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Lund-Hansen M, Gløersen Ø, Rud B, Losnegard T. What is the optimal classical style sub-technique during uphill roller skiing in elite male cross-country skiers? Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2833-2842. [PMID: 37395762 PMCID: PMC10638140 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05261-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare performance, physiological and biomechanical responses between double poling (DP) and diagonal stride (DIA) during treadmill roller skiing in elite male cross-country skiers. METHOD Twelve skiers (VO2peak DIAup; 74.7 ± 3.7 ml kg-1 min-1) performed two DP conditions at 1° (DPflat) and 8° (DPup) incline, and one DIA condition, 8° (DIAup). Submaximal gross efficiency (GE) and maximal 3.5 min time-trial (TT) performance, including measurements of VO2peak and maximal accumulated O2-deficit (MAOD), were determined. Temporal patterns and kinematics were assessed using 2D video, while pole kinetics were obtained from pole force. RESULTS DIAup induced (mean, [95% confidence interval]) 13% [4, 22] better 3.5-min TT performance, 7%, [5, 10]) higher VO2peak and 3% points [1, 5] higher GE compared to DPup (all P < 0.05). DPup induced 120% higher MAOD compared to DPflat, while no significant differences were observed for VO2peak or GE between DPflat and DPup. There was a large correlation between performance and GE in DP and a large correlation between performance and VO2peak for DIAup (all r = 0.7-0.8, P < 0.05). No correlations were found between performance and VO2peak for any of the DP conditions, nor between performance and GE for DIAup (r = 0.0-0.2, P > 0.1). CONCLUSION At 8º uphill roller skiing, DIAup induce higher VO2peak, GE, and superior time-trial performance than DPup in elite male skiers. There was no difference between VO2peak or GE between DPflat and DPup. A large correlation was observed between DIAup performance and DIAup VO2peak, while DP performance was best correlated to submaximal GE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magne Lund-Hansen
- Department of Physical Performance, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, Post Box 4014, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Gløersen
- Department of Physical Performance, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, Post Box 4014, 0806, Oslo, Norway
- Smart Sensors and Microsystems, SINTEF Digital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Rud
- Department of Physical Performance, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, Post Box 4014, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Losnegard
- Department of Physical Performance, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, Post Box 4014, 0806, Oslo, Norway.
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Tian Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Sun G, Zhou Z, Liu C, Huo B. Effects of poling camber angle on the biomechanics of cross-country sit-skiing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20893. [PMID: 38017144 PMCID: PMC10684654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-country sit-skiers use double poling (DP) technique to drive the slide. The aim of this study is to analyze how poling camber angle affect the capacity of power output and biomechanical parameters of the DP process. Twenty-four non-disabled college students (24.67 ± 1.46 years old) were recruited to perform three successive 30-s maximal effort tests with different poling camber angles of 0°, 15°, 24° and 30° using a sit-skiing ergometer. The biomechanical parameters, output power and muscle activation of the subjects were analyzed. The results showed that DP output power increased with the increase of poling camber angle at 15° (597.78 ± 150.31 J), 24° (610.94 ± 158.96 J, P = 0.011) and 30° (629.10 ± 168.78 J, P < 0.001) compared with 0° (590.65 ± 148.95 J). However, effective output power decreased with the increase of camber angle. Poling with camber angle of 24° had the shortest cycle time 1.53 ± 0.17 s, compared with other abduction angle (0°, 1.57 ± 0.19 s, 15°, 1.55 ± 0.16 s, and 30°, 1.56 ± 0.19 s). Compared with 0° (1.02 ± 0.14 m), the cycle distance significantly increased at poling camber angles of 24° (1.07 ± 0.12 m, P = 0.029) and 30° (1.11 ± 0.13 m, P < 0.001). With the increase of poling camber angle, the shoulder and elbow joint range of motions and joint moments were significantly increased. This study found that poling with shoulder abducted increased the output power but decreased the efficiency. By analyzing the poling angle and poling force, we find that the optimal poling camber angle may depend on the terrain or the skiing speed. These results may guide the competition techniques and tactics in the matches, and may further influence the strength-training programs of cross-country sit-skiing athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Sports Biomechanics Center, Sports Artificial Intelligence Institute, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11 North Third Ring Road West, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Chen
- Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Sports Biomechanics Center, Sports Artificial Intelligence Institute, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11 North Third Ring Road West, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Sun
- Sports Biomechanics Center, Sports Artificial Intelligence Institute, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11 North Third Ring Road West, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiong Zhou
- School of Physical Education and Coaching Science, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglin Liu
- Sports Biomechanics Center, Sports Artificial Intelligence Institute, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11 North Third Ring Road West, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Huo
- Sports Biomechanics Center, Sports Artificial Intelligence Institute, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11 North Third Ring Road West, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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Andersson EP, Lögdal N, Byrne D, Jones TW. Physiological responses and performance factors for double-poling and diagonal-stride treadmill roller-skiing time-trial exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2495-2509. [PMID: 37302104 PMCID: PMC10615977 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare physiological responses between a self-paced 4-min double-poling (DP) time-trial (TTDP) versus a 4-min diagonal-stride (DS) time-trial (TTDS). The relative importance of peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2peak), anaerobic capacity, and gross efficiency (GE) for projection of 4-min TTDP and TTDS roller-skiing performances were also examined. METHODS Sixteen highly trained male cross-country skiers performed, in each sub-technique on separate occasions, an 8 × 4-min incremental submaximal protocol, to assess individual metabolic rate (MR) versus power output (PO) relationships, followed by a 10-min passive break and then the TTDP or TTDS, with a randomized order between sub-techniques. RESULTS In comparison to TTDS, the TTDP resulted in 10 ± 7% lower total MR, 5 ± 4% lower aerobic MR, 30 ± 37% lower anaerobic MR, and 4.7 ± 1.2 percentage points lower GE, which resulted in a 32 ± 4% lower PO (all P < 0.01). The [Formula: see text]O2peak and anaerobic capacity were 4 ± 4% and 30 ± 37% lower, respectively, in DP than DS (both P < 0.01). The PO for the two time-trial (TT) performances were not significantly correlated (R2 = 0.044). Similar parabolic pacing strategies were used during both TTs. Multivariate data analysis projected TT performance using [Formula: see text]O2peak, anaerobic capacity, and GE (TTDP, R2 = 0.974; TTDS, R2 = 0.848). The variable influence on projection values for [Formula: see text]O2peak, anaerobic capacity, and GE were for TTDP, 1.12 ± 0.60, 1.01 ± 0.72, and 0.83 ± 0.38, respectively, and TTDS, 1.22 ± 0.35, 0.93 ± 0.44, and 0.75 ± 0.19, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results show that a cross-country skier's "metabolic profile" and performance capability are highly sub-technique specific and that 4-min TT performance is differentiated by physiological factors, such as [Formula: see text]O2peak, anaerobic capacity, and GE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik P Andersson
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Nestor Lögdal
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Darragh Byrne
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Thomas W Jones
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Carlsson T, Wedholm L, Fjordell W, Swarén M, Carlsson M. Effect of sub-technique transitions on energy expenditure and physiological load in the classical-style technique among elite male cross-country skiers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3201-3209. [PMID: 34402986 PMCID: PMC8505378 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether sub-technique transitions in the classical-style technique are associated with increased energy expenditure and/or metabolic stress among elite male cross-country skiers. Methods Fifteen elite male skiers completed three 10-min treadmill roller-skiing tests, each of which consisted of 5 min using the diagonal-stride technique (DS) and 5 min using the double-poling technique (DP), combined in three various modes all ensuring comparable mechanical workload, at an inclination of 2.5° and a speed of 13 km/h. In the first and third tests, the participants used 5 min continuous DS followed by 5 min continuous DP, or vice versa (no transition (NT) test), whereas in the second test, they made transitions between DS and DP every 6 s (repeated transition (RT) test). The last 3 min of each 5-min stage was used to calculate the mean values of oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{{2}}$$\end{document}V˙O2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), metabolic rate (MR), mechanical work rate (MWR), and gross efficiency (GE). In addition, the pre–post-difference in blood lactate concentration (Ladiff) was determined for each test. Paired-samples t tests were used to investigate differences between tests. Results There were no significant differences between NT and RT tests regarding V̇O2, MR, MWR, or GE. Conversely, significant differences were found in RER and Ladiff, where the NT test was associated with higher RER and Ladiff values. Conclusions Roller skiing with repeated sub-technique transitions is not associated with an additional aerobic energy contribution; instead, the anaerobic energy contribution was lower compared to that under continuous use of DS and DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Carlsson
- School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Högskolegatan 2, 791 88, Falun, Sweden. .,Swedish Unit for Metrology in Sports, Dalarna University, Högskolegatan 2, 791 88, Falun, Sweden.
| | - Lars Wedholm
- School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Högskolegatan 2, 791 88, Falun, Sweden
| | - Wilma Fjordell
- School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Högskolegatan 2, 791 88, Falun, Sweden
| | - Mikael Swarén
- School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Högskolegatan 2, 791 88, Falun, Sweden.,Swedish Unit for Metrology in Sports, Dalarna University, Högskolegatan 2, 791 88, Falun, Sweden
| | - Magnus Carlsson
- School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Högskolegatan 2, 791 88, Falun, Sweden.,Swedish Unit for Metrology in Sports, Dalarna University, Högskolegatan 2, 791 88, Falun, Sweden
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