1
|
Yeung CYC, Svensson RB, Mogensen NMB, Merkel MFR, Schjerling P, Jokipii-Utzon A, Zhang C, Carstensen H, Buhl R, Kjaer M. Mechanical properties, collagen and glycosaminoglycan content of equine superficial digital flexor tendons are not affected by training. J Anat 2024. [PMID: 38712668 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical activity can activate extracellular matrix (ECM) protein synthesis and influence the size and mechanical properties of tendon. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether different training histories of horses would influence the synthesis of collagen and other matrix proteins and alter the mechanical properties of tendon. Samples from superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) from horses that were either (a) currently race trained (n = 5), (b) previously race trained (n = 5) or (c) untrained (n = 4) were analysed for matrix protein abundance (mass spectrometry), collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, ECM gene expression and mechanical properties. It was found that ECM synthesis by tendon fibroblasts in vitro varied depending upon the previous training history. In contrast, fascicle morphology, collagen and GAG content, mechanical properties and ECM gene expression of the tendon did not reveal any significant differences between groups. In conclusion, although we could not identify any direct impact of the physical training history on the mechanical properties or major ECM components of the tendon, it is evident that horse tendon cells are responsive to loading in vivo, and the training background may lead to a modification in the composition of newly synthesised matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yan Chloé Yeung
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René B Svensson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikoline M B Mogensen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Max F R Merkel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Jokipii-Utzon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helena Carstensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Buhl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Quinlan JI, Viggars MR. Tendinopathy: A 'timely' matter. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 36869867 DOI: 10.1113/jp284518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I Quinlan
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark R Viggars
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yeung CYC, Svensson RB, Yurchenko K, Malmgaard-Clausen NM, Tryggedsson I, Lendal M, Jokipii-Utzon A, Olesen JL, Lu Y, Kadler KE, Schjerling P, Kjaer M. Disruption of day-to-night changes in circadian gene expression with chronic tendinopathy. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 36810732 DOI: 10.1113/jp284083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Overuse injury in tendon tissue (tendinopathy) is a frequent and costly musculoskeletal disorder and represents a major clinical problem with unsolved pathogenesis. Studies in mice have demonstrated that circadian clock-controlled genes are vital for protein homeostasis and important in the development of tendinopathy. We performed RNA sequencing, collagen content and ultrastructural analyses on human tendon biopsies obtained 12 h apart in healthy individuals to establish whether human tendon is a peripheral clock tissue and we performed RNA sequencing on patients with chronic tendinopathy to examine the expression of circadian clock genes in tendinopathic tissues. We found time-dependent expression of 280 RNAs including 11 conserved circadian clock genes in healthy tendons and markedly fewer (23) differential RNAs with chronic tendinopathy. Further, the expression of COL1A1 and COL1A2 was reduced at night but was not circadian rhythmic in synchronised human tenocyte cultures. In conclusion, day-to-night changes in gene expression in healthy human patellar tendons indicate a conserved circadian clock as well as the existence of a night reduction in collagen I expression. KEY POINTS: Tendinopathy is a major clinical problem with unsolved pathogenesis. Previous work in mice has shown that a robust circadian rhythm is required for collagen homeostasis in tendons. The use of circadian medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of tendinopathy has been stifled by the lack of studies on human tissue. Here, we establish that the expression of circadian clock genes in human tendons is time dependent, and now we have data to corroborate that circadian output is reduced in diseased tendon tissues. We consider our findings to be of significance in advancing the use of the tendon circadian clock as a therapeutic target or preclinical biomarker for tendinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yan Chloé Yeung
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kateryna Yurchenko
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj M Malmgaard-Clausen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Tryggedsson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marius Lendal
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Jokipii-Utzon
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens L Olesen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yinhui Lu
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Karl E Kadler
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Johannsen F, Olesen JL, Øhlenschläger TF, Lundgaard-Nielsen M, Cullum CK, Jakobsen AS, Rathleff MS, Magnusson PS, Kjær M. Effect of Ultrasonography-Guided Corticosteroid Injection vs Placebo Added to Exercise Therapy for Achilles Tendinopathy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2219661. [PMID: 35816306 PMCID: PMC9274322 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.19661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Corticosteroid injections and exercise therapy are commonly used to treat chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy, but the evidence for this combination is limited. Objective To investigate the effect of corticosteroid injection and exercise therapy compared with placebo injection and exercise therapy for patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a participant-blinded, physician-blinded, and assessor-blinded randomized clinical trial of patients with Achilles tendinopathy verified by ultrasonography. Assessment of pain and function were conducted at baseline and at 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Patients were recruited from a university medical clinic and a private rheumatology clinic in Denmark between April 2016 and September 2018. Data analysis was performed from June to September 2021. Interventions Corticosteroid injection and placebo injection were performed with ultrasonography guidance. Exercise therapy was based on previous trials and consisted of 3 exercises done every second day. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles (VISA-A) score (range, 1-100, with 100 representing no symptoms) at 6 months. Secondary outcomes included pain measured using a 100-mm Visual Analog Scale for morning pain and pain during exercise (with higher scores indicating worse pain), global assessment (Likert scale), and tendon thickness. Results A total of 100 patients were included, with 52 randomized to placebo (mean age, 46 years [95% CI, 44-48 years]; 32 men [62%]) and 48 randomized to corticosteroid injection (mean age, 47 years [95% CI, 45-49 years]; 28 men [58%]). Patients in the 2 groups had similar height (mean [SD], 177 [8] cm), weight (mean [SD], 79 [12] kg), and VISA-A score (mean [SD], 46 [18]) at baseline. The group receiving exercise therapy combined with corticosteroid injections had a 17.7-point (95% CI, 8.4-27.0 points; P < .001) larger improvement in VISA-A score compared with patients receiving exercise therapy combined with placebo injections at 6 months. No severe adverse events were observed in either group, and there was no deterioration in the long term (2-year follow-up). Conclusions and Relevance Corticosteroid injections combined with exercise therapy were associated with better outcomes in the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy compared with placebo injections and exercise therapy. A combination of exercise therapy and corticosteroid injection should be considered in the management of long-standing Achilles tendinopathy. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02580630.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Finn Johannsen
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkegaard Olesen
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for General Practice at Aalborg University, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Camilla Kjaer Cullum
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Svarre Jakobsen
- Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Centre for Head and Orthopaedics, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Michael Skovdal Rathleff
- Center for General Practice at Aalborg University, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Peter Stig Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjær
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Acute Effects of Global Postural Re-Education on Non-Specific Low Back Pain. Does Time-of-Day Play a Role? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020713. [PMID: 33467603 PMCID: PMC7829940 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain is one the most common forms of musculoskeletal disorders. Thus, several physiotherapeutic strategies (e.g., global postural re-education therapy) have been used for reducing low back pain. The aim of this study was to determinate if acute application of global postural re-education session associated effects are influenced by the time-of-day when this physical therapy is applied. Eight participants in a randomized, counterbalanced order were acutely tested both before and 24 h after a global postural re-education therapy session (10 min session) in three different time-of-day points; morning (i.e., AM; 7:00–9:00 h), midday (i.e., AM; 12:00–14:00 h) and afternoon (i.e., PM; 18:00–20:00 h). In each session, low back pain Visual Analogue Pain Scale [VAS]), flexibility, function capacity (Roland Morris Questionnaire [RMQ], and physical functioning Oswestry Disability Index [ODI]) were recorded. Results showed a pain reduction (VAS Scale) 24 h post Global postural re-education [GPR] session (p = 0.001) and increasing of flexibility pre-post GPR session in all the time-of-day points (morning, midday, and afternoon) (p = 0.001) while no differences were reported in RMQ (p = 0.969) and ODI (p = 0.767). Thus, acute GPR session produces the same effects on flexibility, low back pain, function capacity, and physical functioning values independently of time-of-day when it is applied.
Collapse
|
6
|
Tanaka Y, Ogata H, Kayaba M, Ando A, Park I, Yajima K, Araki A, Suzuki C, Osumi H, Zhang S, Ishihara A, Takahashi K, Shoda J, Nabekura Y, Satoh M, Tokuyama K. Effect of a single bout of exercise on clock gene expression in human leukocyte. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:847-854. [PMID: 32134712 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00891.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals have circadian clocks, which consist of the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the peripheral clocks in the peripheral tissues. The effect of exercise on phase of peripheral clocks have been reported in rodents but not in humans. Continuous sampling is necessary to assess the phase of the circadian rhythm of peripheral clock gene expressions. It has been assumed that the expression of the genes in leukocyte may be "an accessible window to the multiorgan transcriptome." The present study aimed to examine whether exercise affects the level and phase of clock gene expression in human leukocytes. Eleven young men participated in three trials, in which they performed a single bout of exercise at 60% V̇o2max for 1 h beginning either at 0700 (morning exercise) or 1600 (afternoon exercise) or no exercise (control). Blood samples were collected at 0600, 0900, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100, and 2300 and at 0600 the next morning, to assess diurnal changes of clock gene expression in leukocytes. Brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (Bmal1) expression level increased after morning and afternoon exercise, and Cryptochrome 1 (Cry1) expression level increased after morning exercise. Compared with control trial, acrophase of Bmal1 expression tended to be earlier in morning exercise trial and later in afternoon exercise trial. Acrophase of Cry1 expression was earlier in morning exercise trial but not affected by afternoon exercise. Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (Clock), Period 1-3 (Per1-3), and Cry2 expression levels and those acrophases were not affected by exercise. The present results suggest a potential role of a single bout of exercise to modify peripheral clocks in humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study showed that a single bout of exercise affected peripheral clock gene expression in human leukocytes and the effect of exercise depended on when it was performed. Brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (Bmal1) expression was increased after exercises performed in the morning and afternoon. Cryptochrome 1 (Cry1) expression was also increased after the morning exercise. The effect of exercise on acrophase of Bmal1 depended on the time of the exercise: advanced after morning exercise and delayed after afternoon exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ogata
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Momoko Kayaba
- Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ando
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Insung Park
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yajima
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Araki
- Faculty of Health Science, Tsukuba International University, Manabe, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chihiro Suzuki
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Haruka Osumi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Simeng Zhang
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Asuka Ishihara
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keigo Takahashi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junichi Shoda
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Nabekura
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto Satoh
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kumpei Tokuyama
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Camello-Almaraz C, Martin-Cano FE, Santos FJ, Espin MT, Antonio Madrid J, Pozo MJ, Camello PJ. Age-Induced Differential Changes in the Central and Colonic Human Circadian Oscillators. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020674. [PMID: 31968581 PMCID: PMC7013976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging modifies not only multiple cellular and homeostatic systems, but also biological rhythms. The circadian system is driven by a central hypothalamic oscillator which entrains peripheral oscillators, in both cases underlain by circadian genes. Our aim was to characterize the effect of aging in the circadian expression of clock genes in the human colon. Ambulatory recordings of the circadian rhythms of skin wrist temperature, motor activity and the integrated variable TAP (temperature, activity and position) were dampened by aging, especially beyond 74 years of age. On the contrary, quantitative analysis of genes expression in the muscle layer of colonic explants during 24 h revealed that the circadian expression of Bmal1, Per1 and Clock genes, was larger beyond that age. In vitro experiments showed that aging induced a parallel increase in the myogenic contractility of the circular colonic muscle. This effect was not accompanied by enhancement of Ca2+ signals. In conclusion, we describe here for the first time the presence of a molecular oscillator in the human colon. Aging has a differential effect on the systemic circadian rhythms, that are impaired by aging, and the colonic oscillator, that is strengthened in parallel with the myogenic contractility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Camello-Almaraz
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Campus Universitario, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (C.C.-A.); (F.E.M.-C.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Francisco E. Martin-Cano
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Campus Universitario, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (C.C.-A.); (F.E.M.-C.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Francisco J. Santos
- Surgery Department, University Hospital, Servicio Extremeño de Salud, Avda Universidad, 10004 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Mª Teresa Espin
- Faculty of Medicine, Infanta Cristina University Hospital, Servicio Extremeño de Salud, Avda Elbas, 06080 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Juan Antonio Madrid
- Chronobiology Lab, Department of Physiology, College of Biology, University of Murcia, Mare Nostrum Campus, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Maria J. Pozo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Campus Universitario, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (C.C.-A.); (F.E.M.-C.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Pedro J. Camello
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Campus Universitario, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (C.C.-A.); (F.E.M.-C.); (M.J.P.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|