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Cardoso-Miguel MDRD, Bürgel PH, de Castro RJA, Marina CL, de Oliveira SA, Albuquerque P, Silva-Pereira I, Bocca AL, Tavares AH. Dectin-2 is critical for phagocyte function and resistance to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in mice. Med Mycol 2023; 61:myad117. [PMID: 37960963 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors, particularly C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), are essential for phagocytes to sense invading fungal cells. Among CLRs, Dectin-2 (encoded by Clec4n) plays a critical role in the antifungal immune response as it recognizes high-mannose polysaccharides on the fungal cell wall, triggering phagocyte functional activities and ultimately determining adaptive responses. Here, we assessed the role of Dectin-2 on the course of primary Paracoccidioides brasiliensis systemic infection in mice with Dectin-2-targeted deletion. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis constitutes the principal etiologic agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, the most prominent invasive mycosis in Latin American countries. The deficiency of Dectin-2 resulted in shortened survival rates, high lung fungal burden, and increased lung pathology in mice infected with P. brasiliensis. Consistently, dendritic cells (DCs) from mice lacking Dectin-2 infected ex vivo with P. brasiliensis showed impaired secretion of several proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10. Additionally, when cocultured with splenic lymphocytes, DCs were less efficient in promoting a type 1 cytokine pattern secretion (i.e., IFN-γ). In macrophages, Dectin-2-mediated signaling was required to ensure phagocytosis and fungicidal activity associated with nitric oxide production. Overall, Dectin-2-mediated signaling is critical to promote host protection against P. brasiliensis infection, and its exploitation might lead to the development of new vaccines and immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana de Resende Damas Cardoso-Miguel
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Bürgel
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Raffael Júnio Araújo de Castro
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Clara Luna Marina
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Stephan Alberto de Oliveira
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Albuquerque
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Laboratory of Microorganism, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ildinete Silva-Pereira
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Anamélia Lorenzetti Bocca
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Aldo Henrique Tavares
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Laboratory of Microorganism, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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2
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Hahn RC, Hagen F, Mendes RP, Burger E, Nery AF, Siqueira NP, Guevara A, Rodrigues AM, de Camargo ZP. Paracoccidioidomycosis: Current Status and Future Trends. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0023321. [PMID: 36074014 PMCID: PMC9769695 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00233-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), initially reported in 1908 in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, by Adolpho Lutz, is primarily a systemic and neglected tropical mycosis that may affect individuals with certain risk factors around Latin America, especially Brazil. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis sensu stricto, a classical thermodimorphic fungus associated with PCM, was long considered to represent a monotypic taxon. However, advances in molecular taxonomy revealed several cryptic species, including Paracoccidioides americana, P. restrepiensis, P. venezuelensis, and P. lutzii, that show a preference for skin and mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and respiratory organs but can also affect many other organs. The classical diagnosis of PCM benefits from direct microscopy culture-based, biochemical, and immunological assays in a general microbiology laboratory practice providing a generic identification of the agents. However, molecular assays should be employed to identify Paracoccidioides isolates to the species level, data that would be complemented by epidemiological investigations. From a clinical perspective, all probable and confirmed cases should be treated. The choice of treatment and its duration must be considered, along with the affected organs, process severity, history of previous treatment failure, possibility of administering oral medication, associated diseases, pregnancy, and patient compliance with the proposed treatment regimen. Nevertheless, even after appropriate treatment, there may be relapses, which generally occur 5 years after the apparent cure following treatment, and also, the mycosis may be confused with other diseases. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of the immunopathology, laboratory diagnosis, clinical aspects, and current treatment of PCM, highlighting current issues in the identification, treatment, and patient follow-up in light of recent Paracoccidioides species taxonomic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosane Christine Hahn
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Júlio Muller Hospital, EBSERH, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rinaldo Poncio Mendes
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Alfenasgrid.411180.d (UNIFAL), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andreia Ferreira Nery
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Júlio Muller Hospital, EBSERH, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Nathan Pereira Siqueira
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Armando Guevara
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Burger E. Paracoccidioidomycosis Protective Immunity. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020137. [PMID: 33668671 PMCID: PMC7918802 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity against Paracoccidioides consists of a stepwise activation of numerous effector mechanisms that comprise many cellular and soluble components. At the initial phase of non-specific innate immunity, resistance against Paracoccidioides comes from phagocytic polymorphonuclear neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells and monocytes, supplemented by soluble factors such as cytokines and complement system components. Invariant receptors (Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Dectins) which are present in cells of the immune system, detect patterns present in Paracoccidioides (but not in the host) informing the hosts cells that there is an infection in progress, and that the acquired immunity must be activated. The role of components involved in the innate immunity of paracoccidioidomycosis is herein presented. Humoral immunity, represented by specific antibodies which control the fungi in the blood and body fluids, and its role in paracoccidioidomycosis (which was previously considered controversial) is also discussed. The protective mechanisms (involving various components) of cellular immunity are also discussed, covering topics such as: lysis by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, the participation of lytic products, and the role of cytokines secreted by T helper lymphocytes in increasing the efficiency of Paracoccidioides, lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Brazil
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Updates in Paracoccidioides Biology and Genetic Advances in Fungus Manipulation. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020116. [PMID: 33557381 PMCID: PMC7915485 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The dimorphic fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus are the causative agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). This disease is endemic in Latin America and primarily affects workers in rural areas. PCM is considered a neglected disease, despite being a disabling disease that has a notable impact on the public health system. Paracoccidioides spp. are thermally dimorphic fungi that present infective mycelia at 25 °C and differentiate into pathogenic yeast forms at 37 °C. This transition involves a series of morphological, structural, and metabolic changes which are essential for their survival inside hosts. As a pathogen, the fungus is subjected to several varieties of stress conditions, including the host immune response, which involves the production of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, thermal stress due to temperature changes during the transition, pH alterations within phagolysosomes, and hypoxia inside granulomas. Over the years, studies focusing on understanding the establishment and development of PCM have been conducted with several limitations due to the low effectiveness of strategies for the genetic manipulation of Paracoccidioides spp. This review describes the most relevant biological features of Paracoccidioides spp., including aspects of the phylogeny, ecology, stress response, infection, and evasion mechanisms of the fungus. We also discuss the genetic aspects and difficulties of fungal manipulation, and, finally, describe the advances in molecular biology that may be employed in molecular research on this fungus in the future.
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Decyl Gallate as a Possible Inhibitor of N-Glycosylation Process in Paracoccidioides lutzii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01909-18. [PMID: 31451502 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01909-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The available antifungal therapeutic arsenal is limited. The search for alternative drugs with fewer side effects and new targets remains a major challenge. Decyl gallate (G14) is a derivative of gallic acid with a range of biological activities and broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Previously, our group demonstrated the promising anti-Paracoccidioides activity of G14. In this work, to evaluate the antifungal characteristics of G14 for Paracoccidioides lutzii, a chemical-genetic interaction analysis was conducted on a Saccharomyces cerevisiae model. N-glycosylation and/or the unfolded protein response pathway was identified as a high-confidence process for drug target prediction. The overactivation of unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling was confirmed using this model with IRE1/ATF6/PERK genes tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP). In P. lutzii, this prediction was confirmed by the low activity of glycosylated enzymes [α-(1,3)-glucanase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase), and α-(1,4)-amylase], by hyperexpression of genes involved with the UPR and glycosylated enzymes, and by the reduction in the amounts of glycosylated proteins and chitin. All of these components are involved in fungal cell wall integrity and are dependent on the N-glycosylation process. This loss of integrity was confirmed by the reduction in mitochondrial activity, impaired budding, enhancement of wall permeability, and a decrease in viability. These events led to a reduction of the ability of fungi to adhere on human lung epithelial cells (A549) in vitro Therefore, G14 may have an important role in balancing the inflammatory reaction caused by fungal infection, without interfering with the microbicidal activity of nitric oxide. This work provides new information on the activity of G14, a potential anti-Paracoccidioides compound.
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Zhao G, Hu M, Li C, Lee J, Yuan K, Zhu G, Che C. Osteopontin contributes to effective neutrophil recruitment, IL-1β production and apoptosis in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:401-412. [PMID: 29359350 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is a major cause of corneal ulcers, resulting in significant visual impairment and blindness. A phosphorylated glycoprotein secreted by immunocompetent cells, osteopontin (OPN) mediates cluster formation of the host fungal receptors and enhances the phagocytosis and clearance of pathogenic fungi. However, whether OPN production and function occurs in fungal keratitis is unknown. OPN expression in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis patient corneas was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence. Human neutrophils, THP-1 macrophages and corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) stimulated with A. fumigatus were utilized for in vitro experiments. Mouse models of A. fumigatus keratitis were developed by intrastromal injection for in vivo experiments. Using siRNAs, neutralizing antibodies, recombinant proteins and inhibitors, the production and role of OPN in A. fumigatus infection was assessed by clinical evaluation, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, western blotting and bioluminescence image acquisition. We observed increased corneal OPN expression in A. fumigatus keratitis patients and mouse models compared to controls. OPN production in response to A. fumigatus infection was dependent on LOX-1 and Erk1/2. Compared to controls, OPN knockdown impaired proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β production, which was dependent on 4E-BP1. OPN knockdown decreased myeloperoxidase levels, and resulted in decreased neutrophil recruitment, higher fungal load and increased apoptosis in mouse A. fumigatus keratitis. Our results indicate that OPN is a critical component of the antifungal immune response and is essential for effective neutrophil recruitment, inflammatory cytokine production and apoptosis in A. fumigatus keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Kelan Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chengye Che
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Mansano ESB, de Morais GR, Moratto EM, Sato F, Baesso ML, Medina AN, Svidzinski TIE, Hernandes L. Combination of Histopathology and FT-Raman Spectroscopy for the Study of Experimental Paracoccidioidomycosis in the Spleen. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 94:88-94. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francielle Sato
- Department of Physics; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá Paraná Brasil
| | | | - Antonio Neto Medina
- Department of Physics; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá Paraná Brasil
| | | | - Luzmarina Hernandes
- Department of Morphological Sciences; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá Paraná Brasil
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8
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Tristão FSM, Rocha FA, Carlos D, Ketelut-Carneiro N, Souza COS, Milanezi CM, Silva JS. Th17-Inducing Cytokines IL-6 and IL-23 Are Crucial for Granuloma Formation during Experimental Paracoccidioidomycosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:949. [PMID: 28871251 PMCID: PMC5566564 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a chronic granulomatous disease caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii, has the highest mortality rate among systemic mycosis. The T helper 1-mediated immunity is primarily responsible for acquired resistance during P. brasiliensis infection, while susceptibility is associated with Th2 occurrence. Th17 is a population of T CD4+ cells that, among several chemokines and cytokines, produces IL-17A and requires the presence of IL-1, IL-6, and TGF-β for differentiation in mice and IL-23 for its maintenance. Th17 has been described as an arm of the immune system that enhances host protection against several bacterial and fungal infections, as Pneumocystis carinii and Candida albicans. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the Th17 immune response and the role of Th17-associated cytokines (IL-6, IL-23, and IL-17A) during experimental PCM. First, we observed that P. brasiliensis infection [virulent yeast strain 18 of P. brasiliensis (Pb18)] increased the IL-17A production in vitro and all the evaluated Th17-associated cytokines in the lung tissue from C57BL/6 wild-type mice. In addition, the deficiency of IL-6, IL-23, or IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) impaired the compact granuloma formation and conferred susceptibility during infection, associated with reduced tumor necrosis factor-α, IFN-γ, and inducible nitric oxide synthase enzyme expression. Our data suggest that IL-6 production by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) is important to promote the Th17 differentiation during Pb18 infection. In accordance, the adoptive transfer of BMDMs from C57BL/6 to infected IL-6-/- or IL-17RA-/- mice reduced the fungal burden in the lungs compared to nontransferred mice and reestablished the pulmonary granuloma formation. Taken together, these results suggest that Th17-associated cytokines are involved in the modulation of immune response and granuloma formation during experimental PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrine Sales Massafera Tristão
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Agostini Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniela Carlos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Natália Ketelut-Carneiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Oliveira Silva Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Maria Milanezi
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Santana Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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de Lacorte Singulani J, Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva ACA, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Evaluation of the efficacy of antifungal drugs against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii in a Galleria mellonella model. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 48:292-7. [PMID: 27444116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii belong to a group of thermodimorphic fungi and cause paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), which is a human systemic mycosis endemic in South and Central America. Patients with this mycosis are commonly treated with amphotericin B (AmB) and azoles. The study of fungal virulence and the efficacy and toxicity of antifungal drugs has been successfully performed in a Galleria mellonella infection model. In this work, G. mellonella larvae were infected with two Paracoccidioides spp. and the efficacy and toxicity of AmB and itraconazole were evaluated in this model for the first time. AmB and itraconazole treatments were effective in increasing larval survival and reducing the fungal burden. The fungicidal and fungistatic effects of AmB and itraconazole, respectively, were observed in the model. Furthermore, these effects were independent of changes in haemocyte number. G. mellonella can serve as a rapid model for the screening of new antifungal compounds against Paracoccidioides and can contribute to a reduction in experimental animal numbers in the study of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya de Lacorte Singulani
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, Araraquara, São Paulo CEP: 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, Araraquara, São Paulo CEP: 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Alves de Paula E Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, Araraquara, São Paulo CEP: 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, Araraquara, São Paulo CEP: 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, Araraquara, São Paulo CEP: 14801-902, Brazil.
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10
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Bernardino S, Pina A, Felonato M, Costa TA, Frank de Araújo E, Feriotti C, Bazan SB, Keller AC, Leite KRM, Calich VLG. TNF-α and CD8+ T cells mediate the beneficial effects of nitric oxide synthase-2 deficiency in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2325. [PMID: 23936574 PMCID: PMC3731220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO), a key antimicrobial molecule, was previously shown to exert a dual role in paracoccidioidomycosis, an endemic fungal infection in Latin America. In the intravenous and peritoneal models of infection, NO production was associated with efficient fungal clearance but also with non-organized granulomatous lesions. Because paracoccidioidomycosis is a pulmonary infection, we aimed to characterize the role of NO in a pulmonary model of infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS C57Bl/6 wild type (WT) and iNOS(-/-) mice were i.t. infected with 1×10(6) Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts and studied at several post-infection periods. Unexpectedly, at week 2 of infection, iNOS(-/-) mice showed decreased pulmonary fungal burdens associated with an M2-like macrophage profile, which expressed high levels of TGF-β impaired ability of ingesting fungal cells. This early decreased fungal loads were concomitant with increased DTH reactions, enhanced TNF-α synthesis and intense migration of activated macrophages, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells into the lungs. By week 10, iNOS(-/-) mice showed increased fungal burdens circumscribed, however, by compact granulomas containing elevated numbers of activated CD4(+) T cells. Importantly, the enhanced immunological reactivity of iNOS(-/-) mice resulted in decreased mortality rates. In both mouse strains, depletion of TNF-α led to non-organized lesions and excessive influx of inflammatory cells into the lungs, but only the iNOS(-/-) mice showed increased mortality rates. In addition, depletion of CD8(+) cells abolished the increased migration of inflammatory cells and decreased the number of TNF-α and IFN-γ CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells into the lungs of iNOS(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our study demonstrated that NO plays a deleterious role in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis due to its suppressive action on TNF-α production, T cell immunity and organization of lesions resulting in precocious mortality of mice. It was also revealed that uncontrolled fungal growth can be overcome by an efficient immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bernardino
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Adriana Pina
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maíra Felonato
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Tânia A. Costa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Eliseu Frank de Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cláudia Feriotti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Silvia Boschi Bazan
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alexandre C. Keller
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Katia R. M. Leite
- Departamento de Patologia, Hospital Sírio Libanês de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Vera L. G. Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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11
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Nishikaku AS, Molina RFS, Albe BP, Cunha CDS, Scavone R, Pizzo CRP, de Camargo ZP, Burger E. Immunolocalization of IFN-gamma in the lesions of resistant and susceptible mice to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 63:281-8. [PMID: 22077231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The important role of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in protective immunity in mycosis is well established, except for its participation in fungal granulomas. Herein, we employ immunohistochemical reactions to describe the in situ localization of IFN-γ in granulomas of susceptible (B10.A) and resistant (A/J) mice to infection with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb). After infection with the highly virulent Pb18, IFN-γ-positive lymphomononuclear cells were localized mainly at the periphery of granulomas in both mouse strains. The numbers of positive cells found in compact granulomas of A/J mice increased significantly from 15 to 120 days postinfection. At this time, significantly more positive cells were detected in the compact granulomas of resistant mice than in the loose, multifocal lesions of the susceptible ones. In infection with the slightly virulent Pb265, the same pattern of IFN-γ localization was found as in Pb18 infection, but there was decreased staining at 120 days due to the presence of only residual lesions in both mouse strains. The marked IFN-γ staining observed in the granulomas of resistant mice at the later stage of Pb infection confirms its importance in fungal dissemination control, and suggests a contribution to the development of paracoccidioidal granuloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Satie Nishikaku
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fortes MRP, Miot HA, Kurokawa CS, Marques MEA, Marques SA. Immunology of paracoccidioidomycosis. An Bras Dermatol 2012; 86:516-24. [PMID: 21738969 DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962011000300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America, among immunecompetent patients. It's caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioiddes brasiliensis. Investigations regarding its immunopathogenesis are very important in the understanding of aspects related to natural history, as the protective immunity, and the relationship between host and parasite; also favoring the knowledge about clinical patterns and the elaboration of therapeutic strategies. The disease clinical polymorphism depends, at least, of the immune response profile according to the tissue and blood released citokynes, resulting in tissue damage.
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13
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Abstract
Adaptive immunity has long been regarded as the major player in protection against most fungal infections. Mounting evidence suggest however, that both innate and adaptive responses intricately collaborate to produce effective antifungal protection. Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in initiating and orchestrating antifungal immunity; neutrophils, macrophages and other phagocytes also participate in recognising and eliminating fungal pathogens. Adaptive immunity provides a wide range of effector and regulatory responses against fungal infections. Th1 responses protect against most forms of mycoses but they associate with significant inflammation and limited pathogen persistence. By contrast, Th2 responses enhance persistence of and tolerance to fungal infections thus permitting the generation of long-lasting immunological memory. Although the role of Th17 cytokines in fungal immunity is not fully understood, they can enhance proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses or play a regulatory role in fungal immunity all depending on the pathogen, site/phase of infection and host immunostatus. T regulatory cells balance the activities of various Th cell subsets thereby permitting inflammation and protection on the one hand and allowing for tolerance and memory on the other. Here, recent developments in fungal immunity research are reviewed as means of tracing the emergence of a refined paradigm where innate and adaptive responses are viewed in the same light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawieh Hamad
- Research and Development Unit, JMS Medicals, Zarqa, Jordan.
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Abstract
The secreted phosphorylated protein osteopontin (OPN) is expressed in a variety of tissues and bodily fluids, and is associated with pathologies including tissue injury, infection, autoimmune disease and cancer. Macrophages are ubiquitous, heterogeneous cells that mediate aspects of cell and tissue damage in all these pathologies. Here, the role of OPN in macrophage function is reviewed. OPN is expressed in macrophage cells in multiple pathologies, and the regulation of its expression in these cells has been described in vitro. The protein has been implicated in multiple functions of macrophages, including cytokine expression, expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, phagocytosis and migration. Indeed, the role of OPN in cells of the macrophage lineage might underlie its physiological role in many pathologies. However, there are numerous instances where the published literature is inconsistent, especially in terms of OPN function in vitro. Although the heterogeneity of OPN and its receptors, or of macrophages themselves, might underlie some of these inconsistencies, it is important to understand the role of OPN in macrophage biology in order to exploit its function therapeutically.
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Huizar I, Malur A, Midgette YA, Kukoly C, Chen P, Ke PC, Podila R, Rao AM, Wingard CJ, Dobbs L, Barna BP, Kavuru MS, Thomassen MJ. Novel murine model of chronic granulomatous lung inflammation elicited by carbon nanotubes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:858-66. [PMID: 21398620 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0401oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung granulomas are associated with numerous conditions, including inflammatory disorders, exposure to environmental pollutants, and infection. Osteopontin is a chemotactic cytokine produced by macrophages, and is implicated in extracellular matrix remodeling. Furthermore, osteopontin is up-regulated in granulomatous disease, and osteopontin null mice exhibit reduced granuloma formation. Animal models currently used to investigate chronic lung granulomatous inflammation bear a pathological resemblance, but lack the chronic nature of human granulomatous disease. Carbon nanoparticles are generated as byproducts of combustion. Interestingly, experimental exposures to carbon nanoparticles induce pulmonary granuloma-like lesions. However, the recruited cellular populations and extracellular matrix gene expression profiles within these lesions have not been explored. Because of the rapid resolution of granulomas in current animal models, the mechanisms responsible for persistence have been elusive. To overcome the limitations of previous models, we investigated whether a model using multiwall carbon nanoparticles would resemble chronic human lung granulomatous inflammation. We hypothesized that pulmonary exposure to multiwall carbon nanoparticles would induce granulomas, elicit a macrophage and T-cell response, and mimic other granulomatous disorders with an up-regulation of osteopontin. This model demonstrates: (1) granulomatous inflammation, with macrophage and T-cell infiltration; (2) resemblance to the chronicity of human granulomas, with persistence up to 90 days; and (3) a marked elevation of osteopontin, metalloproteinases, and cell adhesion molecules in granulomatous foci isolated by laser-capture microdissection and in alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage. The establishment of such a model provides an important platform for mechanistic studies on the persistence of granuloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isham Huizar
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 3E-149 Brody Medical Sciences Building, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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San-Blas G, Burger E. Experimental medical mycological research in Latin America - a 2000-2009 overview. Rev Iberoam Micol 2010; 28:1-25. [PMID: 21167301 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An overview of current trends in Latin American Experimental Medical Mycological research since the beginning of the 21(st) century is done (search from January 2000 to December 2009). Using the PubMed and LILACS databases, the authors have chosen publications on medically important fungi which, according to our opinion, are the most relevant because of their novelty, interest, and international impact, based on research made entirely in the Latin American region or as part of collaborative efforts with laboratories elsewhere. In this way, the following areas are discussed: 1) molecular identification of fungal pathogens; 2) molecular and clinical epidemiology on fungal pathogens of prevalence in the region; 3) cell biology; 4) transcriptome, genome, molecular taxonomy and phylogeny; 5) immunology; 6) vaccines; 7) new and experimental antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioconda San-Blas
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela.
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