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Arango CP, Brenneis G. Epimorphic development in tropical shallow-water Nymphonidae (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) revealed by fluorescence imaging. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2024; 10:1. [PMID: 38167377 PMCID: PMC10759633 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-023-00223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extant lineages of sea spiders (Pycnogonida) exhibit different types of development. Most commonly, pycnogonids hatch as a minute, feeding protonymphon larva with subsequent anamorphic development. However, especially in cold water habitats at higher latitudes and in the deep sea, some taxa have large, lecithotrophic larvae, or even undergo extended embryonic development with significantly advanced postlarval hatching stages. Similar biogeographic trends are observed in other marine invertebrates, often referred to as "Thorson's rule". RESULTS To expand our knowledge on the developmental diversity in the most speciose pycnogonid genus Nymphon, we studied the developmental stages of the two tropical representatives N. floridanum and N. micronesicum., We compared classical scanning electron microscopy with fluorescence-based approaches to determine which imaging strategy is better suited for the ethanol-fixed material available. Both species show epimorphic development and hatch as an advanced, lecithotrophic postlarval instar possessing the anlagen of all body segments. Leg pairs 1-3 show a considerable degree of differentiation at hatching, but their proximal regions remain coiled and hidden under the cuticle of the hatching instar. The adult palp and oviger are not anteceded by three-articled larval limbs, but differentiate directly from non-articulated limb buds during postembryonic development. CONCLUSIONS Fluorescence imaging yielded more reliable morphological data than classical scanning electron microscopy, being the method of choice for maximal information gain from rare and fragile sea spider samples fixed in high-percentage ethanol. The discovery of epimorphic development with lecithotrophic postlarval instars in two small Nymphon species from tropical shallow-water habitats challenges the notion that this developmental pathway represents an exclusive cold-water adaptation in Nymphonidae. Instead, close phylogenetic affinities to the likewise more direct-developing Callipallenidae hint at a common evolutionary origin of this trait in the clade Nymphonoidea (Callipallenidae + Nymphonidae). The lack of functional palpal and ovigeral larval limbs in callipallenids and postlarval hatchers among nymphonids may be a derived character of Nymphonoidea. To further test this hypothesis, a stable and well-resolved phylogenetic backbone for Nymphonoidea is key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P Arango
- Queensland Museum, Biodiversity Program, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Georg Brenneis
- Department Evolutionary Biology, Unit Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Haug JT, Haug C. 100 Million-year-old straight-jawed lacewing larvae with enormously inflated trunks represent the oldest cases of extreme physogastry in insects. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12760. [PMID: 35882894 PMCID: PMC9325756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Physogastry is a phenomenon occurring in Euarthropoda and describes an extreme inflation of (parts of) the trunk. It is best known from ticks, termite queens, or honey-pot ants, but can also be found in several other representatives of Euarthropoda. Physogastry has so far rarely been seen in the fossil record. We describe here an example of physogastry in two lacewing larvae (Neuroptera) enclosed in a single piece of Kachin amber (ca. 100 Ma old). We measured head and trunk ratios of different physogastric and non-physogastric representatives of Euarthropoda. Plotting these ratios shows that the new larvae, which display quite extremely inflated trunks, are very similar to ticks or honey-pot ants, but also to certain lacewing larvae of the group Berothidae (beaded lacewings). Outline analysis of head capsule and mouthparts (stylets) further suggests a position within Berothidae. Physogastry is presumed to be linked with living in confined spaces such as wood galleries or soil. Indeed, at least some larvae of Berothidae are known to live inside termite nests for part of their larval life phase, a habit the new larvae may also have had. The new record represents the oldest case of extreme physogastry in insects known to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim T Haug
- Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany. .,GeoBio-Center at LMU, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333, Munich, Germany.
| | - Carolin Haug
- Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,GeoBio-Center at LMU, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333, Munich, Germany
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3
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Bicknell RD, Smith PM, Brougham T, Bevitt JJ. An earliest Triassic age for Tasmaniolimulus and comments on synchrotron tomography of Gondwanan horseshoe crabs. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13326. [PMID: 35480564 PMCID: PMC9037155 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Constraining the timing of morphological innovations within xiphosurid evolution is central for understanding when and how such a long-lived group exploited vacant ecological niches over the majority of the Phanerozoic. To expand the knowledge on the evolution of select xiphosurid forms, we reconsider the four Australian taxa: Austrolimulus fletcheri, Dubbolimulus peetae, Tasmaniolimulus patersoni, and Victalimulus mcqueeni. In revisiting these taxa, we determine that, contrary to previous suggestion, T. patersoni arose after the Permian and the origin of over-developed genal spine structures within Austrolimulidae is exclusive to the Triassic. To increase the availability of morphological data pertaining to these unique forms, we also examined the holotypes of the four xiphosurids using synchrotron radiation X-ray tomography (SRXT). Such non-destructive, in situ imaging of palaeontological specimens can aid in the identification of novel morphological data by obviating the need for potentially extensive preparation of fossils from the surrounding rock matrix. This is particularly important for rare and/or delicate holotypes. Here, SRXT was used to emphasize A. fletcheri and T. patersoni cardiac lobe morphologies and illustrate aspects of the V. mcqueeni thoracetronic doublure, appendage impressions, and moveable spine notches. Unfortunately, the strongly compacted D. peetae precluded the identification of any internal structures, but appendage impressions were observed. The application of computational fluid dynamics to high-resolution 3D reconstructions are proposed to understand the hydrodynamic properties of divergent genal spine morphologies of austrolimulid xiphosurids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick M. Smith
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney, Australia,Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Joseph J. Bevitt
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, Australia
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4
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Schmidt M, Hou X, Zhai D, Mai H, Belojević J, Chen X, Melzer RR, Ortega-Hernández J, Liu Y. Before trilobite legs: Pygmaclypeatus daziensis reconsidered and the ancestral appendicular organization of Cambrian artiopods. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210030. [PMID: 35125003 PMCID: PMC8819370 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cambrian Stage 3 Chengjiang biota in South China is one of the most influential Konservat-Lagerstätten worldwide thanks to the fossilization of diverse non-biomineralizing organisms through pyritization. Despite their contributions to understanding the evolution of early animals, several Chengjiang species remain poorly known owing to their scarcity and/or incomplete preservation. Here, we use micro-computed tomography to reveal in detail the ventral appendage organization of the enigmatic non-trilobite artiopod Pygmaclypeatus daziensis-one of the rarest euarthropods in Chengjiang-and explore its functional ecology and broader evolutionary significance. Pygmaclypeatus daziensis possesses a set of uniramous antennae and 14 pairs of post-antennal biramous appendages, the latter of which show an unexpectedly high degree of heteronomy based on the localized differentiation of the protopodite, endopodite and exopodite along with the antero-posterior body axis. The small body size (less than 2 cm), the presence of delicate spinose endites and well-developed exopodites with multiple paddle-shaped lamellae on the appendages of P. daziensis indicate a nekto-benthic mode of life and a scavenging/detritus feeding strategy. Pygmaclypeatus daziensis shows that appendage heteronomy is phylogenetically widespread within Artiopoda-the megadiverse clade that includes trilobites and their relatives with non-biomineralizing exoskeletons-and suggests that a single exopodite lobe with paddle-like lamellae is ancestral for this clade. This article is part of the theme issue 'The impact of Chinese palaeontology on evolutionary research'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Schmidt
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, North Cuihu Road 2, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.,Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Bavarian Natural History Collections, Münchhausenstrasse 21, 81247 München, Germany.,Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Xianguang Hou
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, North Cuihu Road 2, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, North Cuihu Road 2, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Dayou Zhai
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, North Cuihu Road 2, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, North Cuihu Road 2, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Mai
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, North Cuihu Road 2, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, North Cuihu Road 2, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jelena Belojević
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Bavarian Natural History Collections, Münchhausenstrasse 21, 81247 München, Germany
| | - Xiaohan Chen
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, North Cuihu Road 2, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, North Cuihu Road 2, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Roland R Melzer
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, North Cuihu Road 2, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.,Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Bavarian Natural History Collections, Münchhausenstrasse 21, 81247 München, Germany.,Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Luisenstrasse 37, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Javier Ortega-Hernández
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, 791 Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, North Cuihu Road 2, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, North Cuihu Road 2, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
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5
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Bicknell RDC, Kimmig J, Budd GE, Legg DA, Bader KS, Haug C, Kaiser D, Laibl L, Tashman JN, Campione NE. Habitat and developmental constraints drove 330 million years of horseshoe crab evolution. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Records of evolutionary stasis over time are central to uncovering large-scale evolutionary modes, whether by long-term gradual change or via enduring stability punctuated by rapid shifts. The key to this discussion is to identify and examine groups with long fossil records that, ideally, extend to the present day. One group often regarded as the quintessential example of stasis is Xiphosurida, the horseshoe crabs. However, when, how and, particularly, why stasis arose in xiphosurids remain fundamental, but complex, questions. Here, we explore the protracted history of fossil and living xiphosurids and demonstrate two levels of evolutionary stability: developmental stasis since at least the Pennsylvanian and shape stasis since the Late Jurassic. Furthermore, shape and diversity are punctuated by two high-disparity episodes during the Carboniferous and Triassic – transitions that coincide with forays into habitation of marginal environments. In an exception to these general patterns, body size increased gradually over this period and, thus, cannot be described under the same, often-touted, static models of evolution. Therefore, we demonstrate that evolutionary stasis can be modular and fixed within the same group at different periods and in different biological traits, while other traits experience altogether different evolutionary modes. This mosaic in the tempo and mode of evolution is not unique to Xiphosurida but likely reflects variable mechanisms acting on biological traits, for example transitions in life modes, niche occupation and major evolutionary radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell D C Bicknell
- Palaeoscience Research Centre, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, 2351 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julien Kimmig
- Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Graham E Budd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology Programme, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, SE, Sweden
| | - David A Legg
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kenneth S Bader
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Carolin Haug
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Biocenter, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- GeoBio-Center at LMU, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Dorkas Kaiser
- Western Philippine University, Puerto Princesa City, 5300, Palawan, Philippines
- Katala Foundation Inc., Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines
| | - Lukáš Laibl
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geology, Rozvojová 269, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jessica N Tashman
- Department of Geology, Kent State University, 221 McGilvrey Hall, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Nicolás E Campione
- Palaeoscience Research Centre, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, 2351 New South Wales, Australia
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6
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Lustri L, Laibl L, Bicknell RD. A revision of Prolimulus woodwardi Fritsch, 1899 with comparison to other highly paedomorphic belinurids. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10980. [PMID: 33732551 PMCID: PMC7950201 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Xiphosurida is an ingroup of marine Euchelicerata often referred to as "living fossils". However, this oxymoronic term is inapplicable for Paleozoic and early Mesozoic forms, as during these periods the group experienced notable evolutionary radiations; particularly the diverse late Palaeozoic clade Belinurina. Despite the iconic nature of the group, select species in this clade have been left undescribed in the light of recent geometric morphometric and phylogenetic considerations and methodologies. To this end, we re-describe Prolimulus woodwardi Fritsch, 1899 using new and type specimens to reveal more details on appendage anatomy and possible ecology. Furthermore, we present geometric morphometric and phylogenetic analyses that uncover relationships between P. woodwardi and other belinurids without genal spines. Both approaches highlight that a clade containing Prolimulus Fritsch, 1899, Liomesaspis Raymond, 1944, Alanops Racheboeuf, Vannier & Anderson, 2002 and Stilpnocephalus Selden, Simonetto & Marsiglio, 2019 may exist. While we do not erect a new group to contain these genera, we note that these genera exemplify the extreme limits of the Belinurina radiation and a peak in horseshoe crab diversity and disparity. This evidence also illustrates how changes in heterochronic timing are a key evolutionary phenomenon that can drive radiations among animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lustri
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Geopolis, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukáš Laibl
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Russell D.C. Bicknell
- Palaeoscience Research Centre, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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7
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Zhai D, Edgecombe GD, Bond AD, Mai H, Hou X, Liu Y. Fine-scale appendage structure of the Cambrian trilobitomorph Naraoia spinosa and its ontogenetic and ecological implications. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20192371. [PMID: 31795867 PMCID: PMC6939273 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trilobitomorphs are a species-rich Palaeozoic arthropod assemblage that unites trilobites with several other lineages that share similar appendage structure. Post-embryonic development of the exoskeleton is well documented for some trilobitomorphs, especially trilobites, but little is known of the ontogeny of their soft parts, limiting understanding of their autecology. Here, we document appendage structure of the Cambrian naraoiid trilobitomorph Naraoia spinosa by computed microtomography, resulting in three-dimensional reconstructions of appendages at both juvenile and adult stages. The adult has dense, strong spines on the protopods of post-antennal appendages, implying a predatory/scavenging behaviour. The absence of such gnathobasic structures, but instead tiny protopodal bristles and a number of endopodal setae, suggests a detritus-feeding strategy for the juvenile. Our data add strong morphological evidence for ecological niche shifting by Cambrian arthropods during their life cycles. A conserved number of appendages across the sampled developmental stages demonstrates that Naraoia ceased budding off new appendages by the mid-juvenile stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayou Zhai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Gregory D. Edgecombe
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW75BD, UK
| | - Andrew D. Bond
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW200EX, UK
| | - Huijuan Mai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianguang Hou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
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Kodirov SA, Psyrakis D, Brachmann J, Zhuravlev VL. Limulus and heart rhythm. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2018; 331:61-79. [PMID: 30251467 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Great interest in the comparative physiology of hearts and their functions in Animalia has emerged with classic papers on Limulus polyphemus and mollusks. The recurrent cardiac activity-heart rate-is the most important physiological parameter and when present the kardia (Greek) is vital to the development of entire organs of the organisms in the animal kingdom. Extensive studies devoted to the regulation of cardiac rhythm in invertebrates have revealed that the basics of heart physiology are comparable to mammals. The hearts of invertebrates also beat spontaneously and are supplied with regulatory nerves: either excitatory or inhibitory or both. The distinct nerves and the source of excitation/inhibition at the level of single neurons are described for many invertebrate genera. The vertebrates and a majority of invertebrates have myogenic hearts, whereas the horseshoe crab L. polyphemus and a few other animals have a neurogenic cardiac rhythm. Nevertheless, the myogenic nature of heartbeat is precursor, because the contraction of native and stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes does occur in the absence of any neural elements. Even in L. polyphemus, the heart rhythm is myogenic at embryonic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sodikdjon A Kodirov
- Department of General Physiology, Saint Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Almazov Federal Heart, Blood and Endocrinology Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Laboratory of Emotions' Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Psyrakis
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Brachmann
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Coburg, Teaching Hospital of the University of Würzburg, Coburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir L Zhuravlev
- Department of General Physiology, Saint Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Spitzner F, Meth R, Krüger C, Nischik E, Eiler S, Sombke A, Torres G, Harzsch S. An atlas of larval organogenesis in the European shore crab Carcinus maenas L. (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae). Front Zool 2018; 15:27. [PMID: 29989069 PMCID: PMC6035453 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-018-0271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The life history stages of brachyuran crustaceans include pelagic larvae of the Zoea type which grow by a series of moults from one instar to the next. Zoeae actively feed and possess a wide range of organ systems necessary for autonomously developing in the plankton. They also display a rich behavioural repertoire that allows for responses to variations in environmental key factors such as light, hydrostatic pressure, tidal currents, and temperature. Brachyuran larvae have served as distinguished models in the field of Ecological Developmental Biology fostering our understanding of diverse ecophysiological aspects such as phenotypic plasticity, carry-over effects on life-history traits, and adaptive mechanisms that enhance tolerance to fluctuations in environmental abiotic factors. In order to link such studies to the level of tissues and organs, this report analyses the internal anatomy of laboratory-reared larvae of the European shore crab Carcinus maenas. This species has a native distribution extending across most European waters and has attracted attention because it has invaded five temperate geographic regions outside of its native range and therefore can serve as a model to analyse thermal tolerance of species affected by rising sea temperatures as an effect of climate change. RESULTS Here, we used X-ray micro-computed tomography combined with 3D reconstruction to describe organogenesis in brachyuran larvae. We provide a detailed atlas of the larval internal organization to complement existing descriptions of its external morphology. In a multimethodological approach, we also used cuticular autofluorescence and classical histology to analyse the anatomy of selected organ systems. CONCLUSIONS Much of our fascination for the anatomy of brachyuran larvae stems from the opportunity to observe a complex organism on a single microscopic slide and the realization that the entire decapod crustacean bauplan unfolds from organ anlagen compressed into a miniature organism in the sub-millimetre range. The combination of imaging techniques used in the present study provides novel insights into the bewildering diversity of organ systems that brachyuran larvae possess. Our analysis may serve as a basis for future studies bridging the fields of evolutionary developmental biology and ecological developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Spitzner
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Universität Greifswald, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, D-27498 Helgoland, Germany
| | - Rebecca Meth
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Universität Greifswald, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, D-27498 Helgoland, Germany
| | - Christina Krüger
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Universität Greifswald, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Emanuel Nischik
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Universität Greifswald, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Eiler
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Universität Greifswald, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20A/F, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andy Sombke
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Universität Greifswald, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gabriela Torres
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, D-27498 Helgoland, Germany
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Universität Greifswald, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
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