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Furmanek Ł, Czarnota P, Tekiela A, Kapusta I, Seaward MRD. A spectrophotometric analysis of extracted water-soluble phenolic metabolites of lichens. PLANTA 2024; 260:40. [PMID: 38954049 PMCID: PMC11219455 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Rainwater most probably constitutes a relatively effective solvent for lichen substances in nature which have the potential to provide for human and environmental needs in the future. The aims were (i) to test the hypothesis on the potential solubility of lichen phenolic compounds using rainwater under conditions that partly reflect the natural environment and (ii) to propose new and effective methods for the water extraction of lichen substances. The results of spectrophotometric analyses of total phenolic metabolites in rainwater-based extracts from epigeic and epiphytic lichens, employing the Folin-Ciocalteu (F.-C.) method, are presented. The water solvent was tested at three pH levels: natural, 3, and 9. Extraction methods were undertaken from two perspectives: the partial imitation of natural environmental conditions and the potential use of extraction for economic purposes. From an ecological perspective, room-temperature water extraction ('cold' method) was used for 10-, 60-, and 120-min extraction periods. A variant of water extraction at analogous time intervals was an 'insolation' with a 100W light bulb to simulate the heat energy of the sun. For economic purposes, the water extraction method used the Soxhlet apparatus and its modified version, the 'tea-extraction' method ('hot' ones). The results showed that those extractions without an external heat source were almost ineffective, but insolation over 60- and 120-min periods proved to be more effective. Both tested 'hot' methods also proved to be effective, especially the 'tea-extraction' one. Generally, an increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds in water extracts resulted from an increasing solvent pH. The results show the probable involvement of lichen substances in biogeochemical processes in nature and their promising use for a variety of human necessities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Furmanek
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4 Street, 35-601, Rzeszów, Poland.
- Unit for Assessment of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Documentation, Department for Assessment of Medicinal Products Documentation, The Office for Registration of Medicinal Products, Medical Devices and Biocidal Products, Al. Jerozolimskie 181C, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paweł Czarnota
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4 Street, 35-601, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Agata Tekiela
- Department of Agroecology and Forest Utilization, University of Rzeszów, Ćwiklińskiej 1A Street, 35-601, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Kapusta
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszów, Ćwiklińskiej 1 Street, 35-601, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Mark R D Seaward
- School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
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Solhaug KA, Eiterjord G, Løken MH, Gauslaa Y. Non-photochemical quenching may contribute to the dominance of the pale mat-forming lichen Cladonia stellaris over the sympatric melanic Cetraria islandica. Oecologia 2024; 204:187-198. [PMID: 38233688 PMCID: PMC10830725 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The mat-forming fruticose lichens Cladonia stellaris and Cetraria islandica frequently co-occur on soils in sun-exposed boreal, subarctic, and alpine ecosystems. While the dominant reindeer lichen Cladonia lacks a cortex but produces the light-reflecting pale pigment usnic acid on its surface, the common but patchier Cetraria has a firm cortex sealed by the light-absorbing pigment melanin. By measuring reflectance spectra, high-light tolerance, photosynthetic responses, and chlorophyll fluorescence in sympatric populations of these lichens differing in fungal pigments, we aimed to study how they cope with high light while hydrated. Specimens of the two species tolerated high light equally well but with different protective mechanisms. The mycobiont of the melanic species efficiently absorbed excess light, consistent with a lower need for its photobiont to protect itself by non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). By contrast, usnic acid screened light at 450-700 nm by reflectance and absorbed shorter wavelengths. The ecorticate usnic species with less efficient fungal light screening exhibited a consistently lower light compensation point and higher CO2 uptake rates than the melanic lichen. In both species, steady state NPQ rapidly increased at increasing light with no signs of light saturation. To compensate for less internal shading causing light fluctuations with a larger amplitude, the usnic lichen photobiont adjusted to changing light by faster induction and faster relaxation of NPQ rapidly transforming excess excitation energy to less damaging heat. The high and flexible NPQ tracking fluctuations in solar radiation probably contributes to the strong dominance of the usnic mat-forming Cladonia in open lichen-dominated heaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Asbjørn Solhaug
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Gaute Eiterjord
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Martine Hana Løken
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Yngvar Gauslaa
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway.
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Barták M, Hájek J, Halıcı MG, Bednaříková M, Casanova-Katny A, Váczi P, Puhovkin A, Mishra KB, Giordano D. Resistance of Primary Photosynthesis to Photoinhibition in Antarctic Lichen Xanthoria elegans: Photoprotective Mechanisms Activated during a Short Period of High Light Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2259. [PMID: 37375884 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The Antarctic lichen, Xanthoria elegans, in its hydrated state has several physiological mechanisms to cope with high light effects on the photosynthetic processes of its photobionts. We aim to investigate the changes in primary photochemical processes of photosystem II in response to a short-term photoinhibitory treatment. Several chlorophyll a fluorescence techniques: (1) slow Kautsky kinetics supplemented with quenching mechanism analysis; (2) light response curves of photosynthetic electron transport (ETR); and (3) response curves of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were used in order to evaluate the phenomenon of photoinhibition of photosynthesis and its consequent recovery. Our findings suggest that X. elegans copes well with short-term high light (HL) stress due to effective photoprotective mechanisms that are activated during the photoinhibitory treatment. The investigations of quenching mechanisms revealed that photoinhibitory quenching (qIt) was a major non-photochemical quenching in HL-treated X. elegans; qIt relaxed rapidly and returned to pre-photoinhibition levels after a 120 min recovery. We conclude that the Antarctic lichen species X. elegans exhibits a high degree of photoinhibition resistance and effective non-photochemical quenching mechanisms. This photoprotective mechanism may help it survive even repeated periods of high light during the early austral summer season, when lichens are moist and physiologically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Barták
- Laboratory of Photosynthetic Processes, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Hájek
- Laboratory of Photosynthetic Processes, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mehmet Gökhan Halıcı
- Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü (Department of Biology), Erciyes Üniversitesi (Erciyes University), 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Michaela Bednaříková
- Laboratory of Photosynthetic Processes, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Angelica Casanova-Katny
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology and Climate Change, Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, Catholic University of Temuco, Avenida Rudecindo Ortega 02950, Campus San Juan Pablo II, Temuco 481 1123, Chile
| | - Peter Váczi
- Laboratory of Photosynthetic Processes, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anton Puhovkin
- Laboratory of Photosynthetic Processes, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- State Institution National Antarctic Scientific Center, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, T. Shevchenko blvrd. 16, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Department of Reproductive System Cryobiology, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Pereyaslavska Str. 23, 61016 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Kumud Bandhu Mishra
- Laboratory of Photosynthetic Processes, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Global Change Research Institute, Bělidla 4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Davide Giordano
- Laboratory of Photosynthetic Processes, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Bednaříková M, Gauslaa Y, Solhaug KA. Non-invasive monitoring of photosynthetic activity and water content in forest lichens by spectral reflectance data and RGB colors from photographs. FUNGAL ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2023.101224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Phinney NH, Asplund J, Gauslaa Y. The lichen cushion: A functional perspective of color and size of a dominant growth form on glacier forelands. Fungal Biol 2022; 126:375-384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Solhaug KA, Asplund J, Gauslaa Y. Apparent electron transport rate - a non-invasive proxy of photosynthetic CO 2 uptake in lichens. PLANTA 2021; 253:14. [PMID: 33392847 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During desiccation, both apparent electron transport rate (ETRapp) and photosynthetic CO2 uptake peak when external water has evaporated. External water, causing suprasaturation, weakens the strong correlation between ETRapp and CO2 uptake. Lichens are poikilohydric organisms passively regulated by ambient conditions. In theory, apparent electron transport rate (ETRapp), estimated by photosystem II yield measured in light (ΦPSII), is a proxy of photosynthetic CO2 uptake. Hydration level, however, is a complicating factor, particularly during suprasaturation that strongly reduces CO2 diffusion. Here, the cephalolichen Lobaria pulmonaria and two chlorolichens Parmelia sulcata and Xanthoria aureola were excessively hydrated before photosynthetic CO2 uptake and ΦPSII using imaging fluorescence tools were simultaneously measured while drying at 200 µmol photons m-2 s-1. CO2 uptake peaked when hydration had declined to a level equivalent to their respective internal water holding capacity (WHCinternal) i.e., the water per thallus area after blotting external water. CO2 uptake and ETRapp in all species were highly correlated at hydration levels below WHCinternal, but weaker at higher hydration (chlorolichens) or absent (cephalolichen). Yet, at a specimen level for the two chlorolichens, the correlation was strong during suprasaturation. The CO2 uptake-ETRapp relationship did not differ between measured species, but may vary between other lichens because the slope depends on cortical transmittance and fraction of electrons not used for CO2 uptake. For new lichen species, calibration of ETRapp against CO2 uptake is therefore necessary. At intrathalline scales, ΦPSII during drying initially increased along thallus margins before reaching maximum values in central portions when hydration approached WHCinternal. WHCinternal represents the optimal hydration level for lichen photosynthesis. In conclusion, ETRapp is an easily measured and reliable proxy of CO2 uptake in thalli without external water but overestimates photosynthesis during suprasaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Asbjørn Solhaug
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Johan Asplund
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Yngvar Gauslaa
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
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González-Burgos E, Fernández-Moriano C, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Current knowledge on Parmelia genus: Ecological interest, phytochemistry, biological activities and therapeutic potential. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 165:112051. [PMID: 31234093 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Parmelia Acharius is one of the most representative genera within Parmeliaceae family which is the largest and the most widespread family of lichen-forming fungi. Parmelia lichens present a medium to large foliose thallus and they are distributed from the Artic to the Antartic continents, being more concentrated in temperate regions. According to its current description, the genus encompasses up to 41 different species and it is phylogenetically located within the Parmelioid clade (the largest group in the family). Interestingly, some of its species are among the most common epiphytic lichens in Europe such as Parmelia sulcata Taylor and Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. The present work aims at providing a complete overview of the existing knowledge on the genus, from general concepts such as taxonomy and phylogeny, to their ecological relevance and biological interest for pharmaceutical uses. As reported, Parmelia lichens arise as valuable tools for biomonitoring environmental pollution due to their capacity to bioaccumulate metal elements and its response to acid rain. Moreover, they produce a wide array of specialized products/metabolites including depsides, depsidones, triterpenes and dibenzofurans, which have been suggested to exert promising pharmacological activities, mainly antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Herein, we discuss past and recent data regarding to the phytochemical characterization of more than 15 species. Even though the knowledge is still scarce in comparsion to other groups of organisms such as higher plants and other non-lichenized fungi. Reviewed works suggest that Parmelia lichens are worthy of further research for determining their actual possibilities as sources of bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena González-Burgos
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/n, 28004, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernández-Moriano
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/n, 28004, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pilar Gómez-Serranillos
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/n, 28004, Madrid, Spain.
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Could Hair-Lichens of High-Elevation Forests Help Detect the Impact of Global Change in the Alps? DIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d11030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Climate change and the anthropic emission of pollutants are likely to have an accelerated impact in high-elevation mountain areas. This phenomenon could have negative consequences on alpine habitats and for species of conservation in relative proximity to dense human populations. This premise implies that the crucial task is in the early detection of warning signals of ecological changes. In alpine landscapes, high-elevation forests provide a unique environment for taking full advantage of epiphytic lichens as sensitive indicators of climate change and air pollution. This literature review is intended to provide a starting point for developing practical biomonitoring tools that elucidate the potential of hair-lichens, associated with high-elevation forests, as ecological indicators of global change in the European Alps. We found support for the practical use of hair-lichens to detect the impact of climate change and nitrogen pollution in high-elevation forest habitats. The use of these organisms as ecological indicators presents an opportunity to expand monitoring activities and develop predictive tools that support decisions on how to mitigate the effects of global change in the Alps.
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