difference in DNA index values between the control (0.66 +/- 0.12) and study (0.59 +/- 0.05) groups (p > 0.05). As a conclusion, phototherapy seems to have some side effects on the newborn rat testicle. Further studies with larger groups, designed for investigation of the effects of phototherapy on seminiferous tubules, may give more beneficial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cetinkursun
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
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