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Laredj LN, Licitra F, Puccio HM. The molecular genetics of coenzyme Q biosynthesis in health and disease. Biochimie 2013; 100:78-87. [PMID: 24355204 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q, or ubiquinone, is an endogenously synthesized lipid-soluble antioxidant that plays a major role in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Although extensively studied for decades, recent data on coenzyme Q have painted an exciting albeit incomplete picture of the multiple facets of this molecule's function. In humans, mutations in the genes involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q lead to a heterogeneous group of rare disorders, with most often severe and debilitating symptoms. In this review, we describe the current understanding of coenzyme Q biosynthesis, provide a detailed overview of human coenzyme Q deficiencies and discuss the existing mouse models for coenzyme Q deficiency. Furthermore, we briefly examine the current state of affairs in non-mitochondrial coenzyme Q functions and the latter's link to statin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila N Laredj
- Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Illkirch, France; Inserm, U596, Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Collège de France, Chaire de génétique humaine, Illkirch, France
| | - Floriana Licitra
- Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Illkirch, France; Inserm, U596, Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Collège de France, Chaire de génétique humaine, Illkirch, France
| | - Hélène M Puccio
- Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Illkirch, France; Inserm, U596, Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Collège de France, Chaire de génétique humaine, Illkirch, France.
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Rahman S, Clarke CF, Hirano M. 176th ENMC International Workshop: diagnosis and treatment of coenzyme Q₁₀ deficiency. Neuromuscul Disord 2011; 22:76-86. [PMID: 21723727 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shamima Rahman
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Peng M, Falk MJ, Haase VH, King R, Polyak E, Selak M, Yudkoff M, Hancock WW, Meade R, Saiki R, Lunceford AL, Clarke CF, Gasser DL. Primary coenzyme Q deficiency in Pdss2 mutant mice causes isolated renal disease. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000061. [PMID: 18437205 PMCID: PMC2291193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an essential electron carrier in the respiratory chain whose deficiency has been implicated in a wide variety of human mitochondrial disease manifestations. Its multi-step biosynthesis involves production of polyisoprenoid diphosphate in a reaction that requires the enzymes be encoded by PDSS1 and PDSS2. Homozygous mutations in either of these genes, in humans, lead to severe neuromuscular disease, with nephrotic syndrome seen in PDSS2 deficiency. We now show that a presumed autoimmune kidney disease in mice with the missense Pdss2(kd/kd) genotype can be attributed to a mitochondrial CoQ biosynthetic defect. Levels of CoQ9 and CoQ10 in kidney homogenates from B6.Pdss2(kd/kd) mutants were significantly lower than those in B6 control mice. Disease manifestations originate specifically in glomerular podocytes, as renal disease is seen in Podocin/cre,Pdss2(loxP/loxP) knockout mice but not in conditional knockouts targeted to renal tubular epithelium, monocytes, or hepatocytes. Liver-conditional B6.Alb/cre,Pdss2(loxP/loxP) knockout mice have no overt disease despite demonstration that their livers have undetectable CoQ9 levels, impaired respiratory capacity, and significantly altered intermediary metabolism as evidenced by transcriptional profiling and amino acid quantitation. These data suggest that disease manifestations of CoQ deficiency relate to tissue-specific respiratory capacity thresholds, with glomerular podocytes displaying the greatest sensitivity to Pdss2 impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Peng
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marni J. Falk
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Volker H. Haase
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rhonda King
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erzsebet Polyak
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary Selak
- Mitochondrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marc Yudkoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Wayne W. Hancock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ray Meade
- Biomedical Imaging Core Facility, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ryoichi Saiki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Adam L. Lunceford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine F. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David L. Gasser
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hallman TM, Peng M, Meade R, Hancock WW, Madaio MP, Gasser DL. The mitochondrial and kidney disease phenotypes of kd/kd mice under germfree conditions. J Autoimmun 2005; 26:1-6. [PMID: 16337774 PMCID: PMC2254222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial nephritis occurs spontaneously in kd/kd mice, but the mechanisms leading to this disease have not been fully elucidated. The earliest manifestation of a phenotype is the appearance of ultrastructural defects in the mitochondria of mice as young as 42 days of age. To examine the influence of the environment on the phenotype, homozygous B6.kd/kd mice were transferred from specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions to a germfree (GF) environment, and the development of the disease was observed. The GF state resulted in a highly significant reduction in the frequency of tubulointerstitial nephritis. In addition, GF conditions markedly reduced the appearance of the mitochondrial phenotype, with no sign of mitochondrial abnormalities in GF mice of up to 155 days of age. These results suggest that environmental factors are involved in the progression of all known manifestations of this disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy M Hallman
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Madaio MP, Ahima RS, Meade R, Rader DJ, Mendoza A, Peng M, Tomaszewski JE, Hancock WW, Gasser DL. Glomerular and tubular epithelial defects in kd/kd mice lead to progressive renal failure. Am J Nephrol 2005; 25:604-10. [PMID: 16282678 PMCID: PMC2254218 DOI: 10.1159/000089709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The kd/kd mouse spontaneously develops severe and progressive nephritis leading to renal failure, characterized by cellular infiltration, tubular destruction and glomerular sclerosis. Recent identification of the mutant gene and the observation that podocytes are affected, led to the hypothesis that there are primary renal epithelial cell defects in this strain. METHODS Clinical and pathological signs of disease in a large cohort of kd/kd mice were studied by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and biochemical analyses of serum and urine at early stages of disease. Special attention was paid to mice under 140 days of age that had normal blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, but had developed albuminuria. RESULTS Although overt glomerular abnormalities are commonly observed either coincident with or after tubulointerstitial nephritis, we now report that albuminuria and visceral epithelial abnormalities, including hyperplasia and podocyte effacement may occur before the onset of either elevated BUN levels or severe interstitial nephritis, and this is accompanied by biochemical perturbations in serum typical of the nephrotic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the defect in kd/kd mice primarily affects both the tubular and glomerular visceral epithelium. The tubular epithelial defect triggers autoimmune interstitial nephritis, whereas a defect in podocytes leads to proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Thus, a single mitochondrial abnormality may result in differences in disease expression that vary with the type of epithelial cells. It is likely that the mitochrondrial perturbations in glomerular and tubular epithelia act in concert, through activation of different pathologic pathways, to accelerate disease progression leading to renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Madaio
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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Barisoni L, Madaio MP, Eraso M, Gasser DL, Nelson PJ. The kd/kd mouse is a model of collapsing glomerulopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:2847-51. [PMID: 16120817 PMCID: PMC1440888 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2005050494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Collapsing glomerulopathy (CG) is associated with disorders that markedly perturb the phenotype of podocytes. The kd/kd mouse has been studied for immune and genetic causes of microcystic tubulointerstitial nephritis with little attention to its glomerular lesion. Because histologic examination revealed classic morphologic features of CG, the question arises whether podocytes in kd/kd mice exhibit additional phenotypic criteria for CG. Utilizing Tg26 mice as a positive control, immunohistochemical profiling of the podocyte phenotype was conducted simultaneously on both models. Similar to Tg26 kidneys, podocytes in kd/kd kidneys showed de novo cyclin D1, Ki-67, and desmin expression with loss of synaptopodin and WT-1 expression. Electron micrographs showed collapsed capillaries, extensive foot process effacement, and dysmorphic mitochondria in podocytes. These results indicate that the kd/kd mouse is a model of CG and raise the possibility that human equivalents of the kd susceptibility gene may exist in patients with CG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Eraso
- Division of Nephrology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; and the
| | - David L. Gasser
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter J. Nelson
- Division of Nephrology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; and the
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Peter J. Nelson, Division of Nephrology, New York University School of Medicine, OBV-CD696, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016. Phone: 212-263-7681; Fax: 212-263-7683; E-mail:
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Peng M, Jarett L, Meade R, Madaio MP, Hancock WW, George AL, Neilson EG, Gasser DL. Mutant prenyltransferase-like mitochondrial protein (PLMP) and mitochondrial abnormalities in kd/kd mice. Kidney Int 2005; 66:20-8. [PMID: 15200409 PMCID: PMC2254219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mice that are homozygous for the kidney disease (kd) mutation are apparently healthy for the first 8 weeks of life, but spontaneously develop a severe form of interstitial nephritis that progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) by 4 to 8 months of age. By testing for linkage to microsatellite markers, we previously localized the kd gene to a YAC/BAC contig. METHODS The sequence of the entire critical region was examined, and candidate genes were identified. These candidate genes were sequenced in both mutant (kd/kd) mice and normal controls. The phenotype was further characterized by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Transgenic mice were constructed that carried the wild-type allele of the prime candidate gene, and this transgene was transferred to a kd/kd background by breeding. RESULTS We have obtained evidence that kd is a mutant allele of a novel gene for a prenyltransferase-like mitochondrial protein (PLMP). This gene is alternatively spliced, with the larger gene product having one domain that resembles transprenyltransferase and another that is similar to geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase. The smaller gene product includes only the first domain. An antiserum to PLMP localizes to mitochondria, and ultrastructural defects are present in the mitochondria of renal tubular epithelial cells, and to a lesser extent, hepatocytes and heart cells from kd/kd mice. In a line of kd/kd mice that carried the wild-type PLMP allele as a transgene, only 1 out of 13 animals expressed the disease by 120 days of age. CONCLUSION The kd allele codes for a novel protein that localizes to the mitochondria, and the kd/kd mouse has dysmorphic mitochondria in the renal tubular epithelial cells. This mouse is therefore a unique animal model for studying mechanisms that lead to tubulointerstitial nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Peng
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hobden JA. Intercellular adhesion molecule-2 (ICAM-2) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ocular infection. DNA Cell Biol 2003; 22:649-55. [PMID: 14611686 DOI: 10.1089/104454903770238120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, ICAM-1-deficient knockout (KO) mice were able to recruit inflammatory cells into Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected eyes and resolve the infection as well as wild-type (WT) mice. Based on this observation, it was hypothesized that ICAM-2 could serve as a surrogate receptor for leukocyte recruitment in lieu of ICAM-1. To test this hypothesis, ICAM-2 expression was first examined in both uninfected and P. aeruginosa-infected eyes (6 h postinfection) by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Similar to ICAM-1, ICAM-2 was constitutively expressed on the vascular endothelium of the iris, ciliary body, and conjunctiva of uninfected eyes. Unlike ICAM-1, ICAM-2 was not expressed in the cornea nor upregulated following P. aeruginosa infection. The role of ICAM-2 in P. aeruginosa ocular infection was then addressed through a monoclonal antibody (MAb) blockade of ICAM-2 in infected ICAM-1 KO and WT mice. MAb blockade of ICAM-2 resulted in fewer infiltrating inflammatory cells (as ascertained by histopathology) in the anterior chamber of eyes of ICAM-1-KO and WT mice 24 h postinfection. However, a myeloperoxidase assay of infected corneas showed no statistical difference (P > 0.11) between the two groups in infiltrating PMN. Collectively, these data suggest that constitutively expressed ICAM-2 does play a role in recruiting inflammatory cells into the anterior chamber of the eye during P. aeruginosa infection. Furthermore, inflammatory cell recruitment into the P. aeruginosa-infected cornea appears to be mediated by an ICAM-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Hobden
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Hancock WW, Tsai TL, Madaio MP, Gasser DL. Cutting Edge: Multiple autoimmune pathways in kd/kd mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:2778-81. [PMID: 12960297 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.2778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The kidney disease (kd) mutation was transferred to a C57BL/6 (B6) background by selection for closely linked microsatellite markers. The resulting congenic strain, B6.kd, was mated with partners homozygous for targeted mutations of CD4, CD8, CD28, IL-2, recombinase-activating gene-1 (Rag-1), ICAM-1, or beta(2)-microglobulin. In most of the resulting double mutants, kidney disease occurred as readily and as severely as in the B6.kd controls, although disease occurred somewhat less frequently in age-matched CD28(-/-) kd/kd mice. Immunohistology demonstrated a predominance of macrophages in the lesions of B6.kd and most of the double mutants, with the remaining cells consisting of T cells and variable numbers of NK cells. In Rag-1(-/-) kd/kd, approximately 50% of infiltrating cells were macrophages, and approximately 50% were NK cells. These results suggest that the initial lesion caused by the mutant gene is intrinsic to the kidney and that the immune response that subsequently occurs can involve any one of several different cellular compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W Hancock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Philadelphia School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Kriegsman J, Müller H, Sommer M, Stiller K, Bräuer R, Petrow PK, Gaumann A, Fünfstück RD, Stein G. Expression of LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) and ICAM-1 (CD54) in an animal model of renal interstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2000; 52:185-91. [PMID: 10930117 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-2993(00)80026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) has been used as an experimental model to induce tubulointerstitial damage and interstitial fibrosis. UUO is characterized by cellular proliferation, accumulation of inflammatory cells, and subsequent replacement of renal parenchyma by fibrous tissue. The influx of inflammatory cells into the renal interstitium is mediated by adhesion molecules. In this study, the development of fibrosis in the UUO model of the rat was examined and its relation to the time course of LFA-1 and ICAM-1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. An increase in interstitial connective tissue was detected on day 10 after UUO, with a maximum on day 35. After unilateral ureteral obstruction, LFA-1 was prominently expressed in interstitial infiltrates, and to a lesser degree in glomerular areas. An initial increase in LFA-1-positive cells was noted already on day 10, with a maximum on day 20 and a decline on day 25. During the time course of 35 days after UUO, we observed an increase in ICAM-1 expression in the vascular endothelium, in tubular epithelium and in interstitial areas. This study shows that LFA-1 expression and ICAM-1 expression are concordant and that this process is associated with increasing interstitial fibrosis. ICAM-1 interstitial tissue may facilitate the homing and persistence of an interstitial infiltrate by ICAM-1/LFA-1 interactions, thereby preceding the development of renal interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kriegsman
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
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