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Hammert WB, Moreno EN, Martin CC, Jessee MB, Buckner SL. Skeletal Muscle Adaptations to High-Load Resistance Training With Pre-Exercise Blood Flow Restriction. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2381-2388. [PMID: 37535935 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hammert, WB, Moreno, EN, Martin, CC, Jessee, MB, and Buckner, SL. Skeletal muscle adaptations to high-load resistance training with pre-exercise blood flow restriction. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2381-2388, 2023-This study aimed to determine if blood flow restriction (BFR) could augment adaptations to a high-load training protocol that was inadequate for muscle growth. Forty nontrained individuals had each arm assigned to 1 of 3 elbow flexion protocols: (a) high-load resistance training [TRAD; 4 sets to muscular failure at 70% 1 repetition maximum (1RM)], (b) low repetition high-load resistance training with pre-exercise BFR (PreBFR; 4 sets of 3 repetitions at 70% 1RM + 3 min of pre-exercise BFR), and (c) low repetition high-load resistance training (LRTRAD); 4 sets of 3 repetitions at 70% 1RM). Muscle thickness (MT), 1RM strength, and local muscular endurance (LME) of the elbow flexors were measured before and after 8 weeks. An alpha level of 0.05 was used for all comparisons. For the 50% site, MT increased for TRAD (0.211 cm, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.143-0.280), PreBFR (0.105 cm, 95% CI: 0.034-0.175), and LRTRAD (0.073 cm, 95% CI: 0.000-0.146). The change for TRAD was greater than PreBFR and LRTRAD. For the 60% site, MT increased for TRAD (0.235 cm, 95% CI: 0.153-0.317), PreBFR (0.097 cm, 95% CI: 0.014-0.180), and LRTRAD (0.082 cm, 95% CI: 0.000-0.164). The change for TRAD was greater than PreBFR and LRTRAD. For the 70% site MT increased for TRAD (0.308 cm, 95% CI: 0.247-0.369), PreBFR (0.103 cm, 95% CI: 0.041-0.166), and LRTRAD (0.070 cm, 95% CI: 0.004-0.137). The change for TRAD was greater than PreBFR and LRTRAD. One repetition maximum and LME significantly increased for each condition, with no differences between conditions. Collapsed across conditions 1RM strength increased 2.094 kg (95% CI: 1.771-2.416) and LME increased 7.0 repetitions (95% CI: 5.7-8.3). In conclusion, the application of BFR to low-repetition, high-load training did not enhance the adaptative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Hammert
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and
| | - Enrique N Moreno
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and
| | - Cole C Martin
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and
| | - Matthew B Jessee
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, Applied Human Health and Physical Function Laboratory, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and
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Moreno EN, Hammert WB, Martin CC, Buckner SL. Acute muscular and cardiovascular responses to high load training with pre-exercise blood flow restriction. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2023; 43:109-119. [PMID: 36401343 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to examine the acute muscular and cardiovascular responses to applying blood flow restriction (BFR) before high-load training. METHODS Forty trained individuals visited the lab on three occasions. On Visit 1, participants completed paperwork and performed strength assessments. During Visits 2 and 3, participants completed four exercise conditions (one in each arm during each visit) as follows: (1) traditional resistance training (TRAD), (2) low load training with BFR (LLBFR), (3) low repetition high load training with pre-exercise BFR (PreBFR), and (4) low repetition traditional training (LRTRAD). Blood pressure, muscle thickness (MT), and isometric strength (ISO) were measured before and after exercise. RESULTS Data are displayed as means (SD). Immediately following exercise, MT in TRAD was greater compared with PreBFR (mean difference = 0.18[0.30] cm, p < 0.001) and LRTRAD (mean difference = 0.28[0.30] cm, p < 0.001). In addition, LLBFR demonstrated greater MT compared with PreBFR (mean difference = 0.24[0.30] cm, p < 0.001]. Immediately following exercise, ISO was lower in TRAD compared with PreBFR (mean difference = 33.8[46.9]N, p < 0.001) and the LRTRAD condition (mean difference = 32.8[50.4]N, p < 0.001). In addition, ISO was lower in LLBFR compared with PreBFR (mean difference = 43.9 [47.4]N, p < 0.001) and LRTRAD (mean difference = 42.9 [43.8]N, p < 0.001). Immediately following exercise, systolic blood pressure was greater in TRAD compared with PreBFR and LRTRAD. CONCLUSION The application of BFR before engaging in high-load training does not seem to augment the muscular responses to exercise when compared with traditional high loads alone; however, it may pose less demand on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique N Moreno
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Cole C Martin
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Kataoka R, Spitz RW, Wong V, Bell ZW, Yamada Y, Song JS, Hammert WB, Dankel SJ, Abe T, Loenneke JP. Sex segregation in strength sports: Do equal-sized muscles express the same levels of strength between sexes? Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23862. [PMID: 36610023 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Concerns have been raised against the current two-sex binary category in sports competitions. The thesis states that if males and females were separated based on muscle size, it would negate the strength advantage between the sexes. We tested the possible sex differences in various strength outcomes when pair-matched for muscle thickness. METHODS A total of 16 different data sets (n = 963) were assessed to pair-match females with males who had a muscle thickness value within 2%. We further compared the competition performances of the smallest male weight class within the International Powerlifting Federation (IPF) to different weight classes in females. RESULTS Overall, 76%-88% of the strength assessments were greater in males than females with pair-matched muscle thickness, regardless of contraction types (i.e., isotonic, isometric, isokinetic). Additionally, males in the lightest weight division in the IPF largely outperformed females in heavier weight divisions. CONCLUSIONS Our results would suggest that segregation based on muscle mass or surrogates of muscle mass (e.g., lean body mass) might not be an appropriate classification to create fair competition within strength sports. This is not to refute the concept of the desegregation of the two-sex binary category but to present data that raises important concerns about the potential sex-based differences in strength performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Scott J Dankel
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, USA
| | - Takashi Abe
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
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Sandbach PJ, Carvajal MS, Uygur M, Dankel SJ. The impact of post-exercise blood flow restriction on local muscle endurance of a remote limb. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2022; 42:356-361. [PMID: 35778804 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have examined the influence of post-exercise blood flow restriction as a mechanism to activate muscle afferents and assess non-local muscle fatigue. While these studies have assessed fatigue during maximal contractions, less is known on how these afferents may impact submaximal local muscle endurance which was the purpose of the present study. METHODS Individuals completed two testing visits which involved completing a set of elbow flexion exercises to volitional failure on the non-dominant followed by the dominant arm. During both trials, a pneumatic cuff was placed at the top of the non-dominant arm prior to exercise. This cuff was inflated to either 0% (control) or 70% (experimental) of the individual's arterial occlusion pressure immediately after the set was completed. We then evaluated how this impacted local muscle endurance of the dominant arm using a Bayesian paired samples t-test with an uninformed prior width of 0.707 centered on 0. RESULTS A total of 36 individuals completed the study (18 females). There was a greater discomfort present in the experimental trial when compared to the control trial [control: 4.5 (SD: 2.4), experimental: 5.8 (SD: 1.9); BF10 =61.46], but there were no differences in repetitions completed on the dominant arm [control: 43 (SD: 9), experimental: 43 (SD: 10); BF10 = 0.179]. CONCLUSION Applying blood flow restriction post-exercise induced sensations of discomfort but did not alter local muscle endurance of the contralateral limb. These results suggest that increasing the activation of muscle afferents does not appear to alter submaximal muscle endurance of a remote limb. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Sandbach
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Marlon S Carvajal
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Mehmet Uygur
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Scott J Dankel
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
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O'Bryan SM, Connor KR, Drummer DJ, Lavin KM, Bamman MM. Considerations for Sex-Cognizant Research in Exercise Biology and Medicine. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:903992. [PMID: 35721874 PMCID: PMC9204149 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.903992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the fields of kinesiology, exercise science, and human movement developed, the majority of the research focused on male physiology and extrapolated findings to females. In the medical sphere, basing practice on data developed in only males resulted in the removal of drugs from the market in the late 1990s due to severe side effects (some life-threatening) in females that were not observed in males. In response to substantial evidence demonstrating exercise-induced health benefits, exercise is often promoted as a key modality in disease prevention, management, and rehabilitation. However, much like the early days of drug development, a historical literature knowledge base of predominantly male studies may leave the exercise field vulnerable to overlooking potentially key biological differences in males and females that may be important to consider in prescribing exercise (e.g., how exercise responses may differ between sexes and whether there are optimal approaches to consider for females that differ from conventional approaches that are based on male physiology). Thus, this review will discuss anatomical, physiological, and skeletal muscle molecular differences that may contribute to sex differences in exercise responses, as well as clinical considerations based on this knowledge in athletic and general populations over the continuum of age. Finally, this review summarizes the current gaps in knowledge, highlights the areas ripe for future research, and considerations for sex-cognizant research in exercise fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia M. O'Bryan
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kathleen R. Connor
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Devin J. Drummer
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kaleen M. Lavin
- The Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- The Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Marcas M. Bamman
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Hill EC, Housh TJ, Smith CM, Keller JL, Anders JPV, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. Acute changes in muscle thickness, edema, and blood flow are not different between low-load blood flow restriction and non-blood flow restriction. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2021; 41:452-460. [PMID: 34192417 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the acute changes in muscle swelling (as assessed by muscle thickness and echo intensity) and muscle blood flow associated with an acute bout of low-load blood flow restriction (LLBFR) and low-load non-blood flow restriction (LL) exercise. Twenty women (mean ± SD; 22 ± 2years) volunteered to perform an acute exercise bout that consisted of 75 (1 × 30, 3 × 15) isokinetic, reciprocal, concentric-only, submaximal (30% of peak torque), forearm flexion and extension muscle actions. Pretest, immediately after (posttest), and 5-min after (recovery) completing the 75 repetitions, muscle thickness and echo intensity were assessed from the biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles and muscle blood flow was assessed from the brachial artery. There were no between group differences for any of the dependent variables, but there were significant simple and main effects for muscle and time. Biceps and triceps brachii muscle thickness increased from pretest (2.13 ± 0.39 cm and 1.88 ± 0.40 cm, respectively) to posttest (2.58 ± 0.49 cm and 2.17 ± 0.43 cm, respectively) for both muscles and remained elevated for the biceps brachii (2.53 ± 0.43 cm), but partially returned to pretest levels for the triceps brachii (2.06 ± 0.41 cm). Echo intensity and muscle blood flow increased from pretest (98.0 ± 13.6 Au and 94.5 ± 31.6 ml min-1 , respectively) to posttest (109.2 ± 16.9 Au and 312.2 ± 106.5 ml min-1 , respectively) and pretest to recovery (110.1 ± 18.3 Au and 206.7 ± 92.9 ml min-1 , respectively) and remained elevated for echo intensity, but partially returned to pretest levels for muscle blood flow. The findings of the present study indicated that LLBFR and LL elicited comparable acute responses as a result of reciprocal, concentric-only, forearm flexion and extension muscle actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan C Hill
- School of Kinesiology & Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.,Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Terry J Housh
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Cory M Smith
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Joshua L Keller
- College of Education and Professional Studies, Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - John Paul V Anders
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Richard J Schmidt
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Glen O Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Liegnell R, Wessman F, Shalabi A, Harringe M. Validity of ultrasonography-derived predictions for estimating skeletal muscle volume: a systematic literature review. BMC Med Imaging 2021; 21:106. [PMID: 34229618 PMCID: PMC8258927 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-021-00638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The amount of muscle volume (MV) varies between individuals and is important for health, well-being and performance. Therefore, the monitoring of MV using different imaging modalities is important. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the gold standard, but is not always easily accessible, and the examinations are expensive. Ultrasonography (US) is a much less expensive imaging method widely used to measure changes in muscle thickness (MT). Whether MT may translate into MV needs further investigation. Purpose The aim of this review is to clarify whether US-derived equations based on MT predict MV based on MRI. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted according to the PRISMA statement, searching the electronic databases PubMed, CINAHL and Web of Science, for currently published equations to estimate MV with US. Results The literature search resulted in 363 citations. Twelve articles met the eligibility criteria. Ten articles scored eight out of eleven on QUADAS and two scored nine. Thirty-six prediction equations were identified. R values ranged between 0.53 and 0.961 and the standard error of the estimate (SEE) ranged between 6 and 12% for healthy adult populations, and up to 25.6% for children with cerebral palsy. Eight studies evaluated the results with a Bland–Altman plot and found no systematic errors. The overall strength and quality of the evidence was rated “low quality” as defined by the GRADE system. Conclusions The validity of US-derived equations based on MT is specific to the populations from which it is developed. The agreement with MV based on MRI is moderate with the SEE ranging between 6 and 12% in healthy adult populations. Suggestions for future research include investigations as to whether testing positions or increasing the number of measuring sites could improve the validity for prediction equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Liegnell
- Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Centre, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Fredrik Wessman
- Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Centre, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adel Shalabi
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marita Harringe
- Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Centre, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Teixeira EL, Ugrinowitsch C, de Salles Painelli V, Silva-Batista C, Aihara AY, Cardoso FN, Roschel H, Tricoli V. Blood Flow Restriction Does Not Promote Additional Effects on Muscle Adaptations When Combined With High-Load Resistance Training Regardless of Blood Flow Restriction Protocol. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1194-1200. [PMID: 33900254 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Teixeira, EL, Ugrinowitsch, C, de Salles Painelli, V, Silva-Batista, C, Aihara, AY, Cardoso, FN, Roschel, H, and Tricoli, V. Blood flow restriction does not promote additional effects on muscle adaptations when combined with high-load resistance training regardless of blood flow restriction protocol. J Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1194-1200, 2021-The aim of this study was to investigate, during high-load resistance training (HL-RT), the effect of blood flow restriction (BFR) applied during rest intervals (BFR-I) and muscle contractions (BFR-C) compared with HL-RT alone (no BFR), on maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), maximum dynamic strength (one repetition maximum [1RM]), quadriceps cross-sectional area (QCSA), blood lactate concentration ([La]), and root mean square of the surface electromyography (RMS-EMG) responses. Forty-nine healthy and untrained men (25 ± 6.2 years, 178.1 ± 5.3 cm and 78.8 ± 11.6 kg) trained twice per week, for 8 weeks. One leg of each subject performed HL-RT without BFR (HL-RT), whereas the contralateral leg was randomly allocated to 1 of 2 unilateral knee extension protocols: BFR-I or BFR-C (for all protocols, 3 × 8 repetitions, 70% 1RM). Maximum voluntary isometric contraction, 1RM, QCSA, and acute changes in [La] and RMS-EMG were assessed before and after training. The measurement of [La] and RMS-EMG was performed during the control sessions with the same relative load obtained after the 1RM test, before and after training. Similar increases in MVIC, 1RM, and QCSA were demonstrated among all conditions, with no significant difference between them. [La] increased for all protocols in pre-training and post-training, but it was higher for BFR-I compared with the remaining protocols. Increases in RMS-EMG occurred for all protocols in pre-training and post-training, with no significant difference between them. In conclusion, despite of a greater metabolic stress, BFR inclusion to HL-RT during rest intervals or muscle contraction did not promote any additive effect on muscle strength and hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Luiz Teixeira
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Strength Training Study and Research Group, Paulista University, UNIP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Paulista University, UNIP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Exercise Neuroscience Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Carla Silva-Batista
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Paulista University, UNIP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Exercise Neuroscience Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; and
| | | | | | - Hamilton Roschel
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Valmor Tricoli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Arriel RA, Rodrigues JF, de Souza HLR, Meireles A, Leitão LFM, Crisafulli A, Marocolo M. Ischemia-Reperfusion Intervention: From Enhancements in Exercise Performance to Accelerated Performance Recovery-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17218161. [PMID: 33158265 PMCID: PMC7672542 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that brief cycles of ischemia followed by reperfusion (IR) applied before exercise can improve performance and, IR intervention, applied immediately after exercise (post-exercise ischemic conditioning—PEIC) exerts a potential ergogenic effect to accelerate recovery. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to identify the effects of PEIC on exercise performance, recovery and the responses of associated physiological parameters, such as creatine kinase, perceived recovery and muscle soreness, over 24 h after its application. From 3281 studies, six involving 106 subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Compared to sham (cuff administration with low pressure) and control interventions (no cuff administration), PEIC led to faster performance recovery (p = 0.004; ES = −0.49) and lower increase in creatine kinase (p < 0.001; effect size (ES) = −0.74) and muscle soreness (p < 0.001; ES = −0.88) over 24 h. The effectiveness of this intervention is more pronounced in subjects with low/moderate fitness level and at least a total time of 10 min of ischemia (e.g., two cycles of 5 min) is necessary to promote positive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhaí André Arriel
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-330, Brazil; (R.A.A.); (H.L.R.d.S.); (A.M.)
| | | | | | - Anderson Meireles
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-330, Brazil; (R.A.A.); (H.L.R.d.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Luís Filipe Moutinho Leitão
- Superior School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, 2910-761 Setubal, Portugal;
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Antonio Crisafulli
- Sports Physiology Lab., Department Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-330, Brazil; (R.A.A.); (H.L.R.d.S.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Blood-Flow-Restriction Training: Validity of Pulse Oximetry to Assess Arterial Occlusion Pressure. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:1408-1414. [PMID: 30958065 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Setting the optimal cuff pressure is a crucial part of prescribing blood-flow-restriction training. It is currently recommended to use percentages of each individual's arterial occlusion pressure, which is most accurately determined by Doppler ultrasound (DU). However, the practicality of this gold-standard method in daily training routine is limited due to high costs. An alternative solution is pulse oximetry (PO). The main purpose of this study was to evaluate validity between PO and DU measurements and to investigate whether sex has a potential influence on these variables. METHODS A total of 94 subjects were enrolled in the study. Participants were positioned in a supine position, and a 12-cm-wide cuff was applied in a counterbalanced order at the most proximal portion of the right upper and lower limbs. The cuff pressure was successively increased until pulse was no longer detected by DU and PO. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the DU and PO methods when measuring arterial occlusion pressure at the upper limb (P = .308). However, both methods showed considerable disagreement for the lower limbs (P = .001), which was evident in both men (P = .028) and women (P = .008). No sex differences were detected. CONCLUSIONS PO is reasonably accurate to determine arterial occlusion pressure of the upper limbs. For lower limbs, PO does not seem to be a valid instrument when assessing the optimal cuff pressure for blood-flow-restriction interventions compared with DU.
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11
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Abe T, Mouser JG, Dankel SJ, Bell ZW, Buckner SL, Mattocks KT, Jessee MB, Loenneke JP. A method to standardize the blood flow restriction pressure by an elastic cuff. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 29:329-335. [PMID: 30468528 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow restriction training using a practical (non-pneumatic) elastic cuff has recently increased in popularity. However, a criticism of this method is that the pressure applied and the amount of blood flow restriction induced is unknown. The aim was to quantify blood flow following the application of an elastic cuff and compare that to what is observed using a more traditional pressurized nylon cuff. Thirty-five young participants (16 men and 19 women) visited the laboratory once for testing. In a randomized order (one condition per arm), an elastic cuff (5 cm wide) was applied to one arm and blood flow was measured following the cuff being pulled to two distinct lengths; 10% and 20% of the resting length based on arm circumference. The other arm would follow a similar protocol but use a pressurized nylon cuff (5 cm wide) and be inflated to 40% and 80% of the individuals resting arterial occlusion pressure. There was a main effect of pressure for blood flow with it decreasing in a pressure-dependent manner (High < Low, P < 0.001). The mean difference (95% CI) in blood flow between cuffs was -5.9 (-18.9, 7.0) % for the lower pressure and -4.0 (-13.2, 5.1) % for the higher pressure. When the relative changes for each cuff were separated by sex, there were no differences in the changes from Pre (P ≥ 0.509). The application of a pressure relative to the initial belt length, which is largely dependent upon arm circumference, appears to provide one method to standardize the practical blood flow restriction pressure for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - J Grant Mouser
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Scott J Dankel
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Kevin T Mattocks
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Matthew B Jessee
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
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Barnes MJ, Fraser J, Coley K, Perry BG. Is Postexercise Blood Flow Restriction a Viable Alternative to Other Resistance Exercise Protocols? RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2018; 89:504-510. [PMID: 30239290 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2018.1510170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify whether post-resistance exercise (REx) blood flow restriction (BFR) can elicit a similar acute training stimulus to that offered by either heavy REx or traditional low-load BFR REx. METHOD Ten men completed trials with 30% one-repetition maximum (1RM) for 5 sets of 15 repetitions without BFR (30%), with BFR during exercise (30% RD), and with postexercise BFR (30% RP) and at 75% 1RM for 3 sets of 10 repetitions. Lactate and cortisol were measured before and up to 60 min after exercise. Thigh circumference, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and pain were measured before and after exercise. Surface electromyography was measured during exercise. RESULTS All conditions had a large effect (effect size [ES] > 0.8) on lactate, with the largest effects observed with the 75% condition; no differences were observed between the 30% conditions. All conditions had a moderate effect (ES > 0.25 ≤ 0.4) on increasing thigh circumference. This effect was maintained (ES = 0.35) with the application of BFR after REx (30% RP). Change in RPE, from the first to last set, was significantly greater with 30% RD compared with other conditions (all p < .05). Electromyography amplitude was higher and percentage change was greater for the 75% condition compared with the other conditions (both p < .05). CONCLUSIONS The application of BFR immediately post-REx altered several of the responses associated with REx that is aimed at inducing muscular hypertrophy. Additionally, these changes occurred with less pain and perceived exertion suggesting that this form of REx may offer an alternative, tolerable method of REx.
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Bunevicius K, Grunovas A, Trinkunas E, Poderienė K, Silinskas V, Buliuolis A, Poderys J. Low- and high-intensity one-week occlusion training improves muscle oxygen consumption and reduces muscle fatigue. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:941-946. [PMID: 29991216 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-intensity resistance exercises with blood flow restriction have been shown is effective to increase muscular strength and hypertrophy. However, the effects of combined training: one-week occlusion training with various exercise intensities by using less occlusion pressure on muscle strength improvement, fatigability and their work capacity are not clear. METHODS Participants (N.=24) were middle-distance runners with 4-6 years of training experience. A control group without blood flow restriction (N.=12, age 23±1 years) and an experimental group with blood flow restriction (N.=12, age 22±1 years). In this study, the calf muscles were impacted by the training with occlusion 120 mmHg. We used intensive one-week daily training, whereby exercise intensity was gradually increased daily from 20% to 80% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and then decreased to 60% by the end of the week. RESULTS MVC of foot flexion muscles after the one-week occlusion training in the experimental group and control group increased (P<0.05) by 5.6±1.3% and 5.3±1.2%, respectively. Meanwhile in experimental group work capacity improved only 2.4±3.5% (P>0.05) and in control group it significantly decreased 11.8±2.5% (P<0.05). StO2 decreased during exercise test from the baseline 100% to 45.2±4.3% before occlusion training and to 34.6±6.2% after the week of occlusion training (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Intensive one-week training with occlusion with varying intensity improves resistance to fatigue and recovery after training. This kind of training improves oxygen consumption while exercising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kestutis Bunevicius
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Albinas Grunovas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Eugenijus Trinkunas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Poderienė
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Viktoras Silinskas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania -
| | - Alfonsas Buliuolis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jonas Poderys
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Bunevicius K, Grunovas A, Venckunas T, Poderiene K, Trinkunas E, Poderys J. Blood flow restriction late in recovery after heavy resistance exercise hampers muscle recuperation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:313-320. [PMID: 29214460 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effect of acute blood flow restriction during the late recovery phase between two resistance exercise bouts on muscular endurance and oxygenation. METHODS Amateur male middle- and long-distance runners performed two bouts of one-leg dynamic plantar flexion exercise to failure with the load equivalent to 75% of maximum. Subjects were randomly assigned into two experimental groups with thigh occlusion pressure between bouts at either 120 or 200 mmHg with 20 min of passive rest in between, and two control groups without any blood flow restriction separated by either 5 or 20 min of rest. Blood flow restriction in the experimental groups was implemented during the last 15 min of recovery. Calf arterial blood flow and muscle oxygenation were measured by venous occlusion plethysmography and near-infrared spectroscopy, respectively. RESULTS Decrease of muscular oxygenation and blood flow during recovery between exercise bouts depended on the applied occlusion pressure. When compared with bout 1, work capacity in the experimental groups during bout 2 was reduced by 9.3 ± 2.2% with 120 mmHg and by 10.5 ± 3.1% (p < 0.05) with 200 mmHg occlusion pressure. In the control groups, work capacity was restored after 20 min (- 3.9 ± 3.2%, p > 0.05) but not after 5-min recovery (- 20.0 ± 1.8%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Blood flow restriction late in recovery after a heavy resistance exercise bout decreased muscle oxygenation and work capacity during the subsequent heavy resistance exercise bout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kestutis Bunevicius
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Albinas Grunovas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Poderiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Eugenijus Trinkunas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jonas Poderys
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
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16
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Dankel SJ, Mattocks KT, Jessee MB, Buckner SL, Mouser JG, Loenneke JP. Do metabolites that are produced during resistance exercise enhance muscle hypertrophy? Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2125-2135. [PMID: 28776271 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many reviews conclude that metabolites play an important role with respect to muscle hypertrophy during resistance exercise, but their actual physiologic contribution remains unknown. Some have suggested that metabolites may work independently of muscle contraction, while others have suggested that metabolites may play a secondary role in their ability to augment muscle activation via inducing fatigue. Interestingly, the studies used as support for an anabolic role of metabolites use protocols that are not actually designed to test the importance of metabolites independent of muscle contraction. While there is some evidence in vitro that metabolites may induce muscle hypertrophy, the only study attempting to answer this question in humans found no added benefit of pooling metabolites within the muscle post-exercise. As load-induced muscle hypertrophy is thought to work via mechanotransduction (as opposed to being metabolically driven), it seems likely that metabolites simply augment muscle activation and cause the mechanotransduction cascade in a larger proportion of muscle fibers, thereby producing greater muscle growth. A sufficient time under tension also appears necessary, as measurable muscle growth is not observed after repeated maximal testing. Based on current evidence, it is our opinion that metabolites produced during resistance exercise do not have anabolic properties per se, but may be anabolic in their ability to augment muscle activation. Future studies are needed to compare protocols which produce similar levels of muscle activation, but differ in the magnitude of metabolites produced, or duration in which the exercised muscles are exposed to metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Dankel
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Kevin T Mattocks
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Matthew B Jessee
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - J Grant Mouser
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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17
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Post-exercise blood flow restriction attenuates hyperemia similarly in males and females. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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Ozaki H, Kubota A, Natsume T, Loenneke JP, Abe T, Machida S, Naito H. Effects of drop sets with resistance training on increases in muscle CSA, strength, and endurance: a pilot study. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:691-696. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1331042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayao Ozaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
- School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kubota
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
- School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Natsume
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
| | - Jeremy P. Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, School of Applied Sciences, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, School of Applied Sciences, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | - Shuichi Machida
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
- School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
- School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
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19
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Madarame H, Nakada S, Ohta T, Ishii N. Postexercise blood flow restriction does not enhance muscle hypertrophy induced by multiple-set high-load resistance exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017; 38:360-365. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Madarame
- Department of Life Sciences (Sports Sciences); Graduate School of Arts and Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Meguro Tokyo Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakada
- Department of Life Sciences (Sports Sciences); Graduate School of Arts and Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Meguro Tokyo Japan
| | - Takahisa Ohta
- Department of Life Sciences (Sports Sciences); Graduate School of Arts and Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Meguro Tokyo Japan
| | - Naokata Ishii
- Department of Life Sciences (Sports Sciences); Graduate School of Arts and Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Meguro Tokyo Japan
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Teixeira EL, Barroso R, Silva-Batista C, Laurentino GC, Loenneke JP, Roschel H, Ugrinowitsch C, Tricoli V. Blood flow restriction increases metabolic stress but decreases muscle activation during high-load resistance exercise. Muscle Nerve 2017; 57:107-111. [PMID: 28214295 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated differences in metabolic stress (lactate) and muscle activation (electromyography; EMG) when high-load resistance exercise (HL) is compared with a condition in which blood flow restriction (BFR) is applied during the exercise or during the rest interval. METHODS Twelve participants performed HL with BFR during the intervals (BFR-I), during the set (BFR-S), and without BFR. Each condition consisted of 3 sets of 8 repetitions with knee extension at 70% of 1-repetition maximum. Lactate and root mean square (RMS) from the surface EMG of the vastus lateralis were calculated. RESULTS Lactate increased in all protocols but was higher with BFR-I than with BFR-S and HL. RMS decreased under all conditions, with a larger effect size in BFR-I (1.47) than in BFR-S (0.66) and HL (0.59). DISCUSSION BFR-I increases lactate, possibly as a result of reduced restoration of ATP. Muscle activation seems to be impacted by mechanical stress but may be reduced by metabolic stress. Muscle Nerve 57: 107-111, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson L Teixeira
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 05508-030
| | - Renato Barroso
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Silva-Batista
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 05508-030
| | - Gilberto C Laurentino
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 05508-030
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 05508-030
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 05508-030
| | - Valmor Tricoli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 05508-030
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Dankel SJ, Counts BR, Barnett BE, Buckner SL, Abe T, Loenneke JP. Muscle adaptations following 21 consecutive days of strength test familiarization compared with traditional training. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:307-314. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Dankel
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Brittany R Counts
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Brian E Barnett
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Takashi Abe
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports, Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
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22
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Counts BR, Rossow LM, Mattocks KT, Mouser JG, Jessee MB, Buckner SL, Dankel SJ, Loenneke JP. Let's talk about sex: where are the young females in blood flow restriction research? Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2016; 38:1-3. [PMID: 27730736 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low-load resistance exercise with the blood flow restriction (BFR) has been shown to increase muscle size similar to that of traditional high-load resistance training. Throughout the BFR literature, there is a vast difference between the quantity of young females included in the literature compared to young males, older males and older females. Therefore, the purpose of this minireview is to discuss the underrepresentation of young females in the BFR literature and review the potential physiologic reasons as to why they may have been excluded. In conclusion, the female menstrual cycle, a normal physiological occurrence, is presumably the reason as to why majority of young females are excluded from participation in BFR studies. Instead of excluding females, we recommend that BFR studies should include both sexes and plot the results separately to determine whether a sex difference exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany R Counts
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Lindy M Rossow
- Department of Health and Fitness Sciences, Lindenwood University Belleville, Belleville, IL, USA
| | - Kevin T Mattocks
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - J Grant Mouser
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Matthew B Jessee
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Scott J Dankel
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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Dankel SJ, Jessee MB, Mattocks KT, Mouser JG, Counts BR, Buckner SL, Loenneke JP. Training to Fatigue: The Answer for Standardization When Assessing Muscle Hypertrophy? Sports Med 2016; 47:1021-1027. [PMID: 27677915 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Dankel
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, 231 Turner Center, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Matthew B Jessee
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, 231 Turner Center, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Kevin T Mattocks
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, 231 Turner Center, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - J Grant Mouser
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, 231 Turner Center, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Brittany R Counts
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, 231 Turner Center, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, 231 Turner Center, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, 231 Turner Center, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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