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Liu X, Ma J, Zhao G, Sun HJ. The effect of gaze information associated with the search items on contextual cueing effect. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024; 86:84-94. [PMID: 38030821 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous research on the mechanisms of contextual cueing effect has been inconsistent, with some researchers showing that the contextual benefit was derived from the attentional guidance whereas others argued that the former theory was not the source of contextual cueing effect. We brought the "stare-in-the-crowd" effect that used pictures of gaze with different orientations as stimuli into a traditional contextual cueing effect paradigm to investigate whether attentional guidance plays a part in this effect. We embedded the letters used in a traditional contextual cueing effect paradigm into the gaze pictures with direct and averted orientation. In Experiment 1, we found that there was a weak interaction between the contextual cueing effect and the "stare-in-the-crowd" effect. In Experiments 2 and 3, we found that the contextual cueing effect was influenced differently when the direct gaze was combined with the target or distractors. These results suggested that attentional guidance played an important role in the generation of a contextual cueing effect and the direct gaze had a special impact on visual search. To summarize the three findings, the direct gaze on target location facilitates the contextual cueing effect, and such an effect is even greater when we compared condition with the direct gaze on target location with condition with the direct gaze on distractor location (Experiments 2 and 3). Such an effect of gaze on a contextual cueing effect is manifested even when the effect of gaze ("stare-in-the-crowd" effect) was absent in the New configurations (search trials without learning).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingze Liu
- Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guang Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Hong-Jin Sun
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Perceived gaze direction affects recollection processes in recognition of concrete and abstract words: electrophysiological evidence. Neuroreport 2022; 33:791-798. [PMID: 36367796 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies have revealed that memory performance can be affected by perceived gaze direction. However, it remains unclear whether direct gaze promotes or hinders word memory, and the effect of gaze direction on memory of words with different concreteness requires investigation. In the study phase, concrete and abstract words were presented on direct- or averted-gaze faces, and participants were instructed to judge gaze direction and memorize words. In the test phase, participants were asked to discriminate whether a word was old or new. Electroencephalogram recordings were taken in both phases. Behavioral and time-frequency results verified the direct-gaze memory advantage, showing that memory performance was better in the direct-gaze condition than the averted-gaze condition for both concrete and abstract words. Event-related potential results showed that in both direct- and averted-gaze conditions, the early old/new effects (FN400) associated with familiarity were only elicited for concrete words but not abstract words. The late old/new effects (LPC) associated with recollection were elicited in all conditions. More importantly, concrete words elicited greater LPC than abstract words in the direct-gaze condition, whereas there was no such significant LPC difference in the averted-gaze condition. Topographic map analysis found that neural generators between concrete and abstract words differed in the direct-gaze condition but not in the averted-gaze condition. The study supports the hypothesis that direct-gaze promotes memory performance. Furthermore, it is mainly in memory recollection that gaze direction affects words with different concreteness.
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Lanthier SN, Zhu MJH, Byun CSJ, Jarick M, Kingstone A. The costs and benefits to memory when observing and experiencing live eye contact. VISUAL COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2021.1926381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N. Lanthier
- Brain, Attention, and Reality Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mona J. H. Zhu
- Cognition and Natural Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Crystal S. J. Byun
- Brain, Attention, and Reality Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michelle Jarick
- Atypical Perception Laboratory, Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Alan Kingstone
- Brain, Attention, and Reality Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Perceived gaze direction affects concreteness effects in words memory: an event-related potentials study. Neuroreport 2021; 32:443-449. [PMID: 33657080 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that word concreteness effects could be influenced by contextual cues such as emotional context. However, it is unclear whether concreteness effects might be influenced by social context such as perception of gaze direction, which plays an important role in social interaction. This study uses event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate whether perceived gaze direction could affect concreteness effects in words memory. Concrete and abstract words were presented on direct- or averted-gaze faces, and participants were asked to memorize the words. Behavioral results verified the direct-gaze memory advantage, showing that memory performance was better for words presented with direct gaze than with averted gaze. ERP results showed that concrete words were associated with a larger N400 and a smaller late positive component (LPC) than abstract words. ERP results also revealed a significant interaction between gaze direction and word concreteness on the LPC component: specifically, the LPC concreteness effect occurred only in the direct-gaze condition. Our results suggested that the gaze direction could be interpreted as a complex social context that differs from pure emotional cues in its influence on mental imagery in concreteness effects. This study provides a new perspective for investigating word concreteness effects with contextual cues.
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Wang Q, Ma L, Huang L, Wang L. Effect of the model eye gaze direction on consumer information processing: a consideration of gender differences. ONLINE INFORMATION REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/oir-01-2020-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this paper aims to investigate the effect of a model's eye gaze direction on the information processing behavior of consumers varying based on their gender.Design/methodology/approachAn eye-tracking experiment and a memory test are conducted to test the research hypotheses.FindingsCompared to an averted gaze, a model with a direct gaze attracts more attention to the model's face among male consumers, leading to deeper processing. However, the findings show that when a model displays a direct gaze rather than an averted gaze, female consumers pay more attention to the brand name, thus leading to deeper processing.Originality/valueThis study contributes to not only the existing eye gaze direction literature by integrating the facilitative effect of direct gaze and considering the moderating role of consumer gender on consumer information processing but also the literature concerning the selectivity hypothesis by providing evidence of gender differences in information processing. Moreover, this study offers practical insights to practitioners regarding how to design appealing webpages to satisfy consumers of different genders.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-01-2020-0025
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Lanthier SN, Jarick M, Zhu MJH, Byun CSJ, Kingstone A. Socially Communicative Eye Contact and Gender Affect Memory. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1128. [PMID: 31231266 PMCID: PMC6558403 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their value as a socially communicative cue, researchers have strived to understand how the gaze of other people influences a variety of cognitive processes. Recent work in social attention suggests that the use of images of people in laboratory studies, as a substitute for real people, may not effectively test socially communicative aspects of eye gaze. As attention affects many other cognitive processes, it is likely that social attention between real individuals could also affect other cognitive processes, such as memory. However, from previous work alone, it is unclear whether, and if so how, socially communicative eye gaze affects memory. The present studies test the assumption that socially communicative aspects of eye gaze may impact memory by manipulating the eye gaze of a live speaker in the context of a traditional recognition paradigm used frequently in the laboratory. A female (Experiment 1) or male (Experiment 2) investigator read words aloud and varied whether eye contact was, or was not, made with a participant. With both female and male investigators, eye contact improved word recognition only for female participants and hindered word recognition in male participants. When a female investigator prolonged their eye contact (Experiment 3) to provide a longer opportunity to both observe and process the investigator’s eye gaze, the results replicated the findings from Experiments 1 and 2. The findings from Experiments 1–3 suggest that females interpret and use the investigator’s eye gaze differently than males. When key aspects from the previous experiments were replicated in a noncommunicative situation (i.e., when a video of a speaker is used instead of a live speaker; Experiment 4), the memory effects observed previously in response to eye gaze were eliminated. Together, these studies suggest that it is the socially communicative aspects of eye gaze from a real person that influence memory. The findings reveal the importance of using social cues that are communicative in nature (e.g., real people) when studying the relationship between social attention and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Lanthier
- Brain, Attention, and Reality Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michelle Jarick
- Atypical Perception Laboratory, Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mona J H Zhu
- Cognition and Natural Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Crystal S J Byun
- Brain, Attention, and Reality Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alan Kingstone
- Brain, Attention, and Reality Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Weeland J, Van den Akker A, Slagt M, Putnam S. Perception is key? Does perceptual sensitivity and parenting behavior predict children's reactivity to others' emotions? J Exp Child Psychol 2017; 163:53-68. [PMID: 28738311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
When interacting with other people, both children's biological predispositions and past experiences play a role in how they will process and respond to social-emotional cues. Children may partly differ in their reactions to such cues because they differ in the threshold for perceiving such cues in general. Theoretically, perceptual sensitivity (i.e., the amount of detection of slight, low-intensity stimuli from the external environment independent of visual and auditory ability) might, therefore, provide us with specific information on individual differences in susceptibility to the environment. However, the temperament trait of perceptual sensitivity is highly understudied. In an experiment, we tested whether school-aged children's (N=521, 52.5% boys, Mage=9.72years, SD=1.51) motor (facial electromyography) and affective (self-report) reactivities to dynamic facial expressions and vocalizations is predicted by their (parent-reported) perceptual sensitivity. Our results indicate that children's perceptual sensitivity predicts their motor reactivity to both happy and angry expressions and vocalizations. In addition, perceptual sensitivity interacted with positive (but not negative) parenting behavior in predicting children's motor reactivity to these emotions. Our findings suggest that perceptual sensitivity might indeed provide us with information on individual differences in reactivity to social-emotional cues, both alone and in interaction with parenting behavior. Because perceptual sensitivity focuses specifically on whether children perceive cues from their environment, and not on whether these cues cause arousal and/or whether children are able to regulate this arousal, it should be considered that perceptual sensitivity lies at the root of such individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Weeland
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, 1001 NH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alithe Van den Akker
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, 1001 NH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Slagt
- Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Putnam
- Department of Psychology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
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Densten IL, Borrowman L. Does the implicit models of leadership influence the scanning of other-race faces in adults? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179058. [PMID: 28686605 PMCID: PMC5501397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aims to identify the relationships between implicit leadership theoretical (ILT) prototypes / anti-prototype and five facial features (i.e., nasion, upper nose, lower nose, and upper lip) of a leader from a different race than respondents. A sample of 81 Asian respondents viewed a 30-second video of a Caucasian female who in a non-engaging manner talked about her career achievements. As participants watch the video, their eye movements were recorded via an eye tracking devise. While previous research has identified that ILT influences perceptional and attitudinal ratings of leaders, the current study extends these findings by confirming the impact of ILT on the gaze patterns of other race participants, who appear to adopt system one type thinking. This study advances our understanding in how cognitive categories or schemas influence the physicality of individuals (i.e., eye gaze or movements). Finally, this study confirms that individual ILT factors have a relationship with the eye movements of participants and suggests future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain L. Densten
- Monash University Australia Alumni, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Luc Borrowman
- Department of Economics, School of Business, Monash University Malaysia, Sunway, Malaysia
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Hamilton AFDC, Lind F. Audience effects: what can they tell us about social neuroscience, theory of mind and autism? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 4:159-177. [PMID: 27867833 PMCID: PMC5095155 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-016-0044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
An audience effect arises when a person’s behaviour changes because they believe someone else is watching them. Though these effects have been known about for over 110 years, the cognitive mechanisms of the audience effect and how it might vary across different populations and cultures remains unclear. In this review, we examine the hypothesis that the audience effect draws on implicit mentalising abilities. Behavioural and neuroimaging data from a number of tasks are consistent with this hypothesis. We further review data suggest that how people respond to audiences may vary over development, personality factors, cultural background and clinical diagnosis including autism and anxiety disorder. Overall, understanding and exploring the audience effect may contribute to our models of social interaction, including reputation management and mentalising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia F de C Hamilton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AZ UK
| | - Frida Lind
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AZ UK
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Conty L, George N, Hietanen JK. Watching Eyes effects: When others meet the self. Conscious Cogn 2016; 45:184-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Myllyneva A, Hietanen JK. The dual nature of eye contact: to see and to be seen. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 11:1089-95. [PMID: 26060324 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that physiological arousal and attentional responses to eye contact are modulated by one's knowledge of whether they are seen by another person. Recently it was shown that this 'eye contact effect' can be elicited without seeing another person's eyes at all. We aimed to investigate whether the eye contact effect is actually triggered by the mere knowledge of being seen by another individual, i.e. even in a condition when the perceiver does not see the other person at all. We measured experienced self-awareness and both autonomic and brain activity responses while participants were facing another person (a model) sitting behind a window. We manipulated the visibility of the model and the participants' belief of whether or not the model could see them. When participants did not see the model but believed they were seen by the model, physiological responses were attenuated in comparison to when both parties saw each other. However, self-assessed public self-awareness was not attenuated in this condition. Thus, two requirements must be met for physiological responses to occur in response to eye contact: an experience of being seen by another individual and an experience of seeing the other individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Myllyneva
- Human Information Processing Laboratory, School of Social Sciences and Humanities/Psychology, FIN-33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari K Hietanen
- Human Information Processing Laboratory, School of Social Sciences and Humanities/Psychology, FIN-33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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