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Ando R, Kojima C, Okamoto S, Kasai N, Sumi D, Takao K, Goto K, Suzuki Y. Effect of 6-Week Sprint Training on Long-Distance Running Performance in Highly Trained Runners. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38754856 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Long-distance running performance has been reported to be associated with sprint performance in highly trained distance runners. Therefore, we hypothesized that sprint training could enhance distance running and sprint performance in long-distance runners. This study examined the effect of 6-week sprint training on long-distance running and sprint performance in highly trained distance runners. METHODS Nineteen college runners were divided into control (n = 8) and training (n = 11) groups. Participants in the training group performed 12 sprint training sessions in 6 weeks, while those in the control group performed 12 distance training sessions. Before and after the interventions, maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), O2 cost during submaximal running (290 m·min-1 and 310 m·min-1 of running velocity), and time to exhaustion (starting at 290 m·min-1 and increased 10 m·min-1 every minute) were assessed on a treadmill. Additionally, the 100-m and 400-m sprinting times and 3000-m running time were determined on an all-weather track. RESULTS In the control group, no measurements significantly changed after the intervention. In the training group, the time to exhaustion, 100-m and 400-m sprinting times, and 3000-m running time improved significantly, while V˙O2max and O2 cost did not change. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that 6-week sprint training improved both sprint and long-distance running performance in highly trained distance runners without a change in aerobic capacity. Improvement in the time to exhaustion without a change in V˙O2max suggests that the enhancement of long-distance running performance could be attributable to improved anaerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Ando
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for General Education, Tokyo Keizai University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kojima
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Saya Okamoto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Kasai
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Aichi Shukutoku University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daichi Sumi
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Sport Science, ASICS Corporation, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kenji Takao
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Center for General Education, Tokyo Keizai University, Tokyo, Japan
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Ruiz-Alias SA, Ñancupil-Andrade AA, Pérez-Castilla A, García-Pinillos F. Running Critical Power: A Comparison Of Different Theoretical Models. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:969-975. [PMID: 37774736 DOI: 10.1055/a-2069-2192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed (i) to compare the critical power (CP) and work capacity over CP (W´) values reported by the different CP models available in current analysis software packages (Golden Cheetah and Stryd platform), (ii) to locate the CP values in the power-duration curve (PDC), and (iii) to determine the influence of the CP model used on the W´ balance. Fifteen trained athletes performed four time trials (i. e., 3, 5, 10, 20 minutes) to define their PDC through different CP models: work-time (CPwork), power-1/time (CP1/time), Morton hyperbolic (CPhyp), Stryd platform (CPstryd), and Bioenergetic Golden Cheetah (CPCheetah). Three additional time trials were performed: two to locate the CP values in the PDC (30 and 60 minutes), and one to test the validity of the W' balance model (4 minutes). Significant differences (p<0.001) were reported between models for the estimated parameters (CP, W´). CPcheetah was associated with the power output developed between 10 to 20 minutes, CP1/time, CPstryd CPwork and CPhyp. The W´ reported by the three-parameter CP models overestimated the actual 4 minutes time to exhaustion, with CPwork (0.48 [- 0.19 to 1.16] minutes); and CP1/time (0.40 [- 0.13 to 0.94] minutes) being the only valid models (p≥0.240).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Orsi JB, Araujo LS, Scariot PPM, Polisel EEC, Cardoso LO, Gobatto CA, Manchado-Gobatto FB. Critical Velocity, Maximal Lactate Steady State, and Muscle MCT1 and MCT4 after Exhaustive Running in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15753. [PMID: 37958736 PMCID: PMC10648804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the critical velocity (CV) protocol has been used to determine the aerobic capacity in rodents, there is a lack of studies that compare CV with maximal lactate steady state intensity (iMLSS) in mice. As a consequence, their physiological and molecular responses after exercise until exhaustion at CV intensity remain unclear. Thus, we aimed to compare and correlate CV with iMLSS in running mice, following different mathematical models for CV estimation. We also evaluated their physiological responses and muscle MCT1 and MCT4 after running until exhaustion at CV. Thirty C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups (exercised-E and control-C). Group E was submitted to a CV protocol (4 days), using linear (lin1 and lin2) and hyperbolic (hyp) mathematical models to determine the distance, velocity, and time to exhaustion (tlim) of each predictive CV trial, followed by an MLSS protocol. After a running effort until exhaustion at CV intensity, the mice were immediately euthanized, while group C was euthanized at rest. No differences were observed between iMLSS (21.1 ± 1.1 m.min-1) and CV estimated by lin1 (21.0 ± 0.9 m.min-1, p = 0.415), lin2 (21.3 ± 0.9 m.min-1, p = 0.209), and hyp (20.6 ± 0.9 m.min-1, p = 0.914). According to the results, CV was significantly correlated with iMLSS. After running until exhaustion at CV (tlim = 28.4 ± 8,29 min), group E showed lower concentrations of hepatic and gluteal glycogen than group C, but no difference in the content of MCT1 (p = 0.933) and MCT4 (p = 0.123) in soleus muscle. Significant correlations were not found between MCT1 and MCT4 and tlim at CV intensity. Our results reinforce that CV is a valid and non-invasive protocol to estimate the maximal aerobic capacity in mice and that the content of MCT1 and MCT4 was not decisive in determining the tlim at CV, at least when measured immediately after the running effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan B Orsi
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara S Araujo
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro P M Scariot
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emanuel E C Polisel
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luisa O Cardoso
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio A Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fúlvia B Manchado-Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
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Figueiredo DH, Figueiredo DH, Manoel FA, Machado FA. Peak Running Velocity vs. Critical Speed: Which One Is Better to Prescribe Endurance Training to Recreational Runners? J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1783-1788. [PMID: 37616536 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Figueiredo, DH, Figueiredo, DH, Manoel, FA, and Machado, FA. Peak running velocity vs. critical speed: which one is better to prescribe endurance training to recreational runners? J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1783-1788, 2023-This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 5 weeks of training prescribed by peak running velocity obtained on the track (Vpeak_TR) and their respective time limit (Tlim), as well as by critical speed (CS), on physiological and endurance performance parameters in recreational runners. Twenty-two male runners were distributed into a Vpeak_TR group (GVP) and CS group (GCS) with a predefined program, alternating moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training. Maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), and its respective velocity (vV̇O2max), Vpeak_TR, Tlim at 100% Vpeak_TR, 5-km running performance, CS, and D' (maximum distance covered above CS) were assessed at pretraining and posttraining period. There was a significant increase from pretraining to posttraining in Vpeak_TR (GVP = 4.5 ± 3.1% vs. GCS = 7.5 ± 4.2%), vV̇O2max (GVP = 3.9 ± 3.8% vs. GCS = 8.6 ± 6.7%), and mean velocity 5-km (GVP = 5.6 ± 3.3% vs. GCS = 7.3 ± 3.5%) and decrease in 5-km time (GVP = -5.1 ± 3.0% vs. GCS = -6.8 ± 3.0%). CS and V̇O2max significantly improved in GCS (9.3 ± 8.4% and 6.0 ± 6.8%, respectively), with no difference for GVP (2.8 ± 5.6% and 1.3 ± 8.4%, respectively). No differences were observed between groups for all variables. These findings give further supports to the notion that both variables obtained on the track are valid tools to prescribed training in recreational runners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego H Figueiredo
- Associate Post-graduate Program in Physical Education UEM/UEL, Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Francisco A Manoel
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras- MG, Brazil; and
| | - Fabiana A Machado
- Associate Post-graduate Program in Physical Education UEM/UEL, Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá, Maringá-PR, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program of Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá -PR, Brazil
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Myrkos A, Smilios I, Zafeiridis A, Kokkinou ME, Tzoumanis A, Douda H. Aerobic adaptations following two iso-effort training programs: an intense continuous and a high-intensity interval. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:583-594. [PMID: 37018841 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The intensity of the training stimulus and the effort exerted (regarded as an index of internal load) to complete an exercise session are driving forces for physiological processes and long-term training adaptations. This study compared the aerobic adaptations following two iso-effort, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)-based training programs, an intense continuous (CON) and a high-intensity interval (INT). Young adults were assigned to a CON (n = 11) or an INT (n = 13) training group to perform 14 training sessions within 6 weeks. The INT group performed running bouts (9.3 ± 4.4 repetitions) at 90% of peak treadmill velocity (PTV) with bout duration equal to 1/4 of time to exhaustion at this speed (134.2 ± 27.9 s). The CONT group ran (1185.0 ± 487.6 s) at a speed corresponding to -2.5% of critical velocity (CV; 80.1% ± 3.0% of PTV). Training-sessions were executed until RPE attained 17 on the Borg scale. VO2max, PTV, CV, lactate threshold velocity (vLT), and running economy were assessed pre-, mid-, and post-training. Both CONT and INT methods increased (p < 0.05) VO2max (INT: 57.7 ± 8.1-61.41 ± 9.2; CONT: 58.1 ± 7.5-61.1 ± 6.3 mL kg-1 min-1), PTV (INT: 14.6 ± 1.8-15.7 ± 2.1; CONT: 15.0 ± 1.7-15.7 ± 1.8 km h-1), CV (INT: 11.8 ± 1.4-12.8 ± 1.8; CONT: 12.2 ± 1.6-12.9 ± 1.7 km h-1), and vLT (INT: 9.77 ± 1.1-10.8 ± 1.4; CONT: 10.4 ± 1.4-11.0 ± 1.8 km h-1) with no differences (p > 0.05) between them; running economy remained unchanged. The continuous training method, when matched for effort and executed at relatively high intensity at the upper boundaries of the heavy-intensity domain (∼80% of PTV), confers comparable aerobic adaptations to those attained after a high-intensity interval protocol following a short-term training period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristides Myrkos
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini 69132, Greece
| | - Ilias Smilios
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini 69132, Greece
| | - Andreas Zafeiridis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science - Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, Serres 62110, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleni Kokkinou
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini 69132, Greece
| | - Apostolos Tzoumanis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini 69132, Greece
| | - Helen Douda
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini 69132, Greece
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Patoz A, Spicher R, Pedrani N, Malatesta D, Borrani F. Critical speed estimated by statistically appropriate fitting procedures. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2027-2038. [PMID: 33811559 PMCID: PMC8192409 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intensity domains are recommended when prescribing exercise. The distinction between heavy and severe domains is made by the critical speed (CS), therefore requiring a mathematically accurate estimation of CS. The different model variants (distance versus time, running speed versus time, time versus running speed, and distance versus running speed) are mathematically equivalent. Nevertheless, error minimization along the correct axis is important to estimate CS and the distance that can be run above CS (d'). We hypothesized that comparing statistically appropriate fitting procedures, which minimize the error along the axis corresponding to the properly identified dependent variable, should provide similar estimations of CS and d' but that different estimations should be obtained when comparing statistically appropriate and inappropriate fitting procedure. METHODS Sixteen male runners performed a maximal incremental aerobic test and four exhaustive runs at 90, 100, 110, and 120% of their peak speed on a treadmill. Several fitting procedures (a combination of a two-parameter model variant and regression analysis: weighted least square) were used to estimate CS and d'. RESULTS Systematic biases (P < 0.001) were observed between each pair of fitting procedures for CS and d', even when comparing two statistically appropriate fitting procedures, though negligible, thus corroborating the hypothesis. CONCLUSION The differences suggest that a statistically appropriate fitting procedure should be chosen beforehand by the researcher. This is also important for coaches that need to prescribe training sessions to their athletes based on exercise intensity, and their choice should be maintained over the running seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Patoz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland.
| | - Romain Spicher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Pedrani
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Patoz A, Pedrani N, Spicher R, Berchtold A, Borrani F, Malatesta D. Effect of Mathematical Modeling and Fitting Procedures on the Assessment of Critical Speed and Its Relationship With Aerobic Fitness Parameters. Front Physiol 2021; 12:613066. [PMID: 34135766 PMCID: PMC8201789 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.613066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
An accurate estimation of critical speed (CS) is important to accurately define the boundary between heavy and severe intensity domains when prescribing exercise. Hence, our aim was to compare CS estimates obtained by statistically appropriate fitting procedures, i.e., regression analyses that correctly consider the dependent variables of the underlying models. A second aim was to determine the correlations between estimated CS and aerobic fitness parameters, i.e., ventilatory threshold, respiratory compensation point, and maximal rate of oxygen uptake. Sixteen male runners performed a maximal incremental aerobic test and four exhaustive runs at 90, 100, 110, and 120% of the peak speed of the incremental test on a treadmill. Then, two mathematically equivalent formulations (time as function of running speed and distance as function of running speed) of three different mathematical models (two-parameter, three-parameter, and three-parameter exponential) were employed to estimate CS, the distance that can be run above CS (d'), and if applicable, the maximal instantaneous running speed (s max ). A significant effect of the mathematical model was observed when estimating CS, d', and s max (P < 0.001), but there was no effect of the fitting procedure (P > 0.77). The three-parameter model had the best fit quality (smallest Akaike information criterion) of the CS estimates but the highest 90% confidence intervals and combined standard error of estimates (%SEE). The 90% CI and %SEE were similar when comparing the two fitting procedures for a given model. High and very high correlations were obtained between CS and aerobic fitness parameters for the three different models (r ≥ 0.77) as well as reasonably small SEE (SEE ≤ 6.8%). However, our results showed no further support for selecting the best mathematical model to estimate critical speed. Nonetheless, we suggest coaches choosing a mathematical model beforehand to define intensity domains and maintaining it over the running seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Patoz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Pedrani
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Romain Spicher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - André Berchtold
- Institute of Social Sciences and National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Applying the Critical Power Model to a Full-Body Resistance-Training Movement. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:1364-1370. [PMID: 30958050 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if the mathematical model used to derive critical power could be used to identify the critical resistance (CR) for the deadlift; compare predicted and actual repetitions to failure at 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% 1-repetition maximum (1RM); and compare the CR with the estimated sustainable resistance for 30 repetitions (ESR30). METHODS Twelve subjects completed 1RM testing for the deadlift followed by 4 visits to determine the number of repetitions to failure at 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% 1RM. The CR was calculated as the slope of the line of the total work completed (repetitions × weight [in kilograms] × distance [in meters]) vs the total distance (in meters) the barbell traveled. The actual and predicted repetitions to failure were determined from the CR model and compared using paired-samples t tests and simple linear regression. The ESR30 was determined from the power-curve analysis and compared with the CR using paired-samples t tests and simple linear regression. RESULTS The weight and repetitions completed at CR were 56 (11) kg and 49 (14) repetitions. The actual repetitions to failure were less than predicted at 50% 1RM (P < .001) and 80% 1RM (P < .001) and greater at 60% 1RM (P = .004), but there was no difference at 70% 1RM (P = .084). The ESR30 (75 [14] kg) was greater (P < .001) than the CR. CONCLUSIONS The total work-vs-distance relationship can be used to identify the CR for the deadlift, which reflected a sustainable resistance that may be useful in the design of resistance-based exercise programs.
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Muniz-Pumares D, Karsten B, Triska C, Glaister M. Methodological Approaches and Related Challenges Associated With the Determination of Critical Power and Curvature Constant. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:584-596. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Vandewalle H. Modelling of Running Performances: Comparisons of Power-Law, Hyperbolic, Logarithmic, and Exponential Models in Elite Endurance Runners. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8203062. [PMID: 30402494 PMCID: PMC6192093 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8203062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many empirical and descriptive models have been proposed since the beginning of the 20th century. In the present study, the power-law (Kennelly) and logarithmic (Péronnet-Thibault) models were compared with asymptotic models such as 2-parameter hyperbolic models (Hill and Scherrer), 3-parameter hyperbolic model (Morton), and exponential model (Hopkins). These empirical models were compared from the performance of 6 elite endurance runners (P. Nurmi, E. Zatopek, J. Väätäinen, L. Virén, S. Aouita, and H. Gebrselassie) who were world-record holders and/or Olympic winners and/or world or European champions. These elite runners were chosen because they participated several times in international competitions over a large range of distances (1500, 3000, 5000, and 10000 m) and three also participated in a marathon. The parameters of these models were compared and correlated. The less accurate models were the asymptotic 2-parameter hyperbolic models but the most accurate model was the asymptotic 3-parameter hyperbolic model proposed by Morton. The predictions of long-distance performances (maximal running speeds for 30 and 60 min and marathon) by extrapolation of the logarithmic and power-law models were more accurate than the predictions by extrapolation in all the asymptotic models. The overestimations of these long-distance performances by Morton's model were less important than the overestimations by the other asymptotic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Vandewalle
- UFR de Santé, Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris XIII, Bobigny, France
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Kramer M, Du Randt R, Watson M, Pettitt RW. Oxygen uptake kinetics and speed-time correlates of modified 3-minute all-out shuttle running in soccer players. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201389. [PMID: 30130362 PMCID: PMC6103506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
How parameters derived from oxygen uptake V˙O2 kinetics relate to critical speed is not fully understood, and how such parameters relate to more sport-specific performances, such as shuttle running, has not been investigated. Therefore, the primary aims of the present student were to examine the V˙O2 kinetics during all-out linear and shuttle running and compare physiological variables of all-out running to variables measured during a graded exercise test (GXT). Fifteen male soccer players performed a graded exercise test (GXT) and the V˙O2 kinetics from a series of three different 3-min all-out tests (3MT’s) were evaluated. V˙O2max achieved during the GXT did not differ from maximal V˙O2 achieved during the all-out tests (F = 1.85, p = 0.13) (overall ICC = 0.65; typical error = 2.48 ml∙kg-1∙min-1; coefficient of variation = 4.8%). A moderate, inverse correlation (r = -0.62, p = 0.02) was observed between τ (14.7 ± 1.92 s) and CS (3.96 ± 0.52 m∙s-1) despite the narrow SD for τ. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed for any of the V˙O2 kinetics between continuous and shuttle running bouts. The linear running 3MT (r3MT) represents a viable surrogate to the GXT and data beyond CS and D’ may be gleaned by using the bi-exponential speed-time model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kramer
- Human Movement Science Department, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Rosa Du Randt
- Human Movement Science Department, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Mark Watson
- Psychology Department, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Robert W. Pettitt
- Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, Utah, United States of America
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Nimmerichter A, Novak N, Triska C, Prinz B, Breese BC. Validity of Treadmill-Derived Critical Speed on Predicting 5000-Meter Track-Running Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:706-714. [PMID: 27379951 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nimmerichter, A, Novak, N, Triska, C, Prinz, B, and Breese, BC. Validity of treadmill-derived critical speed on predicting 5,000-meter track-running performance. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 706-714, 2017-To evaluate 3 models of critical speed (CS) for the prediction of 5,000-m running performance, 16 trained athletes completed an incremental test on a treadmill to determine maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and 3 randomly ordered runs to exhaustion at the [INCREMENT]70% intensity, at 110% and 98% of MAS. Critical speed and the distance covered above CS (D') were calculated using the hyperbolic speed-time (HYP), the linear distance-time (LIN), and the linear speed inverse-time model (INV). Five thousand meter performance was determined on a 400-m running track. Individual predictions of 5,000-m running time (t = [5,000-D']/CS) and speed (s = D'/t + CS) were calculated across the 3 models in addition to multiple regression analyses. Prediction accuracy was assessed with the standard error of estimate (SEE) from linear regression analysis and the mean difference expressed in units of measurement and coefficient of variation (%). Five thousand meter running performance (speed: 4.29 ± 0.39 m·s; time: 1,176 ± 117 seconds) was significantly better than the predictions from all 3 models (p < 0.0001). The mean difference was 65-105 seconds (5.7-9.4%) for time and -0.22 to -0.34 m·s (-5.0 to -7.5%) for speed. Predictions from multiple regression analyses with CS and D' as predictor variables were not significantly different from actual running performance (-1.0 to 1.1%). The SEE across all models and predictions was approximately 65 seconds or 0.20 m·s and is therefore considered as moderate. The results of this study have shown the importance of aerobic and anaerobic energy system contribution to predict 5,000-m running performance. Using estimates of CS and D' is valuable for predicting performance over race distances of 5,000 m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Nimmerichter
- 1Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, Wiener Neustadt, Austria; 2Center for Sports Science and University Sport, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and 3Center for Research in Translational Biomedicine, Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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Massini DA, Pessôa Filho DM, Caritá RAC, Denadai BS. RESPOSTA FISIOLÓGICA E PERCEPTUAL NA VELOCIDADE CRÍTICA E PONTO DE COMPENSAÇÃO RESPIRATÓRIA. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220162206158906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Introdução: O ponto de compensação respiratória (PCR) representa a taxa metabólica durante um teste incremental máximo, a partir da qual se perde o controle do equilíbrio ácido-base. Entretanto, a velocidade crítica (VC) define o limite superior do domínio pesado do exercício, no qual a exaustão não está relacionada à perturbação metabólica. Objetivo: Comparar a resposta fisiológica (frequência cardíaca - FC, lactato sanguíneo - [La] e consumo de oxigênio - V̇O2) e perceptual (percepção subjetiva de esforço - PSE) durante o exercício na VC e no PCR, visando analisar as similaridades contextuais. Métodos: Dez corredores adolescentes (15,8 ± 1,7 anos) submeteram-se a um teste progressivo (incrementos de 1,0 km×h-1 por minuto, até a exaustão) para determinar V̇O2max, PCR e velocidades correspondentes. A VC foi estimada por três esforços, com tempo limite previsto entre 2 e 12 minutos. Os participantes realizaram dois esforços de sete minutos cada, em dias diferentes, na VC e vPCR. Foram registradas FC, PSE (escala 6-20) a cada minuto e [La] de repouso e após cada esforço. O V̇O2 foi analisado respiração a respiração durante os esforços. O teste de Mann-Whitney comparou as respostas de FC, [La], V̇O2 e PSE em VC e vPCR. A variância entre essas respostas foi analisada pelo coeficiente de dispersão (R2). O índice de significância foi P≤0,05. Resultados: Os valores máximos no teste progressivo foram 56,1 ± 5,5 ml×kg-1×min-1 (V̇O2max), 16,5 ± 1,7 km×h-1 (vV̇O2max), 202 ± 12 bpm (FCmax), 19,4 ± 1,3 (PSE) e 12,7 ± 3,1 mmol×L-1 ([La]). Não foram observadas diferenças entre VC (a 83,8 ± 3,6% vV̇O2max) e vPCR (a 86,5 ± 3,6% vV̇O2max) nas respostas de PSE (P = 0,761), FC (P = 0,096), [La] (P = 0,104) e V̇O2 (P = 0,364). Demonstrou-se haver correlações entre VC e vPCR nas respostas de [La] (R2 = 0,76; P = 0,011), PSE (R2 = 0,84; P < 0,01) e V̇O2max (R2 = 0,82; P < 0,01). Conclusão: Pode-se inferir que o exercício em PCR reproduziu uma resposta fisiológica e perceptual similar àquela em VC.
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Abstract
Purpose:To compare critical speed (CS) measured from a single-visit field test of the distance–time relationship with the “traditional” treadmill time-to-exhaustion multivisit protocol.Methods:Ten male distance runners completed treadmill and field tests to calculate CS and the maximum distance performed above CS (D′). The field test involved 3 runs on a single visit to an outdoor athletics track over 3600, 2400, and 1200 m. Two field-test protocols were evaluated using either a 30-min recovery or a 60-min recovery between runs. The treadmill test involved runs to exhaustion at 100%, 105%, and 110% of velocity at VO2max, with 24 h recovery between runs.Results:There was no difference in CS measured with the treadmill and 30-min- and 60-minrecovery field tests (P < .05). CS from the treadmill test was highly correlated with CS from the 30- and 60-min-recovery field tests (r = .89, r = .82; P < .05). However there was a difference and no correlation in D′ between the treadmill test and the 30 and 60-min-recovery field tests (r = .13; r = .33, P > .05). A typical error of the estimate of 0.14 m/s (95% confidence limits 0.09–0.26 m/s) was seen for CS and 88 m (95% confidence limits 60–169 m) for D′. A coefficient of variation of 0.4% (95% confidence limits: 0.3–0.8%) was found for repeat tests of CS and 13% (95% confidence limits 10–27%) for D′.Conclusion:The single-visit method provides a useful alternative for assessing CS in the field.
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Bergstrom HC, Housh TJ, Zuniga JM, Traylor DA, Lewis RW, Camic CL, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. Differences Among Estimates of Critical Power and Anaerobic Work Capacity Derived From Five Mathematical Models and the Three-Minute All-Out Test. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:592-600. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31829b576d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fukuda DH, Hetrick RP, Kendall KL, Smith-Ryan AE, Jackson ME, Stout JR. Characterization of the work-time relationship during cross-country ski ergometry. Physiol Meas 2013; 35:31-43. [PMID: 24345800 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/35/1/31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of estimated parameters of the work-time relationship during cross-country ski ergometry using the traditional multi-trial critical power (CP) test and a 3 min 'all-out' test (3MT). Fourteen recreationally active male participants (mean ± SD; age: 22.14 ± 2.85 yrs; height: 177.09 ± 6.57 cm; weight: 85.68 ± 13.56 kg) completed three testing visits. All testing was conducted using an upper-body ergometer (SkiErg, Concept2, Inc., Morrisville, VT). A graded exercise test was used to determined maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Two separate 3MT sessions were used to determine oxygen uptake (VO23MT), end-test power (EP), work above end-test power (WEP) and end stroke rate (ESR). Additionally, three time trials completed in a single day at simulated distances of 300 m, 650 m and 1000 m were used to estimate CP, W' and critical stroke rate (CSR). VO2peak (3.65 ± 0.50 l · min(-1)) and VO23MT (3.59 ± 0.4 l · min(-1)) were not significantly different (p = 0.162). Intraclass correlation coefficients for EP, WEP and ESR were 0.809, 0.611 and 0.783, respectively. EP (148 ± 33 W) and CP (157 ± 49 W), were not significantly different between the testing methodologies (p = 0.290) and were highly correlated (r = 0.780). WEP (8.4 ± 3.0 kJ) and W' (8.3 ± 3.0 kJ) were similar (p = 0.947) but not related (r = 0.119), while ESR (45 ± 7 spm) and CSR (47 ± 7 spm) values were not significantly different (p = 0.238) and moderately correlated (r = 0.498). The 3MT using ski ergometry was shown to produce concurrently valid results with the traditional multi-trial CP test for CP and CSR, but not W', and elicited similar maximal oxygen uptake values when compared to a graded exercise test.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Fukuda
- University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Bergstrom HC, Housh TJ, Cochrane KC, Jenkins NDM, Lewis RW, Traylor DA, Zuniga JM, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO, Cramer JT. An examination of neuromuscular and metabolic fatigue thresholds. Physiol Meas 2013; 34:1253-67. [PMID: 24021781 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/34/10/1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationships among the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold (PWCFT), the power outputs associated with the gas exchange threshold (PGET) and the respiratory compensation point (PRCP), and critical power (CP) to identify possible physiological mechanisms underlying the onset of neuromuscular fatigue. Ten participants (mean ± SD age: 20 ± 1 years) performed a maximal incremental cycle ergometer test to determine the PWCFT, PGET, and PRCP. CP was determined from the 3 min all-out test. The PWCFT (197 ± 55 W), PRCP (212 ± 50 W), and CP (208 ± 63 W) were significantly greater than the PGET (168 ± 40 W), but there were no significant differences among the PWCFT, PRCP, and CP. All thresholds were significantly inter-4 (r = 0.794-0.958). The 17% greater estimates for the PWCFT than PGET were likely related to differences in the physiological mechanisms that underlie these fatigue thresholds, while the non-significant difference and high correlation between the PWCFT and the PRCP suggested that hyperkalemia may underlie both thresholds. Furthermore, it is possible that the 5% lower estimate of the PWCFT than CP could more accurately reflect the demarcation of the heavy from severe exercise intensity domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley C Bergstrom
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Bergstrom HC, Housh TJ, Zuniga JM, Traylor DA, Lewis RW, Camic CL, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. Mechanomyographic and metabolic responses during continuous cycle ergometry at critical power from the 3-min all-out test. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2013; 23:349-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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de Lucas R, de Souza K, Costa V, Grossl T, Guglielmo L. Time to exhaustion at and above critical power in trained cyclists: The relationship between heavy and severe intensity domains. Sci Sports 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bergstrom HC, Housh TJ, Zuniga JM, Traylor DA, Lewis RW, Camic CL, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. Metabolic and neuromuscular responses at critical power from the 3-min all-out test. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:7-13. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the specific metabolic and neuromuscular responses at critical power (CP) from the 3-min all-out test. Nine men (mean ± SD: aged 23.7 ± 3.3 years) performed an incremental test for the determination of peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) and gas exchange threshold. CP was estimated for each subject from the 3-min all-out test. Oxygen consumption (V̇O2), the ventilation versus carbon dioxide production ratio (V̇E/V̇CO2 ratio), electromyographic (EMG) amplitude, and EMG mean power frequency (MPF) were examined during exhaustive rides at CP for each subject. There was no significant difference between the V̇O2 at exhaustion (40.6 ± 7.5 mL·kg−1·min−1) and V̇O2peak (42.9 ± 7.3 mL·kg−1·min−1). Furthermore, there were significant increases in EMG amplitude and the V̇E/V̇CO2 ratio during the exhaustive rides at CP. There was, however, no significant change in EMG MPF over time. Therefore, the current findings indicated that the 3-min all-out test overestimated CP and the demarcation between the heavy- and severe-intensity domains. Specifically, the V̇O2, ventilatory, and EMG amplitude responses were consistent with those observed during continuous exercise in the severe exercise intensity domain. It is likely that the ventilatory and EMG amplitude responses were associated with a common mechanism of fatigue that is different from what affects EMG MPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley C. Bergstrom
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 110 Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0806, USA
| | - Terry J. Housh
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 110 Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0806, USA
| | - Jorge M. Zuniga
- Department of Exercise Science, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Daniel A. Traylor
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 110 Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0806, USA
| | - Robert W. Lewis
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 110 Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0806, USA
| | - Clayton L. Camic
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 142 Mitchell Hall, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Richard J. Schmidt
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 110 Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0806, USA
| | - Glen O. Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 110 Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0806, USA
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Smith-Ryan AE, Fukuda DH, Stout JR, Kendall KL. High-Velocity Intermittent Running. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:2798-805. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318267922b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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SAWYER BRANDONJ, MORTON RHUGH, WOMACK CHRISTOPHERJ, GAESSER GLENNA. V˙O2max May Not Be Reached during Exercise to Exhaustion above Critical Power. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:1533-8. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31824d2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kendall KL, Fukuda DH, Smith AE, Cramer JT, Stout JR. Predicting maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) from the critical velocity test in female collegiate rowers. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:733-8. [PMID: 22289694 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318225f3ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between the critical velocity (CV) test and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and develop a regression equation to predict VO2max based on the CV test in female collegiate rowers. Thirty-five female (mean ± SD; age, 19.38 ± 1.3 years; height, 170.27 ± 6.07 cm; body mass, 69.58 ± 0.3 1 kg) collegiate rowers performed 2 incremental VO2max tests to volitional exhaustion on a Concept II Model D rowing ergometer to determine VO2max. After a 72-hour rest period, each rower completed 4 time trials at varying distances for the determination of CV and anaerobic rowing capacity (ARC). A positive correlation was observed between CV and absolute VO2max (r = 0.775, p < 0.001) and ARC and absolute VO2max (r = 0.414, p = 0.040). Based on the significant correlation analysis, a linear regression equation was developed to predict the absolute VO2max from CV and ARC (absolute VO2max = 1.579[CV] + 0.008[ARC] - 3.838; standard error of the estimate [SEE] = 0.192 L·min(-1)). Cross validation analyses were performed using an independent sample of 10 rowers. There was no significant difference between the mean predicted VO2max (3.02 L·min(-1)) and the observed VO2max (3.10 L·min(-1)). The constant error, SEE and validity coefficient (r) were 0.076 L·min(-1), 0.144 L·min(-1), and 0.72, respectively. The total error value was 0.155 L·min(-1). The positive relationship between CV, ARC, and VO2max suggests that the CV test may be a practical alternative to measuring the maximal oxygen uptake in the absence of a metabolic cart. Additional studies are needed to validate the regression equation using a larger sample size and different populations (junior- and senior-level female rowers) and to determine the accuracy of the equation in tracking changes after a training intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina L Kendall
- Metabolic and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Huston Huffman Center, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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The reliability of the intermittent critical velocity test and assessment of critical rest interval in men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:1197-205. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fukuda DH, Smith AE, Kendall KL, Cramer JT, Stout JR. The Determination of Critical Rest Interval from the Intermittent Critical Velocity Test in Club-Level Collegiate Hockey and Rugby Players. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:889-95. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31820f5036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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The possible combinatory effects of acute consumption of caffeine, creatine, and amino acids on the improvement of anaerobic running performance in humans. Nutr Res 2011; 30:607-14. [PMID: 20934602 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Preexercise nutritional investigations have recently become a popular avenue of examining the interaction of multiple ingredients on exercise and training methods. The critical velocity (CV) test is used to quantify the relationship between total running distance and time to exhaustion (TTE), yielding aerobic (CV) and anaerobic parameters (anaerobic running capacity [ARC]). The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that a preexercise supplement containing caffeine, creatine, and amino acids (Game Time; Corr-Jen Laboratories Inc, Aurora, CO) would positively impact CV and ARC in college-aged men and women. In a single-blind crossover design, 10 participants consumed the preexercise supplement (ACT) or placebo (PL) before each testing session. Each participant completed runs to exhaustion on a treadmill at 110%, 90% (day 1), and 105% and 100% (day 2) of the peak velocity (PV) determined from a graded exercise test. The ACT elicited a 10.8% higher ARC (P = .02) compared with the PL, whereas no difference was found in CV (0.6%, P = .38). The TTE was greater for the ACT than the PL at 110% (ACT = 125.7 ± 9.6 seconds, PL = 117.3 ± 12.6 seconds), 105% (ACT = 156.9 ± 11.0 seconds, PL = 143.8 ± 12.9 seconds), and 100% PV (ACT = 185.7 ± 10.7 seconds, PL = 169.7 ± 12.8 seconds) (P = .01-.04); but there was no difference for the TTE at 90% PV (ACT = 353.5 ± 52.7 seconds, PL = 332.7 ± 54.0 seconds) (P = .08). These findings suggest that the acute ingestion of this preexercise supplement may be an effective strategy for improving anaerobic performance, but appears to have no effect on aerobic power.
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Fukuda DH, Smith AE, Kendall KL, Dwyer TR, Kerksick CM, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JR. The effects of creatine loading and gender on anaerobic running capacity. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:1826-33. [PMID: 20543729 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e06d0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) loading consists of short-term, high-dosage Cr supplementation and has been shown to increase intramuscular total Cr content. Increases in body weight (BW) have been shown to result from Cr loading, with differences by gender, and increased BW may impact weight-bearing exercise. The critical velocity (CV) test is used to quantify the relationship between total running distance and time to exhaustion. The CV test provides the variable, anaerobic running capacity (ARC), which is an estimate of the anaerobic energy reserves in muscle. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of gender and Cr loading on ARC. Fifty moderately trained men and women volunteered to participate in this randomized, double-blinded, placebo (PL)-controlled, repeated-measures study. After a familiarization session, a 3-day testing procedure was conducted. A maximal oxygen consumption test VO(2)max) on a treadmill was performed on day 1 to establish the maximum velocity (Vmax) at VO(2)max and to record BW. Days 2 and 3 involved treadmill running at varying percentages of Vmax. Participants were randomly assigned to either the Cr or PL group and received 20 packets of the Cr supplement (1 packet = 5 g Cr citrate, 18 g dextrose) or 20 packets of the PL (1 packet = 18 g dextrose). After consuming 4 packets daily for 5 consecutive days, the 3-day testing procedure was repeated. The male Cr loading group exhibited a 23% higher (p = 0.003) ARC compared to the PL group. Nonsignificant BW increases were found for the Cr groups. These findings suggest that Cr loading may be an effective strategy for improving ARC in men, but not in women, and revealed only nonsignificant increases in BW. Creatine loading may be used before competition by athletes to provide improvements in high-intensity, short-duration activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Fukuda
- Metabolic and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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The development of physiological profiles and identification of training needs in NCAA female collegiate rowers using isoperformance curves. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:679-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Smith AE, Fukuda DH, Kendall KL, Stout JR. The effects of a pre-workout supplement containing caffeine, creatine, and amino acids during three weeks of high-intensity exercise on aerobic and anaerobic performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010; 7:10. [PMID: 20156347 PMCID: PMC2854104 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel design study was used to examine the effects of a pre-workout supplement combined with three weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on aerobic and anaerobic running performance, training volume, and body composition. Methods Twenty-four moderately-trained recreational athletes (mean ± SD age = 21.1 ± 1.9 yrs; stature = 172.2 ± 8.7 cm; body mass = 66.2 ± 11.8 kg, VO2max = 3.21 ± 0.85 l·min-1, percent body fat = 19.0 ± 7.1%) were assigned to either the active supplement (GT, n = 13) or placebo (PL, n = 11) group. The active supplement (Game Time®, Corr-Jensen Laboratories Inc., Aurora, CO) was 18 g of powder, 40 kcals, and consisted of a proprietary blend including whey protein, cordyceps sinensis, creatine, citrulline, ginseng, and caffeine. The PL was also 18 g of powder, 40 kcals, and consisted of only maltodextrin, natural and artificial flavors and colors. Thirty minutes prior to all testing and training sessions, participants consumed their respective supplements mixed with 8-10 oz of water. Both groups participated in a three-week HIIT program three days per week, and testing was conducted before and after the training. Cardiovascular fitness (VO2max) was assessed using open circuit spirometry (Parvo-Medics TrueOne® 2400 Metabolic Measurement System, Sandy, UT) during graded exercise tests on a treadmill (Woodway, Pro Series, Waukesha, WI). Also, four high-speed runs to exhaustion were conducted at 110, 105, 100, and 90% of the treadmill velocity recorded during VO2max, and the distances achieved were plotted over the times-to-exhaustion. Linear regression was used to determine the slopes (critical velocity, CV) and y-intercepts (anaerobic running capacity, ARC) of these relationships to assess aerobic and anaerobic performances, respectively. Training volumes were tracked by summing the distances achieved during each training session for each subject. Percent body fat (%BF) and lean body mass (LBM) were assessed with air-displacement plethysmography (BOD POD®, Life Measurement, Inc., Concord, CA). Results Both GT and PL groups demonstrated a significant (p = 0.028) increase in VO2max from pre- to post-training resulting in a 10.3% and 2.9% improvement, respectively. CV increased (p = 0.036) for the GT group by 2.9%, while the PL group did not change (p = 0.256; 1.7% increase). ARC increased for the PL group by 22.9% and for the GT group by 10.6%. Training volume was 11.6% higher for the GT versus PL group (p = 0.041). %BF decreased from 19.3% to 16.1% for the GT group and decreased from 18.0% to 16.8% in the PL group (p = 0.178). LBM increased from 54.2 kg to 55.4 kg (p = 0.035) for the GT group and decreased from 52.9 kg to 52.4 kg in the PL group (p = 0.694). Conclusion These results demonstrated improvements in VO2max, CV, and LBM when GT is combined with HIIT. Three weeks of HIIT alone also augmented anaerobic running performance, VO2max and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie E Smith
- Metabolic and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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HENDRIX CRUSSELL, HOUSH TERRYJ, MIELKE MICHELLE, ZUNIGA JORGEM, CAMIC CLAYTONL, JOHNSON GLENO, SCHMIDT RICHARDJ. Critical Torque, Estimated Time to Exhaustion, and Anaerobic Work Capacity from Linear and Nonlinear Mathematical Models. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:2185-90. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181ab8cc0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Puga GM, Nakamura FY, Simões HG, Kokubun E, Campbell CSG. Utilização da relação potência-tempo até exaustão em testes de caminhada para avaliação da aptidão aeróbia. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922009000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a aptidão aeróbia em testes de caminhada com carga externa aplicada por meio da inclinação da esteira, a partir da relação não linear entre inclinação da esteira e tempo até a exaustão em velocidade fixa. Doze indivíduos do gênero masculino com 23,2 ± 2,7 anos de idade, 74,0 ± 7,9kg de massa corporal e 23,7 ± 2,5kg·(m²)-1 de IMC, realizaram duas etapas de testes de caminhada em esteira ergométrica com velocidade fixa de 5,5km·h-1 em todos os testes e sobrecarga de intensidade aplicada por meio de inclinação da esteira (%). A etapa 1 consistiu de três testes retangulares até a exaustão voluntária, nas intensidades de 18%, 20% e 22% de inclinação, para determinação dos parâmetros do modelo de potência crítica por dois modelos lineares e um hiperbólico. A etapa 2 consistiu na determinação da intensidade correspondente ao máximo estado estável de lactato sanguíneo (MEEL). ANOVA demonstrou que o modelo hiperbólico (15,4 ± 1,1%) resultou em estimativa significativamente menor que os outros dois modelos lineares inclinação-tempo-1 (16,0 ± 1,0%) e hiperbólico linearizado tempo-1-inclinação (15,9 ± 1,0%), porém, houve alta correlação entre os modelos. Os dois modelos lineares superestimaram a intensidade do MEEL (14,1 ± 1,4%), e o modelo hiperbólico, mesmo sem diferença estatística, apresentou fraca correlação, com baixa concordância em relação ao MEEL. Conclui-se que a relação inclinação-tempo até a exaustão, em testes de caminhada, não permitem a estimativa de intensidade de exercício suportável por longo período de tempo.
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Nakamura FY, Borges TO, De-Oliveira FR, Soares-Caldeira LF, Bertuzzi RCDM, Matsushigue KA. Predição do desempenho aeróbio na canoagem a partir da aplicação de diferentes modelos matemáticos de velocidade crítica. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922008000500003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O modelo de velocidade crítica com dois parâmetros vem sendo utilizado para a determinação do desempenho aeróbio e anaeróbio. No entanto, o modelo com três parâmetros prevê um parâmetro adicional correspondente à velocidade instantânea máxima (Vmáx) ao modelo original, tendo impacto sobre a estimativa dos outros dois parâmetros. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar e comparar a relação da velocidade crítica (VCrit), fornecida pelos modelos com dois (VCrit-2parâmetros) e três (VCrit-3parâmetros) parâmetros, com a velocidade média mantida em esforço máximo de 6.000m (V6000m) na canoagem. Nove canoístas (17,4 ± 2,4 anos) competitivos do sexo masculino realizaram, em dias diferentes, testes máximos de 200, 500, 1.000, 1.800 e 6.000m. A VCrit foi calculada para todos os sujeitos, a partir das distâncias de 200 a 1.800m, utilizando-se as equações hiperbólicas com dois e três parâmetros. As durações dos percursos ficaram no intervalo entre 46,1 ± 2,5s e 513,9 ± 25,6s. Para comparação entre as velocidades (VCrit-2parâmetros, VCrit-3parâmetros e V6000m) foi utilizada ANOVA one way para medidas repetidas, seguida pelo teste post hoc de Newman-Keuls. A associação entre as variáveis foi feita a partir de correlação de Pearson. Para análise de concordância foi aplicada a plotagem de Bland-Altman entre os valores de VCrit-2parâmetros, VCrit-3parâmetros e V6000m . Em média, o tiro de 6.000m teve duração de 29,9 ± 1,0 min. Houve diferença significante da VCrit-3parâmetros (2,93 ± 0,36m/s) em relação à VCrit-2parâmetros (3,31 ± 0,22m.s-1) e V6000m (3,35 ± 0,11m.s-1). VCrit-2parâmetros e V6000m não diferiram entre si. A correlação entre VCrit-2parâmetros e V6000m foi de 0,72 (p = 0,03), enquanto que a entre VCrit-3parâmetros e V6000m não foi significante. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o modelo de velocidade crítica de dois parâmetros fornece valor de VCrit mais adequado para a avaliação aeróbia de canoístas. A VCrit-3parâmetros subestima a velocidade que pode ser mantida por aproximadamente 30 min, com baixa capacidade preditiva de desempenho aeróbio. Assim, foram obtidas evidências de validade do modelo original de velocidade crítica de dois parâmetros proposto por Monod e Scherrer.
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Bull AJ, Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Rana SR. Physiological responses at five estimates of critical velocity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 102:711-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-007-0649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bosquet L, Duchene A, Lecot F, Dupont G, Leger L. Vmax estimate from three-parameter critical velocity models: validity and impact on 800 m running performance prediction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 97:34-42. [PMID: 16468059 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-006-0143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of maximal velocity (Vmax) estimated from three-parameter systems models, and to compare the predictive value of two- and three-parameter models for the 800 m. Seventeen trained male subjects (VO2max=66.54+/-7.29 ml min(-1) kg(-1)) performed five randomly ordered constant velocity tests (CVT), a maximal velocity test (mean velocity over the last 10 m portion of a 40 m sprint) and a 800 m time trial (V 800 m). Five systems models (two three-parameter and three two-parameter) were used to compute V max (three-parameter models), critical velocity (CV), anaerobic running capacity (ARC) and V800m from times to exhaustion during CVT. Vmax estimates were significantly lower than (0.19<Bias<0.24 m s(-1)) and poorly associated (0.44<r<0.49) with actual Vmax (8.43+/-0.33 m s(-1)). Critical velocity (CV) alone explained 40-62% of the variance in V800m. Combining CV with other parameters of each model to produce a calculated V800m resulted in a clear improvement of this relationship (0.83<r<0.94). Three-parameter models had a better association (0.93<r<0.94) and a lower bias (0.00<Bias<0.04 m s(-1)) with actual V800 m (5.87+/-0.49 m s(-1)) than two-parameter models (0.83<r<0.91, 0.06<Bias<0.20). If three-parameter models appear to have a better predictive value for short duration events such as the 800 m, the fact the Vmax is not associated with the ability it is supposed to reflect suggests that they are more empirical than systems models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bosquet
- Faculté des sciences du sport, Université Lille 2, 9, rue de l'Université, 59790, Ronchin, France
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Morton RH. The critical power and related whole-body bioenergetic models. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005; 96:339-54. [PMID: 16284785 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-005-0088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper takes a performance-based approach to review the broad expanse of literature relating to whole-body models of human bioenergetics. It begins with an examination of the critical power model and its assumptions. Although remarkably robust, this model has a number of shortcomings. Attention to these has led to the development of more realistic and more detailed derivatives of the critical power model. The mathematical solutions to and associated behaviour of these models when subjected to imposed "exercise" can be applied as a means of gaining a deeper understanding of the bioenergetics of human exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hugh Morton
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Hill DW, Alain C, Kennedy MD. Modeling the Relationship between Velocity and Time to Fatigue in Rowing. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35:2098-105. [PMID: 14652508 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000099111.78949.0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several mathematical models describe the relationship between velocity and time to fatigue. PURPOSE The purposes of this study were to evaluate different critical velocity (V(critical)) models applied to rowing ergometry and to investigate prediction of performance time in a 2000-m race based on results from shorter trials. METHODS Sixteen men performed seven rowing ergometer tests. Velocity and time to fatigue data from the 200-m (approximately 0.5 min) to 1200-m (approximately 3 min) trials and from the 200-m to 2000-m (approximately 6.5 min) trials were fit to a two-parameter hyperbolic model, a three-parameter hyperbolic model, and a three-parameter exponential model. RESULTS Including data from the 2000-m trial generally resulted in higher R2 and smaller SEE. V(critical) from the three versions of the two-parameter model were 4.71 +/- 0.28 m x s(-1), 4.80 +/- 0.27 m x s(-1), and 5.04 +/- 0.24 m x s(-1) (P < 0.001). The two three-parameter models had high R2 (0.991 and 0.990, respectively) and generated parameter estimates that appeared reasonable. Time for a 2000-m race was predicted better using the two-parameter model (r > 0.974) than using the three-parameter models (r = 0.820-0.870). CONCLUSION It is necessary to include the relatively long 2000-m predicting trial to describe accurately the velocity-time relationship in rowing. The two-parameter model may be useful in predicting time for a 2000-m race but is not otherwise appropriate for modeling when predicting trials of <1 min duration are included. Choice of model and duration of trials must be considered when using mathematical modeling to derive V(critical) and other parameters in rowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hill
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton 76203-0769, USA.
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Abstract
Physiological testing of elite athletes requires the correct identification and assessment of sports-specific underlying factors. It is now recognised that performance in long-distance events is determined by maximal oxygen uptake (V(2 max)), energy cost of exercise and the maximal fractional utilisation of V(2 max) in any realised performance or as a corollary a set percentage of V(2 max) that could be endured as long as possible. This later ability is defined as endurance, and more precisely aerobic endurance, since V(2 max) sets the upper limit of aerobic pathway. It should be distinguished from endurance ability or endurance performance, which are synonymous with performance in long-distance events. The present review examines methods available in the literature to assess aerobic endurance. They are numerous and can be classified into two categories, namely direct and indirect methods. Direct methods bring together all indices that allow either a complete or a partial representation of the power-duration relationship, while indirect methods revolve around the determination of the so-called anaerobic threshold (AT). With regard to direct methods, performance in a series of tests provides a more complete and presumably more valid description of the power-duration relationship than performance in a single test, even if both approaches are well correlated with each other. However, the question remains open to determine which systems model should be employed among the several available in the literature, and how to use them in the prescription of training intensities. As for indirect methods, there is quantitative accumulation of data supporting the utilisation of the AT to assess aerobic endurance and to prescribe training intensities. However, it appears that: there is no unique intensity corresponding to the AT, since criteria available in the literature provide inconsistent results; and the non-invasive determination of the AT using ventilatory and heart rate data instead of blood lactate concentration ([La(-)](b)) is not valid. Added to the fact that the AT may not represent the optimal training intensity for elite athletes, it raises doubt on the usefulness of this theory without questioning, however, the usefulness of the whole [La(-)](b)-power curve to assess aerobic endurance and predict performance in long-distance events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bosquet
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Lille, Ronchin, France.
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