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Létocart AJ, Svensson RB, Mabesoone F, Charleux F, Marin F, Dermigny Q, Magnusson SP, Couppé C, Grosset JF. Structure and function of Achilles and patellar tendons following moderate slow resistance training in young and old men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05461-y. [PMID: 38649478 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aging and resistance training with a moderate load on the size and mechanical properties of the patellar (PT) and Achilles tendon (AT) and their associated aponeuroses; medial gastrocnemius (MG) and vastus lateralis (VL). Young (Y55; 24.8 ± 3.8 yrs, n = 11) and old men (O55; 70.0 ± 4.6 yrs, n = 13) were assigned to undergo a training program (12 weeks; 3 times/week) of moderate slow resistance training [55% of one repetition maximum (RM)] of the triceps surae and quadriceps muscles. Tendon dimensions were assessed using 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging before and after 12 weeks. AT and PT cross sectional area (CSA) were determined every 10% of tendon length. Mechanical properties of the free AT, MG aponeurosis, PT, and VL aponeurosis were assessed using ultrasonography (deformation) and tendon force measurements. CSA of the AT but not PT was greater in O55 compared with Y55. At baseline, mechanical properties were generally lower in O55 than Y55 for AT, MG aponeurosis and VL aponeurosis (Young's modulus) but not for PT. CSA of the AT and PT increased equally in both groups following training. Further, for a given force, stiffness and Young's modulus also increased equally for VL aponeurosis and AT, for boths groups. The present study highlights that except for the PT, older men have lower tendon (AT, MG aponeurosis, and VL aponeurosis) mechanical properties than young men and 12-weeks of moderate slow resistance training appears sufficient to improve tendon size and mechanical adaptations in both young and older men. New and Noteworthy: These novel findings suggest that short-term moderate slow resistance training induces equal improvements in tendon size and mechanics regardless of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien J Létocart
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - René B Svensson
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Frédéric Marin
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Quentin Dermigny
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Couppé
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jean-François Grosset
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60205, Compiègne Cedex, France.
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Yeung CYC, Olesen AT, Wilson R, Lamandé SR, Bateman JF, Svensson RB, Magnusson SP, Kjaer M. Proteome profiles of skeletal muscle connective tissue: Influence of aging and physical training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:1278-1286. [PMID: 36995911 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00675.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Both aging and physical activity can influence the amount of connective tissue in skeletal muscle, but the impact of these upon specific extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in skeletal muscle is unknown. We investigated the proteome profile of connective tissue in skeletal muscle by label-free proteomic analysis of cellular protein-depleted extracts from lateral gastrocnemius muscle of old (22-23 months old) and middle-aged mice (11 months old) subjected to three different levels of regular physical activity for 10 weeks (high resistance wheel running, low resistance wheel running or sedentary controls). We hypothesized that aging is correlated with an increased amount of connective tissue proteins in skeletal muscle, and that regular physical activity can counteract these age-related changes. We found that dominating cellular proteins were diminished in the urea/thiourea extract, which was therefore used for proteomics. Proteomic analysis identified 482 proteins and showed enrichment for ECM proteins. Statistical analysis revealed that the abundances of 86 proteins were changed with age. Twenty-three of these differentially abundant proteins were identified as structural ECM proteins (e.g., collagens and laminins) and all of these were significantly more abundant with aging. No significant effect of training or interaction between training and advance in age was found for any proteins. Finally, we found a lower protein concentration in the urea/thiourea extracts from the old compared to middle-aged mice. By identifying the ECM proteome profiles of skeletal muscle connective tissue, the findings indicate that intramuscular connective tissue alters its soluble protein content with age but is unaffected by training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yan Chloé Yeung
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annesofie T Olesen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Shireen R Lamandé
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - John F Bateman
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - René B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tsuchiya Y, Svensson RB, Yeung CYC, Schjerling P, Kjaer M. Tensile Loaded Tissue-Engineered Human Tendon Constructs Stimulate Myotube Formation. Tissue Eng Part A 2023; 29:292-305. [PMID: 36680754 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2022.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses adaptability to mechanical loading and regenerative potential following muscle injury due to muscle stem cell activity. So far, it is known that muscle stem cell activity is supported by the roles of several interstitial cells within skeletal muscle in response to muscle damage. The adjacent tendon is also exposed to repetitive mechanical loading and possesses plasticity like skeletal muscle. However, the interplay between the skeletal muscle and adjacent tendon tissue has not been fully investigated. In this study, we tested whether factors released by three-dimensional engineered human tendon constructs in response to uniaxial tensile loading can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of human-derived myogenic cells (myoblasts). Tendon constructs were subjected to repetitive mechanical loading (4% strain at 0.5 Hz for 4 h) and nonrepetitive loading (0% strain at 0 Hz for 4 h), and the conditioned media from mechanically loaded and nonmechanically loaded control constructs were applied to myoblasts. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed both an increase of myotube fusion index (≥5 nuclei within one desmin+ myotube) and the myotube diameter when conditioned medium from mechanically loaded tendon constructs was applied. Myostatin, myosin heavy chain 7, and AXIN2 gene expressions were downregulated in myotubes treated with conditioned medium from mechanically loaded tendon constructs. However, proliferative potential (number of Ki67+ and bromodeoxyuridine+ myoblasts) did not differ between the two groups. These results indicate that tendon fibroblasts enhance myotube formation by mechanical loading-induced factors. Our finding suggests that mechanical loading affects the signaling interplay between skeletal muscle and tendon tissue and is thus important for musculoskeletal tissue development and regeneration in humans. Impact statement The interplay between satellite cells and various types of resident cells within the skeletal muscle for muscle regeneration has been extensively studied. However, even though tendon tissue is located adjacent to skeletal muscle tissue and cells in these tissues are exposed to repetitive mechanical loading together, the interaction between muscle and tendon tissues for muscle regeneration remains to be elucidated. In this study, we report that the conditioned media from engineered human tendon tissues undergoing repetitive tensile mechanical loading enhanced myotube formation. Our in vitro findings extend the fundamental understanding of the crosstalk between adjacent tissues of the muscle-tendon unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René B Svensson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ching-Yan Chloé Yeung
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Yeung CYC, Svensson RB, Yurchenko K, Malmgaard-Clausen NM, Tryggedsson I, Lendal M, Jokipii-Utzon A, Olesen JL, Lu Y, Kadler KE, Schjerling P, Kjaer M. Disruption of day-to-night changes in circadian gene expression with chronic tendinopathy. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 36810732 DOI: 10.1113/jp284083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Overuse injury in tendon tissue (tendinopathy) is a frequent and costly musculoskeletal disorder and represents a major clinical problem with unsolved pathogenesis. Studies in mice have demonstrated that circadian clock-controlled genes are vital for protein homeostasis and important in the development of tendinopathy. We performed RNA sequencing, collagen content and ultrastructural analyses on human tendon biopsies obtained 12 h apart in healthy individuals to establish whether human tendon is a peripheral clock tissue and we performed RNA sequencing on patients with chronic tendinopathy to examine the expression of circadian clock genes in tendinopathic tissues. We found time-dependent expression of 280 RNAs including 11 conserved circadian clock genes in healthy tendons and markedly fewer (23) differential RNAs with chronic tendinopathy. Further, the expression of COL1A1 and COL1A2 was reduced at night but was not circadian rhythmic in synchronised human tenocyte cultures. In conclusion, day-to-night changes in gene expression in healthy human patellar tendons indicate a conserved circadian clock as well as the existence of a night reduction in collagen I expression. KEY POINTS: Tendinopathy is a major clinical problem with unsolved pathogenesis. Previous work in mice has shown that a robust circadian rhythm is required for collagen homeostasis in tendons. The use of circadian medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of tendinopathy has been stifled by the lack of studies on human tissue. Here, we establish that the expression of circadian clock genes in human tendons is time dependent, and now we have data to corroborate that circadian output is reduced in diseased tendon tissues. We consider our findings to be of significance in advancing the use of the tendon circadian clock as a therapeutic target or preclinical biomarker for tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yan Chloé Yeung
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kateryna Yurchenko
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj M Malmgaard-Clausen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Tryggedsson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marius Lendal
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Jokipii-Utzon
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens L Olesen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yinhui Lu
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Karl E Kadler
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sinkam L, Boraschi-Diaz I, Svensson RB, Kjaer M, Komarova SV, Bergeron R, Rauch F, Veilleux LN. Tendon properties in a mouse model of severe osteogenesis imperfecta. Connect Tissue Res 2022; 64:285-293. [PMID: 36576243 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2022.2161376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM OF THE STUDY Osteogenesis imperfecta is a heritable bone disorder that is usually caused by mutations in collagen type I encoding genes. The impact of such mutations on tendons, a structure with high collagen type I content, remains largely unexplored. We hypothesized that tendon properties are abnormal in the context of a mutation affecting collagen type I. The main purpose of the study was to assess the anatomical, mechanical, and material tendon properties of Col1a1Jrt/+ mice, a model of severe dominant OI. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Flexor Digitorum Longus (FDL) tendon of Col1a1Jrt/+ mice and wild-type littermates (WT) was assessed with in vitro mechanical testing. RESULTS The results showed that width and thickness of FDL tendons were about 40% larger in WT (p < 0.01) than in Col1a1Jrt/+ mice, whereas the cross-sectional area was 138% larger (p < 0.001). The stiffness, peak- and yield-force were between 160% and 194% higher in WT vs. Col1a1Jrt/+ mice. The material properties did not show significant differences between mouse strains with differences <15% between WT and Col1a1Jrt/+ (p > 0.05). Analysis of the Achilles tendon collagen showed no difference between mice strains for the content but collagen solubility in acetic acid was 66% higher in WT than in Col1a1Jrt/+ (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the FDL tendon of Col1a1Jrt/+ mice has reduced mechanical properties but apparently normal material properties. It remains unclear whether the tendon phenotype of Col1a1Jrt/+ mice is secondary to muscle weakness or a direct effect of the Col1a1 mutation or a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Sinkam
- Motion Analysis Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Experimental suregery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Iris Boraschi-Diaz
- Motion Analysis Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Experimental suregery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - René B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Øresund, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Øresund, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Øresund, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Øresund, Denmark
| | - Svetlana V Komarova
- Motion Analysis Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Raynald Bergeron
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique. Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frank Rauch
- Motion Analysis Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Experimental suregery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Genetics Unit, Shrines Hospital for Children - Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis-Nicolas Veilleux
- Motion Analysis Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Experimental suregery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Giannopoulos A, Svensson RB, Yeung CYC, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Effects of genipin crosslinking on mechanical cell-matrix interaction in 3D engineered tendon constructs. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 119:104508. [PMID: 33857874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that cells can generate endogenous forces onto the extracellular matrix, but to what extent the mechanical properties of the matrix influences these endogenous cellular forces remains unclear. We therefore sought to quantify the influence of matrix rigidity on cell-matrix interactions by inducing cross-links using increasing concentrations of genipin (0.01-1 mM) or by blocking cross-link formation using beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) in engineered human tendon tissue constructs. The cell-matrix mechanics of the tendon constructs were evaluated as cell-generated tissue re-tensioning and stress-relaxation responses using a novel custom-made force monitor, which can apply and detect tensional forces in real-time in addition to mechanical failure testing. Genipin treatment had no influence on the biochemical profile (hydroxyproline, glycosaminoglycan and DNA content) of the constructs and cell viability was comparable between genipin-treated and control constructs, except at the highest genipin concentration. Endogenous re-tension after unloading was significantly decreased with increasing genipin concentrations compared to controls. Mechanical failure testing of tendon constructs showed increased (56%) peak stress at the highest genipin concentration but decreased (72%) with BAPN treatment when compared to controls. Tendon construct stiffness increased with high genipin concentrations (0.1 and 1 mM) and decreased by 70% in BAPN-treated constructs, relative to the controls. These data demonstrate that human tendon fibroblasts regulate their force exertion inversely proportional to increased cross-link capacity but did so independently of matrix stiffness. Overall, these findings support the notion of an interaction between cell force generation and cross-linking, and thus a role for this interplay in mechanical homeostasis of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giannopoulos
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - R B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Y C Yeung
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S P Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Létocart AJ, Mabesoone F, Charleux F, Couppé C, Svensson RB, Marin F, Magnusson SP, Grosset JF. Muscles adaptation to aging and training: architectural changes - a randomised trial. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:48. [PMID: 33441116 PMCID: PMC7807501 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-02000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate how anatomical cross-sectional area and volume of quadriceps and triceps surae muscles were affected by ageing, and by resistance training in older and younger men, in vivo. Methods The old participants were randomly assigned to moderate (O55, n = 13) or high-load (O80, n = 14) resistance training intervention (12 weeks; 3 times/week) corresponding to 55% or 80% of one repetition maximum, respectively. Young men (Y55, n = 11) were assigned to the moderate-intensity strengthening exercise program. Each group received the exact same training volume on triceps surae and quadriceps group (Reps x Sets x Intensity). The fitting polynomial regression equations for each of anatomical cross-sectional area-muscle length curves were used to calculate muscle volume (contractile content) before and after 12 weeks using magnetic resonance imaging scans. Results Only Rectus femoris and medial gastrocnemius muscle showed a higher relative anatomical cross-sectional area in the young than the elderly on the proximal end. The old group displayed a higher absolute volume of non-contractile material than young men in triceps surae (+ 96%). After training, Y55, O55 and O80 showed an increase in total quadriceps (+ 4.3%; + 6.7%; 4.2% respectively) and triceps surae (+ 2.8%; + 7.5%; 4.3% respectively) volume. O55 demonstrated a greater increase on average gains compared to Y55, while no difference between O55 and O80 was observed. Conclusions Muscle loss with aging is region-specific for some muscles and uniform for others. Equivalent strength training volume at moderate or high intensities increased muscle volume with no differences in muscle volume gains for old men. These data suggest that physical exercise at moderate intensity (55 to 60% of one repetition maximum) can reverse the aging related loss of muscle mass. Trial registration NCT03079180 in ClinicalTrials.gov. Registration date: March 14, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien J Létocart
- Sorbonne Universités, Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7338, Compiègne, France.
| | | | | | - Christian Couppé
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen / Dept of Physical Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen / Dept of Physical Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frédéric Marin
- Sorbonne Universités, Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7338, Compiègne, France
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen / Dept of Physical Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jean-François Grosset
- Sorbonne Universités, Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7338, Compiègne, France
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8
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Tran PHT, Malmgaard-Clausen NM, Puggaard RS, Svensson RB, Nybing JD, Hansen P, Schjerling P, Zinglersen AH, Couppé C, Boesen M, Magnusson SP, Kjaer M. Early development of tendinopathy in humans: Sequence of pathological changes in structure and tissue turnover signaling. FASEB J 2019; 34:776-788. [PMID: 31914656 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901309r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Overloading of tendon tissue with resulting chronic pain (tendinopathy) is a common disorder in occupational-, leisure- and sports-activity, but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. To investigate the very early phase of tendinopathy, Achilles and patellar tendons were investigated in 200 physically active patients and 50 healthy control persons. Patients were divided into three groups: symptoms for 0-1 months (T1), 1-2 months (T2) or 2-3 months (T3). Tendinopathic Achilles tendon cross-sectional area determined by ultrasonography (US) was ~25% larger than in healthy control persons. Both Achilles and patellar anterior-posterior diameter were elevated in tendinopathy, and only later in Achilles was the width increased. Increased tendon size was accompanied by an increase in hypervascularization (US Doppler flow) without any change in mRNA for angiogenic factors. From patellar biopsies taken bilaterally, mRNA for most growth factors and tendon components remained unchanged (except for TGF-beta1 and substance-P) in early tendinopathy. Tendon stiffness remained unaltered over the first three months of tendinopathy and was similar to the asymptomatic contra-lateral tendon. In conclusion, this suggests that tendinopathy pathogenesis represents a disturbed tissue homeostasis with fluid accumulation. The disturbance is likely induced by repeated mechanical overloading rather than a partial rupture of the tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H T Tran
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj M Malmgaard-Clausen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke S Puggaard
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janus D Nybing
- Department of Radiology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Philip Hansen
- Department of Radiology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amanda H Zinglersen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Couppé
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Physical & Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikael Boesen
- Department of Radiology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Physical & Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Svensson RB, Couppé C, Agergaard A, Ohrhammar Josefsen C, Jensen MH, Barfod KW, Nybing JD, Hansen P, Krogsgaard M, Magnusson SP. Persistent functional loss following ruptured Achilles tendon is associated with reduced gastrocnemius muscle fascicle length, elongated gastrocnemius and soleus tendon, and reduced muscle cross‐sectional area. Transl Sports Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René B. Svensson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Christian Couppé
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Physical Therapy Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Anne‐Sofie Agergaard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Physical Therapy Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Christian Ohrhammar Josefsen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mikkel Holm Jensen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Weisskirchner Barfod
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Orthopedic Research Center–Copenhagen Copenhagen University Hospital Amager‐Hvidovre Denmark
| | - Janus D. Nybing
- Department of Radiology, Musculoskeletal Imaging Research Unit Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Philip Hansen
- Department of Radiology, Musculoskeletal Imaging Research Unit Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Michael Krogsgaard
- Section for Sports Traumatology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Peter Magnusson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Physical Therapy Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
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10
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Maccarana M, Svensson RB, Knutsson A, Giannopoulos A, Pelkonen M, Weis M, Eyre D, Warman M, Kalamajski S. Asporin-deficient mice have tougher skin and altered skin glycosaminoglycan content and structure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184028. [PMID: 28859141 PMCID: PMC5578652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The main structural component of connective tissues is fibrillar, cross-linked collagen whose fibrillogenesis can be modulated by Small Leucine-Rich Proteins/Proteoglycans (SLRPs). Not all SLRPs’ effects on collagen and extracellular matrix in vivo have been elucidated; one of the less investigated SLRPs is asporin. Here we describe the successful generation of an Aspn-/- mouse model and the investigation of the Aspn-/- skin phenotype. Functionally, Aspn-/- mice had an increased skin mechanical toughness, although there were no structural changes present on histology or immunohistochemistry. Electron microscopy analyses showed 7% thinner collagen fibrils in Aspn-/- mice (not statistically significant). Several matrix genes were upregulated, including collagens (Col1a1, Col1a2, Col3a1), matrix metalloproteinases (Mmp2, Mmp3) and lysyl oxidases (Lox, Loxl2), while lysyl hydroxylase (Plod2) was downregulated. Intriguingly no differences were observed in collagen protein content or in collagen cross-linking-related lysine oxidation or hydroxylation. The glycosaminoglycan content and structure in Aspn-/- skin was profoundly altered: chondroitin/dermatan sulfate was more than doubled and had an altered composition, while heparan sulfate was halved and had a decreased sulfation. Also, decorin and biglycan were doubled in Aspn-/- skin. Overall, asporin deficiency changes skin glycosaminoglycan composition, and decorin and biglycan content, which may explain the changes in skin mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Maccarana
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - René B. Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anki Knutsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Antonis Giannopoulos
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mea Pelkonen
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - MaryAnn Weis
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Eyre
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Matthew Warman
- Children’s Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Kalamajski
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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11
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Couppé C, Svensson RB, Heinemeier KM, Thomsen EW, Bayer ML, Christensen L, Kjær M, Magnusson SP, Schjerling P. Quantification of cell density in rat Achilles tendon: development and application of a new method. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:97-102. [PMID: 27565969 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased tendon cell nuclei density (TCND) has been proposed to induce tendon mechanical adaptations. However, it is unknown whether TCND is increased in tendon tissue after mechanical loading and whether such an increase can be quantified in a reliable manner. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable method for quantification of TCND and to investigate potential changes in TCND in rat Achilles tendons in response to 12 weeks of running. Eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats ran (RUN) on a treadmill with 10° incline, 1 h/day, 5 days/wk (17-20 m/min) for 12 weeks (which improved tendon mechanical properties) and were compared with 11 control rats (SED). Tissue-Tek-embedded cryosections (10 µm) from the mid region of the Achilles tendon were cut longitudinally on a cryostat. Sections were stained with alcian blue and picrosirius red. One blinded investigator counted the number of tendon cell nuclei 2-3 times in three separate regions of the mid longitudinal tendon sections with fields of 390 μm × 280 μm. Unpaired t tests were used for the statistical analysis (mean ± SE). Typical Error % for replicate counts was 5.5 and 14 % coefficient of variation for the three regions. There was no difference in TCND between running rats versus control rats (nuclei per image (≈105 μm2): RUN, 152 ± 9; SED, 146 ± 8, p = 0.642). This new method provided reproducible quantification of TCND. There was no difference in TCND despite improvements in tendon mechanics, which suggests that cell number is not a major cause for altered tendon mechanical properties with loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Couppé
- IOC Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Building 8, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark. .,Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, Department of Physical Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - René B Svensson
- IOC Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Building 8, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Katja M Heinemeier
- IOC Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Building 8, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emilie Wøjdemann Thomsen
- IOC Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Building 8, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Monika Lucia Bayer
- IOC Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Building 8, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | | | - Michael Kjær
- IOC Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Building 8, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- IOC Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Building 8, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark.,Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, Department of Physical Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- IOC Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Building 8, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
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12
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Volper BD, Huynh RT, Arthur KA, Noone J, Gordon BD, Zacherle EW, Munoz E, Sørensen MA, Svensson RB, Broderick TL, Magnusson SP, Howden R, Hale TM, Carroll CC. Influence of acute and chronic streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the rat tendon extracellular matrix and mechanical properties. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1135-43. [PMID: 26310937 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00189.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a major risk factor for tendinopathy, and tendon abnormalities are common in diabetic patients. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg)-induced diabetes and insulin therapy on tendon mechanical and cellular properties. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 40) were divided into the following four groups: nondiabetic (control), 1 wk of diabetes (acute), 10 wk of diabetes (chronic), and 10 wk of diabetes with insulin treatment (insulin). After 10 wk, Achilles tendon and tail fascicle mechanical properties were similar between groups (P > 0.05). Cell density in the Achilles tendon was greater in the chronic group compared with the control and acute groups (control group: 7.8 ± 0.5 cells/100 μm(2), acute group: 8.3 ± 0.4 cells/100 μm(2), chronic group: 10.9 ± 0.9 cells/100 μm(2), and insulin group: 9.2 ± 0.8 cells/100 μm(2), P < 0.05). The density of proliferating cells in the Achilles tendon was greater in the chronic group compared with all other groups (control group: 0.025 ± 0.009 cells/100 μm(2), acute group: 0.019 ± 0.005 cells/100 μm(2), chronic group: 0.067 ± 0.015, and insulin group: 0.004 ± 0.004 cells/100 μm(2), P < 0.05). Patellar tendon collagen content was ∼32% greater in the chronic and acute groups compared with the control or insulin groups (control group: 681 ± 63 μg collagen/mg dry wt, acute group: 938 ± 21 μg collagen/mg dry wt, chronic: 951 ± 52 μg collagen/mg dry wt, and insulin group: 596 ± 84 μg collagen/mg dry wt, P < 0.05). In contrast, patellar tendon hydroxylysyl pyridinoline cross linking and collagen fibril organization were unchanged by diabetes or insulin (P > 0.05). Our findings suggest that 10 wk of streptozotocin-induced diabetes does not alter rat tendon mechanical properties even with an increase in collagen content. Future studies could attempt to further address the mechanisms contributing to the increase in tendon problems noted in diabetic patients, especially since our data suggest that hyperglycemia per se does not alter tendon mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent D Volper
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Richard T Huynh
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Kathryn A Arthur
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Joshua Noone
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Benjamin D Gordon
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Emily W Zacherle
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Eduardo Munoz
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Mikkel A Sørensen
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit and Institute of Sports Medicine, Copenhagen Bispebjerg Hospital Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - René B Svensson
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit and Institute of Sports Medicine, Copenhagen Bispebjerg Hospital Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Tom L Broderick
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit and Institute of Sports Medicine, Copenhagen Bispebjerg Hospital Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Reuben Howden
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Taben M Hale
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Chad C Carroll
- Department of Physiology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona;
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13
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Eriksen C, Svensson RB, Scheijen J, Hag AMF, Schalkwijk C, Praet SFE, Schjerling P, Kjær M, Magnusson SP, Couppé C. Systemic stiffening of mouse tail tendon is related to dietary advanced glycation end products but not high-fat diet or cholesterol. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:840-7. [PMID: 25103969 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00584.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon pathology is related to metabolic disease and mechanical overloading, but the effect of metabolic disease on tendon mechanics is unknown. This study investigated the effect of diet and apolipoprotein E deficiency (ApoE(-/-)) on mechanical properties and advanced glycation end product (AGE) cross-linking of non-weight-bearing mouse tail tendons. Twenty ApoE(-/-) male mice were used as a model for hypercholesterolemia along with 26 wild-type (WT) mice. One-half of the mice from each group was fed a normal diet (ND) and the other half was fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity. All were killed at 40 wk, and tail tendon fascicles were mechanically tested to failure and analyzed for AGEs. Diets were also analyzed for AGEs. ApoE(-/-) mice displayed a 14% increase in plateau modulus compared with WT mice (P < 0.05), whereas HFD mice displayed a 13% decrease in plateau modulus (P < 0.05) and a 12% decrease in total modulus (P < 0.05) compared with ND mice. Tail tendons of HFD mice had significantly lower concentrations of AGEs [carboxymethyllysine (CML): 26%, P < 0.0001; methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone 1 (MG-H1): 15%, P < 0.005; pentosidine: 13%, P < 0.0005]. The HFD had ∼44-fold lower content of CML (P < 0.01), ∼29-fold lower content of carboxyethyllysine (P < 0.005), and ∼16-fold lower content of MG-H1 (P < 0.05) compared with ND. ApoE(-/-) increased, whereas HFD decreased mouse tail tendon stiffness. Dietary AGE content may be a crucial determinant for accumulation of AGE cross-links in tendons and for tissue compliance. The results demonstrate how systemic metabolic factors may influence tendon health.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eriksen
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Scheijen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - A M F Hag
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences and Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Schalkwijk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - S F E Praet
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVEFIT- Sports medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - P Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kjær
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S P Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Physical Therapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark
| | - C Couppé
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Physical Therapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark
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14
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Couppé C, Svensson RB, Grosset JF, Kovanen V, Nielsen RH, Olsen MR, Larsen JO, Praet SFE, Skovgaard D, Hansen M, Aagaard P, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Life-long endurance running is associated with reduced glycation and mechanical stress in connective tissue. Age (Dordr) 2014; 36:9665. [PMID: 24997017 PMCID: PMC4150896 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Life-long regular endurance exercise is known to counteract the deterioration of cardiovascular and metabolic function and overall mortality. Yet it remains unknown if life-long regular endurance exercise can influence the connective tissue accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) that is associated with aging and lifestyle-related diseases. We therefore examined two groups of healthy elderly men: 15 master athletes (64 ± 4 years) who had been engaged in life-long endurance running and 12 old untrained (66 ± 4 years) together with two groups of healthy young men; ten young athletes matched for running distance (26 ± 4 years), and 12 young untrained (24 ± 3 years). AGE cross-links (pentosidine) of the patellar tendon were measured biochemically, and in the skin, it was assessed by a fluorometric method. In addition, we determined mechanical properties and microstructure of the patellar tendon. Life-long regular endurance runners (master athletes) had a 21 % lower AGE cross-link density compared to old untrained. Furthermore, both master athletes and young athletes displayed a thicker patellar tendon. These cross-sectional data suggest that life-long regular endurance running can partly counteract the aging process in connective tissue by reducing age-related accumulation of AGEs. This may not only benefit skin and tendon but also other long-lived protein tissues in the body. Furthermore, it appears that endurance running yields tendon tissue hypertrophy that may serve to lower the stress on the tendon and thereby reduce the risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Couppé
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Bldg. 8, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark,
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15
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Couppé C, Svensson RB, Sødring-Elbrønd V, Hansen P, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Accuracy of MRI technique in measuring tendon cross-sectional area. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 34:237-41. [PMID: 24119143 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has commonly been applied to determine tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) and length either to measure structural changes or to normalize mechanical measurements to stress and strain. The ability to reproduce CSA measurements on MRI images has been reported, but the accuracy in relation to actual tendon dimensions has never been investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare tendon CSA measured by MRI with that measured in vitro with the mould casting technique. The knee of a horse was MRI-scanned with 1.5 and 3 tesla, and two examiners measured the patellar tendon CSA. Thereafter, the patellar tendon of the horse was completely dissected and embedded in an alginate cast. The CSA of the embedded tendon was measured directly by optical imaging of the cast impression. 1.5 tesla grey tendon CSA and 3 tesla grey tendon CSA were 16.5% and 13.2% lower than the mould tendon CSA, respectively. Also, 3 tesla tendon CSA, based on the red-green border on the National Institute of Health (NIH) colour scale, was lower than the mould tendon CSA by 2.8%. The typical error between examiners was below 2% for all the measured CSA. The typical error between examiners was below 2% for all the measured CSA. These data show that measuring tendon CSA on the grey-scale MRI images is associated with an underestimation, but by optimizing the measurement using a 3 tesla MRI and the appropriate NIH colour scale, this underestimation could be reduced to 2.8% compared with the direct measurements on the mould.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Couppé
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Sports Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen NV, Denmark; Department of Physical Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
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16
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Herchenhan A, Bayer ML, Svensson RB, Magnusson SP, Kjaer M. In vitro tendon tissue development from human fibroblasts demonstrates collagen fibril diameter growth associated with a rise in mechanical strength. Dev Dyn 2012; 242:2-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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17
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Svensson RB, Hansen P, Hassenkam T, Haraldsson BT, Aagaard P, Kovanen V, Krogsgaard M, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Mechanical properties of human patellar tendon at the hierarchical levels of tendon and fibril. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 112:419-26. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01172.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendons are strong hierarchical structures, but how tensile forces are transmitted between different levels remains incompletely understood. Collagen fibrils are thought to be primary determinants of whole tendon properties, and therefore we hypothesized that the whole human patellar tendon and its distinct collagen fibrils would display similar mechanical properties. Human patellar tendons ( n = 5) were mechanically tested in vivo by ultrasonography. Biopsies were obtained from each tendon, and individual collagen fibrils were dissected and tested mechanically by atomic force microscopy. The Young's modulus was 2.0 ± 0.5 GPa, and the toe region reached 3.3 ± 1.9% strain in whole patellar tendons. Based on dry cross-sectional area, the Young's modulus of isolated collagen fibrils was 2.8 ± 0.3 GPa, and the toe region reached 0.86 ± 0.08% strain. The measured fibril modulus was insufficient to account for the modulus of the tendon in vivo when fibril content in the tendon was accounted for. Thus, our original hypothesis was not supported, although the in vitro fibril modulus corresponded well with reported in vitro tendon values. This correspondence together with the fibril modulus not being greater than that of tendon supports that fibrillar rather than interfibrillar properties govern the subfailure tendon response, making the fibrillar level a meaningful target of intervention. The lower modulus found in vitro suggests a possible adverse effect of removing the tissue from its natural environment. In addition to the primary work comparing the two hierarchical levels, we also verified the existence of viscoelastic behavior in isolated human collagen fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- René B. Svensson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital & Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
- Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
| | - Philip Hansen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital & Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
| | - Tue Hassenkam
- Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
| | - Bjarki T. Haraldsson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital & Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
| | - Per Aagaard
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Vuokko Kovanen
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Michael Krogsgaard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital & Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
| | - S. Peter Magnusson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital & Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
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18
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Svensson RB, Hassenkam T, Hansen P, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Tensile force transmission in human patellar tendon fascicles is not mediated by glycosaminoglycans. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 52:415-21. [PMID: 21453063 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2010.551569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Correct mechanical function of tendons is essential to human physiology and therefore the mechanical properties of tendon have been a subject of research for many decades now. However, one of the most fundamental questions remains unanswered: How is load transmitted through the tendon? It has been suggested that the proteoglycan-associated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) found on the surface of the collagen fibrils may be an important transmitter of load, but existing results are ambiguous and have not investigated human tendons. We have used a small-scale mechanical testing system to measure the mechanical properties of fascicles from human patellar tendon at two different deformation rates before and after removal of GAGs by treatment with chondroitinase ABC. Efficiency of enzyme treatment was quantified using dimethylmethylene blue assay. Removal of at least 79% of the GAGs did not significantly change the tendon modulus, relative energy dissipation, peak stress, or peak strain. The effect of deformation rate was not modulated by the treatment either, indicating no effect on viscosity. These results suggest that GAGs cannot be considered mediators of tensile force transmission in the human patellar tendon, and as such, force transmission must either take place through other matrix components or the fibrils must be mechanically continuous at least to the tested length of 7 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- René B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Svensson RB, Hassenkam T, Grant CA, Magnusson SP. Tensile properties of human collagen fibrils and fascicles are insensitive to environmental salts. Biophys J 2011; 99:4020-7. [PMID: 21156145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To carry out realistic in vitro mechanical testing on anatomical tissue, a choice has to be made regarding the buffering environment. Therefore, it is important to understand how the environment may influence the measurement to ensure the highest level of accuracy. The most physiologically relevant loading direction of tendon is along its longitudinal axis. Thus, in this study, we focus on the tensile mechanical properties of two hierarchical levels from human patellar tendon, namely: individual collagen fibrils and fascicles. Investigations on collagen fibrils and fascicles were made at pH 7.4 in solutions of phosphate-buffered saline at three different concentrations as well as two HEPES buffered solutions containing NaCl or NaCl + CaCl2. An atomic force microscope technique was used for tensile testing of individual collagen fibrils. Only a slight increase in relative energy dissipation was observed at the highest phosphate-buffered saline concentration for both the fibrils and fascicles, indicating a stabilizing effect of ionic screening, but changes were much less than reported for radial compression. Due to the small magnitude of the effects, the tensile mechanical properties of collagen fibrils and fascicles from the patellar tendon of mature humans are essentially insensitive to environmental salt concentration and composition at physiological pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- René B Svensson
- Nano-Science Center, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bayer ML, Yeung CYC, Kadler KE, Qvortrup K, Baar K, Svensson RB, Magnusson SP, Krogsgaard M, Koch M, Kjaer M. The initiation of embryonic-like collagen fibrillogenesis by adult human tendon fibroblasts when cultured under tension. Biomaterials 2010; 31:4889-97. [PMID: 20356622 PMCID: PMC3485556 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tendon fibroblasts synthesize collagen and form fibrils during embryonic development, but to what extent mature fibroblasts are able to recapitulate embryonic development and develop normal tendon structure is unknown. The present study examined the capability of mature human tendon fibroblasts to initiate collagen fibrillogenesis when cultured in fixed-length fibrin gels. Fibroblasts were dissected from semitendinosus and gracilis tendons from healthy humans and cultured in 3D linear fibrin gels. The fibroblasts synthesized an extracellular matrix of parallel collagen fibrils that were aligned along the axis of tension. The fibrils had a homogeneous narrow diameter that was similar to collagen fibrils occurring in embryonic tendon. Immunostaining showed colocalization of collagen type I with collagen III, XII and XIV. A fibronectin network was formed in parallel with the collagen, and fibroblasts stained positive for integrin α5. Finally, the presence of cell extensions into the extracellular space with membrane-enclosed fibrils in fibripositors indicated characteristics of embryonic tendon. We conclude that mature human tendon fibroblasts retain an intrinsic capability to perform collagen fibrillogenesis similar to that of developing tendon, which implies that the hormonal/mechanical milieu, rather than intrinsic cellular function, inhibits regenerative potential in mature tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika L Bayer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Svensson RB, Hassenkam T, Hansen P, Peter Magnusson S. Viscoelastic behavior of discrete human collagen fibrils. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2010; 3:112-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 11/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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