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Xu Z. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated silencing of CD44: unveiling the role of hyaluronic acid-mediated interactions in cancer drug resistance. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2849-2876. [PMID: 37991544 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02840-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive overview of CD44 (CD44 Molecule (Indian Blood Group)), a cell surface glycoprotein, and its interaction with hyaluronic acid (HA) in drug resistance mechanisms across various types of cancer is provided, where CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was utilized to silence CD44 expression and examine its impact on cancer cell behavior, migration, invasion, proliferation, and drug sensitivity. The significance of the HA-CD44 axis in tumor microenvironment (TME) delivery and its implications in specific cancer types, the influence of CD44 variants and the KHDRBS3 (KH RNA Binding Domain Containing, Signal Transduction Associated 3) gene on cancer progression and drug resistance, and the potential of targeting HA-mediated pathways using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to overcome drug resistance in cancer were also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujun Xu
- Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
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2
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Ovarian Cancer-Cell Pericellular Hyaluronan Deposition Negatively Impacts Prognosis of Ovarian Cancer Patients. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112944. [PMID: 36428513 PMCID: PMC9687866 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyaluronan (HA), a component of the extracellular matrix, is frequently increased under pathological conditions including cancer. Not only stroma cells but also cancer cells themselves synthesize HA, and the interaction of HA with its cognate receptors promotes malignant progression and metastasis. METHODS In the present study, HA deposition in tissue sections was analyzed by hyaluronan-binding protein (HABP) ligand histochemistry in 17 borderline tumors and 102 primary and 20 recurrent ovarian cancer samples. The intensity and, particularly, localization of the HA deposition were recorded: for the localization, the pericellular deposition around the ovarian cancer cells was distinguished from the deposition within the stromal compartment. These histochemical data were correlated with clinical and pathological parameters. Additionally, within a reduced subgroup of ovarian cancer samples (n = 70), the RNA levels of several HA-associated genes were correlated with the HA localization and intensity. RESULTS Both stroma-localized and pericellular tumor-cell-associated HA deposition were observed. Cancer-cell pericellular HA deposition, irrespective of its staining intensity, was significantly associated with malignancy, and in the primary ovarian cancer cohort, it represents an independent unfavorable prognostic marker for overall survival. Furthermore, a significant association between high CD44, HAS2 and HAS3 mRNA levels and a cancer-cell pericellular HA-deposition pattern was noted. In contrast, stromal hyaluronan deposition had no impact on ovarian cancer prognosis. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the site of HA deposition is of prognostic value, but the amount deposited is not. The significant association of only peritumoral cancer-cell HA deposition with high CD44 mRNA expression levels suggests a pivotal role of the CD44-HA signaling axis for malignant progression in ovarian cancer.
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3
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Karlsson S, Nyström H. The extracellular matrix in colorectal cancer and its metastatic settling – alterations and biological implications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 175:103712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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4
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Tahkola K, Ahtiainen M, Mecklin JP, Kellokumpu I, Laukkarinen J, Tammi M, Tammi R, Väyrynen JP, Böhm J. Stromal hyaluronan accumulation is associated with low immune response and poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12216. [PMID: 34108626 PMCID: PMC8190291 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) accumulation has been associated with poor survival in various cancers, but the mechanisms for this phenomenon are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance of stromal HA accumulation and its association with host immune response in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The study material consisted of 101 radically treated patients for PDAC from a single geographical area. HA staining was evaluated using a HA-specific probe, and the patterns of CD3, CD8, CD73 and PD-L1 expression were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. HA staining intensity of tumour stromal areas was assessed digitally using QuPath. CD3- and CD8-based immune cell score (ICS) was determined. High-level stromal HA expression was significantly associated with poor disease-specific survival (p = 0.037) and overall survival (p = 0.013) In multivariate analysis, high-level stromal HA expression was an independent negative prognostic factor together with histopathological grade, TNM stage, CD73 positivity in tumour cells and low ICS. Moreover, high-level stromal HA expression was associated with low ICS (p = 0.017). In conclusion, stromal HA accumulation is associated with poor survival and low immune response in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyösti Tahkola
- grid.460356.20000 0004 0449 0385Department of Surgery, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland ,grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maarit Ahtiainen
- grid.460356.20000 0004 0449 0385Department of Pathology, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Mecklin
- grid.460356.20000 0004 0449 0385Department of Education and Research, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland ,grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Sport&Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ilmo Kellokumpu
- grid.460356.20000 0004 0449 0385Department of Surgery, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Johanna Laukkarinen
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland ,grid.412330.70000 0004 0628 2985Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markku Tammi
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raija Tammi
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha P. Väyrynen
- grid.460356.20000 0004 0449 0385Department of Pathology, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jan Böhm
- grid.460356.20000 0004 0449 0385Department of Pathology, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland
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5
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Roles of Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans in Cancer Development and Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175983. [PMID: 32825245 PMCID: PMC7504257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) spatiotemporally controls cell fate; however, dysregulation of ECM remodeling can lead to tumorigenesis and cancer development by providing favorable conditions for tumor cells. Proteoglycans (PGs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are the major macromolecules composing ECM. They influence both cell behavior and matrix properties through direct and indirect interactions with various cytokines, growth factors, cell surface receptors, adhesion molecules, enzymes, and glycoproteins within the ECM. The classical features of PGs/GAGs play well-known roles in cancer angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Several lines of evidence suggest that PGs/GAGs critically affect broader aspects in cancer initiation and the progression process, including regulation of cell metabolism, serving as a sensor of ECM's mechanical properties, affecting immune supervision, and participating in therapeutic resistance to various forms of treatment. These functions may be implemented through the characteristics of PGs/GAGs as molecular bridges linking ECM and cells in cell-specific and context-specific manners within the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we intend to present a comprehensive illustration of the ways in which PGs/GAGs participate in and regulate several aspects of tumorigenesis; we put forward a perspective regarding their effects as biomarkers or targets for diagnoses and therapeutic interventions.
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Wu W, Chen L, Wang Y, Jin J, Xie X, Zhang J. Hyaluronic acid predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer patients: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20438. [PMID: 32481447 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyaluronic acid (HA) may be a novel prognostic biomarker of breast cancer. However, the available evidence is controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to determine the prognostic role of HA in breast cancer. METHODS The data were extracted from seven articles by searching the databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang data for the prognostic role of HA in breast cancer. In reference to survival outcomes, the pooled hazard ratios (HRs) of HA were calculated given a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS A total of seven articles were included in our study involving 2664 cases. The result of meta-analysis showed that a high HA level predicts poor overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.28-2.71, P = .001) and shortened disease-free or recurrence-free survival or progression free survival (DFS/RFS/PFS) (HR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.14-2.33, P = .007) in breast cancer patients. Moreover, a high HA level in stroma (HR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.06-2.51, P = .025) and plasma (HR = 3.26, 95% CI: 2.25-4.73, P < .001) significantly predicted poor OS. Besides, a tendency shows that HA was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (HR = 1.55, 95% CI: 0.96-2.49, P = .070) and tumor grade (HR = 2.10, 95% CI: 0.89-4.96, P = .089) on the clinical characteristics of patients. CONCLUSION These results suggested that HA has a potential to be prognostic biomarker in breast cancer patients, especially location in stroma and plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lifen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanzhong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyou Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
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7
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Wang Z, Tang Y, Xie L, Huang A, Xue C, Gu Z, Wang K, Zong S. The Prognostic and Clinical Value of CD44 in Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:309. [PMID: 31114754 PMCID: PMC6503057 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: CD44 is widely used as a putative cancer stem cells (CSCs) marker for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the prognostic role of CD44 in CRC remains controversial. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of various CD44 isoforms and overall survival (OS) and clinicopathological features of CRC patients. Results: A total of 48 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Total CD44 isoforms overexpression was significantly correlated with worse OS of patients with CRC (HR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.08-1.61, P = 0.007). In a stratified analysis, a higher level of either CD44v6 or CD44v2 had an unfavorable impact on OS (HRCD44v6 = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.10-2.14, P = 0.010; HRCD44v2 = 2.93, 95% CI = 1.49-5.77, P = 0.002). Additionally, CD44 was shown to be associated with some clinicopathological features, such as lymph node metastasis (ORCD44 = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.01-2.41, P = 0.044; ORCD44v6 = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.19-3.26, P = 0.008; ORTotal CD44 isoforms = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.15-2.14, P = 0.004), distant metastasis (ORCD44 = 2.90, 95% CI = 1.08-7.83, P = 0.035; ORTotal CD44 isoforms = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.02-3.53, P = 0.044). Moreover, a high level of CD44 showed a possible correlation with poor differentiation (ORTotal CD44 isoforms = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.00-2.08, P = 0.051), elevated level of CD44v6 tend to be correlated with tumor size (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 0.99-2.96, P = 0.056). Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrated that CD44 overexpression might be an unfavorable prognostic factor for CRC patients and could be used to predict poor differentiation, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Wang
- Pain Management, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufei Tang
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Pain Management, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aiping Huang
- Pain Management, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunchun Xue
- Pain Management, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Pain Management, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiqiang Wang
- Pain Management, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoqi Zong
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Sousa AR, Oliveira MJ, Sarmento B. Impact of CEA-targeting Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Colorectal Cancer. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:657-670. [PMID: 30670480 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.254441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death in the world, mainly owing to distant metastasis events. Developing targeted strategies to treat and follow individuals in more developed stages is needed. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a cell surface-overexpressed glycoprotein in most CRC patients, and the evaluation of its serum levels is recommended in the clinic. These reasons motivated the production of CEA-targeted nanotechnologies for monitorization of CRC progression, but only a few centers have reported their use for drug delivery. The cellular internalization of CEA-linked nanosystems occurs by the natural recycling of the CEA itself, enabling longer retention and sustained release of the cargo. The functionalization of nanoparticles with lower affinity ligands for CEA is possibly the best choice to avoid their binding to the soluble CEA. Here, we also highlight the use of nanoparticles made of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer, a well known material, owing to its biocompatibility and low toxicity. This work offers support to the contribution of antibody fragment-functionalized nanoparticles as promising high affinity molecules to decorate nanosystems. The linkers and conjugation chemistries chosen for ligand-nanoparticle coupling will be addressed herein as an elements essential to the modulation of nanosystem features. This review, to our knowledge, is the first that focuses on CEA-targeted nanotechnologies to serve colorectal cancer therapy and monitorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Sousa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (A.R.S., M.J.O., B.S.), Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (A.R.S., M.J.O., B.S.), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (A.R.S., M.J.O.), and Faculdade de Medicina da (M.J.O.), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto, Porto, Portugal (A.R.S.); and Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal (B.S.)
| | - Maria José Oliveira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (A.R.S., M.J.O., B.S.), Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (A.R.S., M.J.O., B.S.), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (A.R.S., M.J.O.), and Faculdade de Medicina da (M.J.O.), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto, Porto, Portugal (A.R.S.); and Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal (B.S.)
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (A.R.S., M.J.O., B.S.), Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (A.R.S., M.J.O., B.S.), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (A.R.S., M.J.O.), and Faculdade de Medicina da (M.J.O.), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto, Porto, Portugal (A.R.S.); and Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal (B.S.)
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9
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Owusu-Afriyie O, Owiredu WKBA, Owusu-Danquah K, Larsen-Reindorf R, Donkor P, Acheampong E, Quayson SE. Expression of immunohistochemical markers in non-oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in Ghana. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202790. [PMID: 30138436 PMCID: PMC6107249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Head and neck cancers include carcinomas of the oral cavity, larynx, sinonasal tract and nasopharynx. Studies on molecular expression of prognostic tumour markers in Ghana are scarce. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of p53, p16, EGFR, Cyclin-D1 and HER2 among patients with non-oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methodology Tissue microarrays from 154 histologically confirmed non-oropharyngeal HNSCC at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital from 2006–2014 were constructed using duplicate cores of representative and viable areas from tumours. Expression of EGFR, p53, p16, Cyclin-D1 and HER2 was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Results For non-oropharyngeal HNSCC, majority of the cases (66.2%; 102/154) had stage IV disease. EGFR was the most expressed molecular marker (29.4%; 25/85) followed by p53 (24.0%; 29/121), p16 (18.3%; 23/126) and Cyclin-D1 (10.0%; 12/120). HER2 was not expressed in any of the cases. There was a significantly (p = 0.022) higher expression of Cyclin-D1 in tumours of the oral cavity (19.6%; 9/46) than in those of the larynx (4.7%; 2/43) and nose (3.2%; 1/31). Tumours in stages I–III were more frequently positive for p16 (28.6%; 12/42) than tumours in stage IV (13.1%; 11/84). Conclusion Expression of p53, EGFR, p16 and Cyclin-D1 in non-oropharyngeal HNSCC in Ghana is largely similar to what has been reported in published studies from other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osei Owusu-Afriyie
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
- * E-mail:
| | - W. K. B. A. Owiredu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kwabena Owusu-Danquah
- Department of Medical laboratory technology, Faculty of Allied Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Rita Larsen-Reindorf
- Directorate of Dental, Eye, Ear, Nose & Throat, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Peter Donkor
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental School, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Acheampong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Solomon E. Quayson
- Department of Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
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10
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Piccoli M, D'Angelo E, Crotti S, Sensi F, Urbani L, Maghin E, Burns A, De Coppi P, Fassan M, Rugge M, Rizzolio F, Giordano A, Pilati P, Mammano E, Pucciarelli S, Agostini M. Decellularized colorectal cancer matrix as bioactive microenvironment for in vitro 3D cancer research. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5937-5948. [PMID: 29244195 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cancer models are overlooking the scientific landscape with the primary goal of bridging the gaps between two-dimensional (2D) cell lines, animal models and clinical research. Here, we describe an innovative tissue engineering approach applied to colorectal cancer (CRC) starting from decellularized human biopsies in order to generate an organotypic 3D-bioactive model. This in vitro 3D system recapitulates the ultrastructural environment of native tissue as demonstrated by histology, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Mass spectrometry of proteome and secretome confirmed a different stromal composition between decellularized healthy mucosa and CRC in terms of structural and secreted proteins. Importantly, we proved that our 3D acellular matrices retained their biological properties: using CAM assay, we observed a decreased angiogenic potential in decellularized CRC compared with healthy tissue, caused by direct effect of DEFA3. We demonstrated that following a 5 days of recellularization with HT-29 cell line, the 3D tumor matrices induced an over-expression of IL-8, a DEFA3-mediated pathway and a mandatory chemokine in cancer growth and proliferation. Given the biological activity maintained by the scaffolds after decellularization, we believe this approach is a powerful tool for future pre-clinical research and screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Piccoli
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Edoardo D'Angelo
- Nanoinspired Biomedicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy.,First Surgical Clinic Section, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Crotti
- Nanoinspired Biomedicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Sensi
- Nanoinspired Biomedicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy.,Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Urbani
- Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edoardo Maghin
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Alan Burns
- Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Rugge
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Veneto Tumor Registry, Padua, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Translational Research, Pathology Unit, IRCCS-National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.,Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems at Ca' Foscari University, Venice, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Salvatore Pucciarelli
- First Surgical Clinic Section, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- Nanoinspired Biomedicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy.,First Surgical Clinic Section, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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11
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Wang JL, Su WY, Lin YW, Xiong H, Chen YX, Xu J, Fang JY. CD44v6 overexpression related to metastasis and poor prognosis of colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12866-12876. [PMID: 28030817 PMCID: PMC5355062 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44v6 has recently been reported as a biomarker for colorectal cancer. However, the clinical and prognostic significance of CD44v6 in colorectal cancer remains controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to clarify this issue. A comprehensive literature search was performed using Medline, Embase and Web of Science, and the statistical analysis was conducted using Stata software. A total of twenty-one studies including 3918 colorectal cancer cases were included. The pooled analysis showed that CD44v6 overexpression in colorectal cancer was an independent prognostic marker correlating with lower 5-year overall survival rate (OR=0.78, 95%CI =0.67-0.91, p=0.001). CD44v6 overexpression was also associated with more lymph node invasion (OR=1.48, 95%CI= 1.02-2.15, p=0.04), and advanced Dukes stage (OR=2.47, 95%CI= 1.29-4.73, p=0.01). In addition, while excluding Zolbec's study, CD44v6 overexpression was associated with distance metastasis (OR=1.65, 95%CI =1.13-2.40, p=0.01). Taken together, this meta-analysis suggested that CD44v6 is an efficient prognostic factor in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Lin Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Wen-Yu Su
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Yan-Wei Lin
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Hua Xiong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Ying-Xuan Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, China
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The Development of a Novel Therapeutic Strategy to Target Hyaluronan in the Extracellular Matrix of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030600. [PMID: 28282922 PMCID: PMC5372616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal diseases to affect humans, regardless of whether patients receive multimodal therapy (including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy). This resistance to intervention is currently considered to be caused by the desmoplastic change of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in PDAC tissues, which is characterized by the accumulation of cancer-associated fibroblasts, collagen, proteoglycan, and hyaluronan. Among these ECM components, hyaluronan has attracted interest because various studies have indicated that hyaluronan-rich PDAC is correlated with the progressive properties of cancer cells, both in experimental and clinical settings. Hence, the reduction of hyaluronan in cancer tissue may represent a novel therapeutic approach for PDAC. 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) is a derivative of coumarin that was reported to suppress the synthesis of hyaluronan in cultured human skin fibroblasts in 1995. As an additional study, our group firstly reported that 4-MU reduced the hyaluronan synthesis of mouse melanoma cells and exerted anti-cancer activity. Subsequently, we have showed that 4-MU inhibited liver metastasis in mice inoculated with human pancreatic cancer cells. Thereafter, 4-MU has been accepted as an effective agent for hyaluronan research and is expected to have clinical applications. This review provides an overview of the interaction between PDAC and hyaluronan, the properties of 4-MU as a suppressor of the synthesis of hyaluronan, and the perspectives of PDAC treatment targeting hyaluronan.
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Kotelevets L, Chastre E, Desmaële D, Couvreur P. Nanotechnologies for the treatment of colon cancer: From old drugs to new hope. Int J Pharm 2016; 514:24-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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López-Gómez M, Casado E, Muñoz M, Alcalá S, Moreno-Rubio J, D'Errico G, Jiménez-Gordo AM, Salinas S, Sainz B. Current evidence for cancer stem cells in gastrointestinal tumors and future research perspectives. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 107:54-71. [PMID: 27823652 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a very heterogeneous subpopulation of "stem-like" cancer cells that have been identified in many cancers, including leukemias and solid tumors. It is believed that CSCs drive tumor growth, malignant behavior and are responsible for the initiation of metastatic spread. In addition, CSCs have been implicated in chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance. Current evidence supports the theory that CSCs share at least two main features of normal stem cells: self-renewal and differentiation, properties that contribute to tumor survival even in the presence of aggressive chemotherapy; however, the mechanism(s) governing the unique biology of CSCs remain unclear. In the field of gastrointestinal cancer, where we face very low survival rates across different tumor types, unraveling the role of CSCs in gastrointestinal tumors should improve our knowledge of cancer biology and chemoresistance, ultimately benefiting patient survival. Towards this end, much effort is being invested in the characterization of CSCs as a means of overcoming drug resistance and controlling metastatic spread. In this review we will cover the concept of CSCs, the current evidence for CSCs in gastrointestinal tumors and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam López-Gómez
- Medical Oncology Department, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, S.S. Reyes, Madrid, Spain; Precision Oncology Laboratory, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, S.S. Reyes, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Enrique Casado
- Medical Oncology Department, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, S.S. Reyes, Madrid, Spain; Precision Oncology Laboratory, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, S.S. Reyes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Muñoz
- Pathological Anatomy Department, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, S.S Reyes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Alcalá
- Department of Biochemistry, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Cancer Biology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Enfermedades Crónicas y Cáncer Area, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Moreno-Rubio
- Precision Oncology Laboratory, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, S.S. Reyes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriele D'Errico
- Department of Biochemistry, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Jiménez-Gordo
- Medical Oncology Department, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, S.S. Reyes, Madrid, Spain; Precision Oncology Laboratory, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, S.S. Reyes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Salinas
- Pathological Anatomy Department, Infanta Sofía University Hospital, S.S Reyes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Sainz
- Department of Biochemistry, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Cancer Biology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Enfermedades Crónicas y Cáncer Area, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
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Wu RL, Huang L, Zhao HC, Geng XP. Hyaluronic acid in digestive cancers. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 143:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Afify A, Durbin-Johnson B, Virdi A, Jess H. The expression of CD44v6 in colon: from normal to malignant. Ann Diagn Pathol 2016; 20:19-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ou Y, Xia R, Kong F, Zhang X, Yu S, Jiang L, Zheng L, Lin L. Overexpression of DEK is an indicator of poor prognosis in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:1823-1828. [PMID: 26998084 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of the human DEK proto-oncogene (DEK) gene has been associated with numerous human malignancies. The DEK protein is associated with chromatin reconstruction and gene transcription, and is important in cell apoptosis. The present study aimed to elucidate the role of DEK with regard to gastric adenocarcinoma tumor progression and patient prognosis. DEK protein expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry in 192 tumors paired with adjacent non-cancerous gastric mucosa that had been surgically resected from patients with primary gastric adenocarcinoma. The association between DEK expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of the patients was evaluated using the χ2 test and Fisher's exact test. The survival rates of the patients were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox analysis evaluated the association between the expression of DEK and the survival rate of the patients. The DEK protein was expressed in 84 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma (43.8%) and in 20 of the paired normal gastric mucosa tissues (11.5%). The DEK expression rate was found to be associated with tumor size (P=0.006), tumor grade (P=0.023), lymph node metastasis (P=0.018), serous invasion (P=0.026), tumor stage (P=0.001) and Ki-67 expression (P=0.003). Furthermore, patients with gastric adenocarcinoma that expressed DEK had decreased disease-free (log-rank, 16.785; P<0.0001) and overall (log-rank, 15.759; P<0.0001) survival rates compared with patients without DEK expression. Patients with late-stage gastric adenocarcinoma that expressed DEK exhibited a lower overall survival rate compared with patients without DEK expression (P=0.002). Additional analysis revealed that DEK expression was an independent prognostic factor for the prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma (hazard ratio, 0.556; 95% confidence interval, 0.337-0.918; P=0.022). From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the detection of DEK protein expression in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues may be important for the diagnosis and prognosis of patients, and may be a targeted therapy for the treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfu Ou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical College, Eastern Liaoning University, Dandong, Liaoning 118000, P.R. China
| | - Rongjun Xia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical College, Eastern Liaoning University, Dandong, Liaoning 118000, P.R. China
| | - Fanyong Kong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical College, Eastern Liaoning University, Dandong, Liaoning 118000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical College, Eastern Liaoning University, Dandong, Liaoning 118000, P.R. China; Department of Pathology, Dandong Central Hospital, Dandong, Liaoning 118000, P.R. China
| | - Shengjin Yu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical College, Eastern Liaoning University, Dandong, Liaoning 118000, P.R. China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical College, Eastern Liaoning University, Dandong, Liaoning 118000, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Zheng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical College, Eastern Liaoning University, Dandong, Liaoning 118000, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical College, Eastern Liaoning University, Dandong, Liaoning 118000, P.R. China
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Jain A, Jain SK. Optimization of chitosan nanoparticles for colon tumors using experimental design methodology. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:1917-1926. [PMID: 26678861 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1111236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Colon-specific drug delivery systems (CDDS) can improve the bio-availability of drugs through the oral route. A novel formulation for oral administration using ligand coupled chitosan nanoparticles bearing 5-Flurouracil (5FU) encapsulated in enteric coated pellets has been investigated for CDDS. Method The effect of polymer concentration, drug concentration, stirring time and stirring speed on the encapsulation efficiency, and size of nanoparticles were evaluated. The best (or optimum) formulation was obtained by response surface methodology. Using the experimental data, analysis of variance has been carried out to evolve linear empirical models. Using a new methodology, polynomial models have been evolved and the parametric analysis has been carried out. In order to target nanoparticles to the hyaluronic acid (HA) receptors present on colon tumors, HA coupled nanoparticles were tested for their efficacy in vivo. The HA coupled nanoparticles were encapsulated in pellets and were enteric coated to release the drug in the colon. Results Drug release studies under conditions of mimicking stomach to colon transit have shown that the drug was protected from being released in the physiological environment of the stomach and small intestine. The relatively high local drug concentration with prolonged exposure time provides a potential to enhance anti-tumor efficacy with low systemic toxicity for the treatment of colon cancer. Conclusions Conclusively, HA coupled nanoparticles can be considered as the potential candidate for targeted drug delivery and are anticipated to be promising in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anekant Jain
- a Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University , Sagar , MP , India
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Rikardsen OG, Magnussen SN, Svineng G, Hadler-Olsen E, Uhlin-Hansen L, Steigen SE. Plectin as a prognostic marker in non-metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:98. [PMID: 26306491 PMCID: PMC4548848 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is associated with a poor 5-year survival rate. In general, patients diagnosed with small tumors have a fairly good prognosis, but some small tumors have an aggressive behavior leading to early death. There are at present no reliable prognostic biomarkers for oral cancers. Thus, to optimize treatment for the individual patient, there is a need for biomarkers that can predict tumor behavior. Method In the present study the potential prognostic value of plectin was evaluated by a tissue microarray (TMA) based immunohistochemical analysis of primary tumor tissue obtained from a North Norwegian cohort of 115 patients diagnosed with OSCC. The expression of plectin was compared with clinicopathological variables and 5 year survival. Results The statistical analysis revealed that low expression of plectin in the tumor cells predicted a favorable outcome for patients with non-metastatic disease (p = 0.008). Furthermore, the expression of plectin was found to correlate (p = 0.01) with the expression of uPAR, which we have previously found to be a potential prognostic marker for T1N0 tumors. Conclusions Our results indicate that low expression of plectin predicts a favorable outcome for patients with non-metastatic OSCC and the expression level of plectin may therefore be used in the treatment stratification for patients with early stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oddveig G Rikardsen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway. .,Department of Medical Biology - Tumor Biology Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Synnøve N Magnussen
- Department of Medical Biology - Tumor Biology Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Gunbjørg Svineng
- Department of Medical Biology - Tumor Biology Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Elin Hadler-Olsen
- Department of Medical Biology - Tumor Biology Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Lars Uhlin-Hansen
- Department of Medical Biology - Tumor Biology Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, N-9038, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Sonja E Steigen
- Department of Medical Biology - Tumor Biology Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, N-9038, Tromsø, Norway.
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Zheng NG, Mo SJ, Li JP, Wu JL. Anti-CSC Effects in Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Eca109/9706 Cells Induced by Nanoliposomal Quercetin Alone or Combined with CD 133 Antiserum. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:8679-84. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.20.8679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are potential predictive biomarkers in early stage oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). PLoS One 2014; 9:e101895. [PMID: 24999729 PMCID: PMC4084992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is often associated with metastatic disease and a poor 5 year survival rate. Patients diagnosed with small tumours generally have a more favourable outcome, but some of these small tumours are aggressive and lead to early death. To avoid harmful overtreatment of patients with favourable prognosis, there is a need for predictive biomarkers that can be used for treatment stratification. In this study we assessed the possibility to use components of the plasminogen activator (PA) system as prognostic markers for OSCC outcome and compared this to the commonly used biomarker Ki-67. A tissue-micro-array (TMA) based immunohistochemical analysis of primary tumour tissue obtained from a North Norwegian cohort of 115 patients diagnosed with OSCC was conducted. The expression of the biomarkers was compared with clinicopathological variables and disease specific death. The statistical analyses revealed that low expression of uPAR (p = 0.031) and PAI-1 (p = 0.021) in the tumour cells was significantly associated with low disease specific death in patients with small tumours and no lymph node metastasis (T1N0). The commonly used biomarker, Ki-67, was not associated with disease specific death in any of the groups of patients analysed. The conclusion is that uPAR and PAI-1 are potential predictive biomarkers in early stage tumours and that this warrants further studies on a larger cohort of patients.
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Puga AM, Lima AC, Mano JF, Concheiro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Pectin-coated chitosan microgels crosslinked on superhydrophobic surfaces for 5-fluorouracil encapsulation. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:331-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Saito S, Okabe H, Watanabe M, Ishimoto T, Iwatsuki M, Baba Y, Tanaka Y, Kurashige J, Miyamoto Y, Baba H. CD44v6 expression is related to mesenchymal phenotype and poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1570-8. [PMID: 23404221 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 standard isoform (CD44s) is a cancer stem cell marker in many tumors, and is one of the CD44 isoforms.CD44v6 has been reported to correlate with tumor progression and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. However, the relevance of CD44s and CD44v6 to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) remains unclear. Immunohistochemistry was performed to investigate the clinical importance of CD44s and CD44v6 and their relevance to EMT in 113 patients with stage II/III colorectal cancer treated by curative resection. The relevance of CD44v6 knockdown to the phenotype of colon cancer cells was examined using small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific for CD44v6 in vitro. CD44v6 expression showed a significant inverse correlation with E-cadherin expression (P=0.0007) and a positive correlation with vimentin expression (P=0.0096). A multivariate analysis showed that high CD44v6 expression was an independent poor prognostic factor for disease-free survival (P=0.01, HR=3.05) and overall survival (P=0.025, HR=3.16). The clinical significance and the relevance of CD44s expression to EMT markers was noted to a lesser extent compared to CD44v6 expression. The knockdown of CD44v6 decreased vimentin expression, cell invasion and HGF-induced cell migration, but conferred only a slight effect on E-cadherin expression in colon cancer cells (HCT116 and LoVo). CD44v6 is related to poor outcome of patients with colorectal cancer via upregulation of the mesenchymal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Saito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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S100A4 expression in xenograft tumors of human carcinoma cell lines is induced by the tumor microenvironment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:2389-96. [PMID: 21514449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression of the invasion- and metastasis-associated protein S100A4 is found in many types of cancer, but the regulation of S100A4 expression is poorly understood. The microenvironment surrounding tumors has a significant effect on tumor progression, and in the present study, we investigated the role of the microenvironment in the expression of S100A4. Tumors of three different human carcinoma cell lines were established in the tongue or skin of mice, and S100A4 expression was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical analysis in tumors and stromal tissue and in cancer cells grown in vitro. Tongue tumors of the oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line HSC-4 showed a pronounced increase in S100A4 expression during tumor growth, whereas only a minor increase was detected in skin tumors of the same cell line. The S100A4 expression correlated with the methylation status of cytosine-guanine sites in the first intron of the gene. For all cell lines, S100A4 expression in the tumor stroma was related to the presence of inflammatory cells rather than to the level of S100A4 in the tumor cells.
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Zöller M, Jung T. The Colorectal Cancer Initiating Cell: Markers and Their Role in Liver Metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0292-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hadler-Olsen E, Wetting HL, Ravuri C, Omair A, Rikardsen O, Svineng G, Kanapathippillai P, Winberg JO, Uhlin-Hansen L. Organ specific regulation of tumour invasiveness and gelatinolytic activity at the invasive front. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:305-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Williamson JML, Thairu N, Katsoulas N, Stamp G, Ahmad R, du Potet E, Levicar N, Gordon M, Stebbing J, Habib NA, Jiao LR. Impact of portal vein embolization on expression of cancer stem cell markers in regenerated liver and colorectal liver metastases. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:1472-9. [PMID: 20586536 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2010.501523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about the expression of stem cell markers in normal liver and colorectal liver metastases (CLM). The aim of this paper is to assess whether patterns of stem cell marker expression differ between normal liver tissue and CLM and to determine whether a clinical model of liver regeneration induced by portal vein embolization (PVE) has any influence on these patterns of expression in both regenerated liver tissue and cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to provide semi-quantitative analysis of patterns of expression in tissue samples of liver and tumor tissue pre- and post-PVE in 23 patients with CLM. CD133, CD44 and Oct4 were studied. RESULTS There was no expression of CD133, CD44 or Oct4 in normal liver tissue before PVE but there was high expression of CD133 and CD44 in CLM. PVE had no significant influence on stem cell marker expression either in regenerated liver tissue or in tumor when compared with pre-PVE samples. CONCLUSION Liver regeneration following PVE does not seem to involve stem cells. Stem cell marker expression by CLM supports the stem cell theory of carcinogenesis which is not influenced by PVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M L Williamson
- Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Unit, Division of SORA, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College, London, UK
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Stromal impact on tumor growth and lymphangiogenesis in human carcinoma xenografts. Virchows Arch 2010; 457:677-92. [PMID: 20890764 PMCID: PMC2995317 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-010-0980-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) arising in the oral cavity are associated with poor survival, mainly due to metastatic disease. In contrast, skin SCCs rarely metastasize and are usually curable. To study influence of tongue and skin stroma on cancer growth and induction of lymphangiogenesis, xenograft tumors of human carcinoma cells were established either in tongue or skin of BALB/c nude mice. Two oral and two skin SCC cell lines were used, as well as an endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line. Tongue tumors established from all cell lines were larger than corresponding skin tumors. Peritumoral lymphatic vessel density was up to five times higher in tongue than in corresponding skin tumors, and mRNA level of the lymphangiogenic growth factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C was twice as high in tongue tumors compared with corresponding skin tumors. Contrary to lymphatic vessel density, blood vessel density was higher in skin tumors than in tongue tumors. In a cohort of patient samples, lymphatic vessel density was found to be higher in tongue SCCs compared with skin SCCs, supporting a clinical relevance of our findings. Our results show that the tumor stroma has a profound impact on cancer growth and induction of lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis. The difference in lymphatic vessel density between tongue and skin tumors may be important in directing metastatic potential of tumors arising in these organs.
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Caporale A, Bonapasta SA, Scarpini M, Ciardi A, Vestri A, Ruperto M, Giuliani A. Quantitative Investigation of Desmoplasia as a Prognostic Indicator in Colorectal Cancer. J INVEST SURG 2010; 23:105-9. [DOI: 10.3109/08941930903469417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Schaeffer DF, Owen DR, Lim HJ, Buczkowski AK, Chung SW, Scudamore CH, Huntsman DG, Ng SSW, Owen DA. Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) overexpression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma correlates with poor survival. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:59. [PMID: 20178612 PMCID: PMC2837867 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a lethal disease with a 5-year survival rate of 4% and typically presents in an advanced stage. In this setting, prognostic markers identifying the more agrressive tumors could aid in managment decisions. Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3, also known as IMP3 or KOC) is an oncofetal RNA-binding protein that regulates targets such as insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) and ACTB (beta-actin). Methods We evaluated the expression of IGF2BP3 by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray of 127 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas with tumor grade 1, 2 and 3 according to WHO criteria, and the prognostic value of IGF2BP3 expression. Results IGF2BP3 was found to be selectively overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissues but not in benign pancreatic tissues. Nine (38%) patient samples of tumor grade 1 (n = 24) and 27 (44%) of tumor grade 2 (n = 61) showed expression of IGF2BP3. The highest rate of expression was seen in poorly differentiated specimen (grade 3, n = 42) with 26 (62%) positive samples. Overall survival was found to be significantly shorter in patients with IGF2BP3 expressing tumors (P = 0.024; RR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.8). Conclusions Our data suggest that IGF2BP3 overexpression identifies a subset of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas with an extremely poor outcome and supports the rationale for developing therapies to target the IGF pathway in this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Schaeffer
- Department of Pathology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada.
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Zlobec I, Günthert U, Tornillo L, Iezzi G, Baumhoer D, Terracciano L, Lugli A. Systematic assessment of the prognostic impact of membranous CD44v6 protein expression in colorectal cancer. Histopathology 2010; 55:564-75. [PMID: 19912362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess systematically the membranous expression of CD44v6 in colorectal cancer by immunohistochemistry to determine its prognostic impact, the differential expression between primary and metastatic tumours and expression differences between the tumour centre and invasive front. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemistry was performed for CD44v6 on two tissue microarrays. The first included 1279 colorectal tumours with full clinicopathological data. The second consisted of 50 matched primary and metastatic tumours sampled from the tumour centre and the invasive margin. A scoring system was tested by multiple observers. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was used for cut-off point determination. Loss of membranous CD44v6 was associated with pT stage (P = 0.016; sensitivity 85.8%, specificity 20.1%), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.015; sensitivity 52.8%, specificity 55%), an infiltrating tumour margin (P < 0.001; sensitivity 71.4%, specificity 40%) and adverse prognosis (P = 0.011; hazard ratio 0.79, 95% confidence interval 0.7, 0.9), but was not an independent prognostic factor on multivariable analysis. Loss of expression occurred at the invasive front in both primary and metastatic lesions (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study outlines an approach to help standardize the immunohistochemical evaluation of CD44v6 and similar markers in colorectal cancer and highlights a significant role for loss of membranous CD44v6 expression in colorectal cancer progression and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inti Zlobec
- Institute of Pathology,University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine CD44v6 expression in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and clarify the role of CD44v6 in progression, invasion, metastasis, and morphogenesis of IPMNs. METHODS One hundred fifty-one samples of IPMNs and 30 normal controls were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for CD44v6. The IPMNs were divided into 4 groups according to the grade of atypia (adenoma, borderline IPMN, noninvasive carcinoma, and invasive carcinoma) and 5 subtypes according to histological phenotype (gastric, intestinal, pancreatobiliary, oncocytic, and unclassified). Correlations were investigated between CD44v6 expression and clinicopathological characteristics including grade of atypia, subtype, lymph node metastasis, and invasion pattern. RESULTS Whereas normal ductal epithelium did not express CD44v6, CD44v6 expression was observed from the early stage of IPMNs and up-regulated in the progression of IPMNs to invasive carcinoma. CD44v6 expression in intestinal-type IPMNs was significantly lower compared with that in other subtypes. Whereas no correlation was observed between lymph node metastasis and CD44v6 expression in invasive IPM carcinomas, the invasion pattern was significantly correlated to CD44v6 expression. CONCLUSIONS The present data indicate that CD44v6 expression determines the morphology and aggressiveness of IPMNs and is involved in development and invasion of IPMNs.
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Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays an important role in the growth and development of cells and has been implicated in oncogenesis and tumor progression. Gene expression profiling studies on limited numbers of specimens have shown high expression of IGF2, encoding the activating ligand for this system, in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and in synovial sarcomas. This data may have concrete clinical implications, as several reports exist of patients with GISTs suffering from severe hypoglycemia, a predicted effect of IGF2. Furthermore, new drugs targeting IGF signaling are entering clinical trials. The purpose of this study is to survey IGF2 expression at the protein level on a broad number of mesenchymal tumors representing all major diagnostic classes. By immunostaining tissue microarrays, results were obtained for 51 diagnostic categories of bone and soft-tissue tumors representing 1288 cases. Distinct membranous and/or cytoplasmic IGF2 immunoreactivity was assessed according to published criteria. Solitary fibrous tumors had the highest expression. Of 20 tumor types represented by more than 10 cases, synovial sarcomas, myxoid liposarcomas, GISTs, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, chondrosarcomas, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas (MFH), Ewing's sarcomas and tenosynovial giant cell tumors showed high levels of expression in more than 20% of cases. Of the 445 GIST cases with clinical information, those with high expression of IGF2 had a significantly worse outcome than those with low or no expression. IGF2 protein expression among mesenchymal tumors is largely consistent with gene expression studies and suggests a potential for molecular therapy targeting the IGF signaling pathway system in these neoplasms.
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Design and development of ligand-appended polysaccharidic nanoparticles for the delivery of oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 6:179-90. [PMID: 19447205 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hyaluronic acid-coupled chitosan nanoparticles bearing oxaliplatin (L-OHP) encapsulated in Eudragit S100-coated pellets were developed for effective delivery to colon tumors. The in vitro drug release was investigated using a USP dissolution rate test paddle-type apparatus in different simulated gastrointestinal tract fluids. In therapeutic experiments the pellets of free drug, and hyaluronic acid-coupled and uncoupled chitosan nanoparticles bearing L-OHP were administered orally at the dose of 10 mg L-OHP/kg body weight to tumor-bearing Balb/c mice. In vivo data showed that hyaluronic acid-coupled chitosan nanoparticles delivered 1.99 +/- 0.82 and 9.36 +/- 1.10 microg of L-OHP/g of tissue in the colon and tumor, respectively after 12 hours, reflecting its targeting potential to the colon and tumor. These drug delivery systems show relatively high local drug concentration in the colonic milieu and colonic tumors with prolonged exposure time, which provides a potential to enhance antitumor efficacy with low systemic toxicity for the treatment of colon cancer. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this study, a nanoparticle system was developed to deliver oxaliplatin to colorectal tumors. In murine models, the drug delivery system showed relatively high local drug concentration in colonic tumors with prolonged exposure time, which provides a potential for enhanced antitumor efficacy with low systematic toxicity.
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Jain A, Jain SK. In vitro and cell uptake studies for targeting of ligand anchored nanoparticles for colon tumors. Eur J Pharm Sci 2008; 35:404-16. [PMID: 18824095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) coupled chitosan nanoparticles (HACTNP) bearing 5-flurouracil (5FU) were prepared, by ionotropic gelation method, for the effective delivery of drug to the colon tumors. HACTNP appeared to be spherical in shape and mean size was found to be around 150+/-3.4nm with low polydispersity index. The in vitro drug release was investigated using USP dissolution test (paddle type) apparatus in different simulated GIT fluids. The biocompatibility of NPs formulations were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity by MTT assay using HT-29 cell lines and cell uptake was assessed by fluorescent microscopy. Cellular uptake of HACTNP was determined by incorporating calcein as a fluorescent marker. The cellular uptake of fluorescent HACTNP was clearly evidenced by fluorescence microscopy. HACTNP nanoparticles showed significant higher uptake by cancer cells as compared to uncoupled nanoparticles and the uptake of HA coupled CTNPs by HT-29 colon cancer cells were observed to be 7.9 times more as compared to uncoupled CTNPs at the end of 4h. The cytotoxicity of 5FU incorporated in HACTNP was higher compared to the conventional 5FU solution, even at the lower concentrations. 5FU in HACTNP was about 2.60-folds more effective than free 5FU on HT-29 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anekant Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar 470003, MP, India
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Tammi RH, Kultti A, Kosma VM, Pirinen R, Auvinen P, Tammi MI. Hyaluronan in human tumors: pathobiological and prognostic messages from cell-associated and stromal hyaluronan. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18:288-95. [PMID: 18468453 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are supported by a distinct type of connective tissue stroma, crucial for tumor survival and advancement. Hyaluronan is a major matrix molecule in the stroma of many common tumors, and involved in their growth and spreading. Here we focus in recent data on stromal hyaluronan in human tumors, and that on the surface of the malignant cells. Hyaluronan accumulation is most conspicuous in malignancies that develop in cells and tissues normally devoid of hyaluronan, such as single layered epithelia and their hyaluronan-poor connective tissue stroma. The magnitude of the hyaluronan accumulation in the malignant epithelium itself (e.g. colon and gastric cancers) or tumor stroma (breast, ovarian, prostate cancers) strongly correlates with an unfavorable prognosis of the patient, i.e. advancement of the malignancy. A completely different pattern arises from stratified epithelia that normally produce hyaluronan and are surrounded by a hyaluronan-rich stroma. The cell surface of the latter group of tumors (e.g. squamous cell carcinomas of skin, mouth, larynx and esophagus, and skin melanoma) show abundant hyaluronan which tends to get reduced and patchy in the most advanced stages of the tumors, suggesting enhanced turnover. While the assays of human tumors represent snapshots of currently unknown processes and kinetics of hyaluronan metabolism, it is obvious that hyaluronan accumulation at some stage is an inherent feature in most of the common epithelial malignant tumors. The possible contributions of inflammatory cells, stem cells, mutated stromal cells, or otherwise deranged growth factor exchange between stromal and cancer cells are discussed as possible explanations to hyaluronan abundance in the tumors. The importance of hyaluronan in human tumor progression will be further clarified when drugs become available to modify hyaluronan metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raija H Tammi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Kuopio, P.O.B. 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Köbel M, Gradhand E, Zeng K, Schmitt WD, Kriese K, Lantzsch T, Wolters M, Dittmer J, Strauss HG, Thomssen C, Hauptmann S. Ezrin promotes ovarian carcinoma cell invasion and its retained expression predicts poor prognosis in ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2006; 25:121-30. [PMID: 16633060 DOI: 10.1097/01.pgp.0000185410.39050.ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The majority of patients diagnosed with ovarian carcinoma are classified as being in advanced stage of disease. In a situation of cancer spread throughout the abdominal cavity, a successful curative treatment is difficult to achieve. Therefore, preventing binding of tumor cells to the mesothelium is crucial for patients' outcome. One important mechanism is the interaction between hyaluronic acid and the CD44 receptor with its submembrane linking complex. This consists of ezrin, radixin, and moesin and connects the CD44 receptor with the cytoskeleton. To assess the role of ezrin and moesinfor ovarian carcinoma progression, we analyzed ovarian carcinoma samples from 105 patients for expression of ezrin and moesin by immunohistochemistry and correlated these data with several clinicopathological parameters. To elucidate the functional importance of ezrin and moesin, their expression was inhibited in SKOV-3 cells by RNA interference. Ezrin and moesin were strongly expressed in 49 and 48% of ovarian carcinoma samples, respectively, and their presence correlated with reduced overall survival in univariate analysis (ezrin, p=0.0189; moesin, p=0.0351). In multivariate analysis (including FIGO stage, residual tumor, histological type, and Silverberg grading), ezrin still remained significant as an independent risk factor (relative risk, 2.39; p=0.012). In SKOV-3 cells, siRNA against ezrin but not moesin inhibited in vitro invasion. These data imply that ezrin is necessary for tumor cell invasion, and the better prognosis of ovarian carcinomas lacking ezrin is probably related to their impaired invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Köbel
- Department of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, and Department of Gynecology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Halle, Germany.
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