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Bauer L, Edwards J, Heil A, Dewitt S, Biebermann H, Aeschlimann D, Knäuper V. Mesenchymal Transglutaminase 2 Activates Epithelial ADAM17: Link to G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 56 (ADGRG1) Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2329. [PMID: 38397010 PMCID: PMC10889368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A wound healing model was developed to elucidate the role of mesenchymal-matrix-associated transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in keratinocyte re-epithelialisation. TG2 drives keratinocyte migratory responses by activation of disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17). We demonstrate that epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor ligand shedding leads to EGFR-transactivation and subsequent rapid keratinocyte migration on TG2-positive ECM. In contrast, keratinocyte migration was impaired in TG2 null conditions. We show that keratinocytes express the adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor, ADGRG1 (GPR56), which has been proposed as a TG2 receptor. Using ADAM17 activation as a readout and luciferase reporter assays, we demonstrate that TG2 activates GPR56. GPR56 activation by TG2 reached the same level as observed with an agonistic N-GPR56 antibody. The N-terminal GPR56 domain is required for TG2-regulated signalling response, as the constitutively active C-GPR56 receptor was not activated by TG2. Signalling required the C-terminal TG2 β-barrel domains and involved RhoA-associated protein kinase (ROCK) and ADAM17 activation, which was blocked by specific inhibitors. Cell surface binding of TG2 to the N-terminal GPR56 domain is rapid and is associated with TG2 and GPR56 endocytosis. TG2 and GPR56 represent a ligand receptor pair causing RhoA and EGFR transactivation. Furthermore, we determined a binding constant for the interaction of human TG2 with N-GPR56 and show for the first time that only the calcium-enabled "open" TG2 conformation associates with N-GPR56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Bauer
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Jessica Edwards
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Andreas Heil
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Sharon Dewitt
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Aeschlimann
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Vera Knäuper
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
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2
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Ganesh RA, Venkataraman K, Sirdeshmukh R. GPR56 signaling pathway network and its dynamics in the mesenchymal transition of glioblastoma. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00792-5. [PMID: 37980704 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56/ADGRG1) is a multifunctional adhesion GPCR involved in diverse biological processes ranging from development to cancer. In our earlier study, we reported that GPR56 is expressed heterogeneously in glioblastoma (GBM) and is involved in the mesenchymal transition, making it a promising therapeutic target (Ganesh et al., 2022). Despite its important role in cancer, its mechanism of action or signaling is not completely understood. Thus, based on transcriptomic, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic differential expression data of GPR56 knockdown U373-GBM cells included in our above study along with detailed literature mining of the molecular events plausibly associated with GPR56 activity, we have constructed a signaling pathway map of GPR56 as may be applicable in mesenchymal transition in GBM. The map incorporates more than 100 molecular entities including kinases, receptors, ion channels, and others associated with Wnt, integrin, calcium signaling, growth factors, and inflammation signaling pathways. We also considered intracellular and extracellular factors that may influence the activity of the pathway entities. Here we present a curated signaling map of GPR56 in the context of GBM and discuss the relevance and plausible cross-connectivity across different axes attributable to GPR56 function. GPR56 signaling and mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha A Ganesh
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation, Bangalore, 560099, India
- Center for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632104, India
| | - Krishnan Venkataraman
- Center for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632104, India
| | - Ravi Sirdeshmukh
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation, Bangalore, 560099, India.
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, 560066, India.
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
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3
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Li T, Luo R, Schmidt R, D'Alessandro N, Kishore P, Zhu B, Yu D, Piao X. GPR56 S4 variant is required for microglia-mediated synaptic pruning. Glia 2023; 71:560-570. [PMID: 36336959 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
ADGRG1 (also called GPR56) plays critical roles in brain development and wiring, including cortical lamination, central nervous system (CNS) myelination, and developmental synaptic refinement. However, the underlying mechanism(s) in mediating such diverse functions is not fully understood. Here, we investigate the function of one specific alternative splicing isoform, the GPR56 splice variant 4 (S4), to test the hypothesis that alternative splicing variants of GPR56 in part support its different functions. We created a new transgenic mouse line, Gpr56∆S4 , using CRISPR/Cas9, in which GPR56 S4 was deleted. Detailed phenotype analyses show that Gpr56∆S4 mice manifest no deficits in cortical architecture and CNS myelination compared to controls. Excitingly, they present significantly increased synapse densities, decreased synapse engulfment by microglia, and impaired eye-segregation. Taken together, our findings support that the GPR56 S4 variant is dispensable for cortical development and CNS myelination but is essential for microglia-mediated synaptic pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA.,Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rong Luo
- Sanofi, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachael Schmidt
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA.,Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas D'Alessandro
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA.,Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Priya Kishore
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA.,Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Beika Zhu
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA.,Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Diankun Yu
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA.,Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA.,Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
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4
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Nojima Y, Toriyama M, Tago K, Mizuno N, Morishita K, Itoh H. GPR56 C-terminal fragment mediates signal received by N-terminal fragment of another adhesion GPCR Latrophilin1 in neurons. Genes Cells 2023; 28:83-96. [PMID: 36453010 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) are a subfamily of GPCRs that are involved in cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and cell migration in various tissues. G protein-coupled receptor proteolytic site (GPS) of aGPCR is required to cleave the extracellular domain autocatalytically, generating two fragments; a N-terminal fragment (NTF) and a C-terminal fragment (CTF) containing seven transmembrane structure. NTF can interact with CTF non-covalently after cleavage, however the physiological significance of the cleavage of aGPCR at GPS, and also the interaction between NTF and CTF have not been fully clarified yet. In this study, we first investigated the expression profiles of two aGPCRs, GPR56/ADGRG1, and LPHN1/ADGRL1 in mouse brain, and found that the NTF and CTF of GPR56 independently expressed in different brain region at different developmental stages. Immunoprecipitation of GPR56CTF co-immunoprecipitated LPHN1NTF from mouse brain and HEK293T cells expressing both fragments. Stimulation with LPHN1 ligand, α-Latrotoxin N4C (αLTXN4C), to cells expressing LPHN1NTF and GPR56CTF increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]i). We also demonstrated that GPR56KO mouse neurons attenuated their Ca2+ response to αLTXN4C. These results suggest the possibility of functional and chimeric complex containing LPHN1NTF and GPR56CTF in neuronal signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nojima
- Laboratory of Molecular Signal Transduction, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Manami Toriyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Signal Transduction, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Kenji Tago
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Norikazu Mizuno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aomori University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Morishita
- Project for Advanced Medical Research and Development, Project Research Division, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Signal Transduction, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
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5
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Su T, Guan Q, Cheng H, Zhu Z, Jiang C, Guo P, Tai Y, Sun H, Wang M, Wei W, Wang Q. Functions of G protein-coupled receptor 56 in health and disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 236:e13866. [PMID: 35959520 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56) is encoded by gene ADGRG1 from chromosome 16q21 and is homologously encoded in mice, at chromosome 8. Both 687 and 693 splice forms are present in humans and mice. GPR56 has a 381 amino acid-long N-terminal extracellular segment and a GPCR proteolysis site upstream from the first transmembrane domain. GPR56 is mainly expressed in the heart, brain, thyroid, platelets, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that GPR56 promotes the formation of myelin sheaths and the development of oligodendrocytes in the cerebral cortex of the central nervous system. Moreover, GPR56 contributes to the development and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells, induces adipogenesis, and regulates the function of immune cells. The lack of GPR56 leads to nervous system dysfunction, platelet disorders, and infertility. Abnormal expression of GPR56 is related to the malignant transformation and tumor metastasis of several cancers including melanoma, neuroglioma, and gastrointestinal cancer. Metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases are also associated with dysregulation of GPR56 expression, and GPR56 is involved in the pharmacological resistance to some antidepressant and cancer drug treatments. In this review, the molecular structure, expression profile, and signal transduction of GPR56 are introduced, and physiological and pathological functions of GRP56 are comprehensively summarized. Attributing to its significant biological functions and its long N-terminal extracellular region that interacts with multiple ligands, GPR56 is becoming an attractive therapeutic target in treating neurological and hematopoietic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Su
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qiuyun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Huijuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhenduo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chunru Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Paipai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yu Tai
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hanfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Manman Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qingtong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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6
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He L, Arnold C, Thoma J, Rohde C, Kholmatov M, Garg S, Hsiao CC, Viol L, Zhang K, Sun R, Schmidt C, Janssen M, MacRae T, Huber K, Thiede C, Hébert J, Sauvageau G, Spratte J, Fluhr H, Aust G, Müller-Tidow C, Niehrs C, Pereira G, Hamann J, Tanaka M, Zaugg JB, Pabst C. CDK7/12/13 inhibition targets an oscillating leukemia stem cell network and synergizes with venetoclax in acute myeloid leukemia. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14990. [PMID: 35253392 PMCID: PMC8988201 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous response of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to current anti‐leukemic therapies is only partially explained by mutational heterogeneity. We previously identified GPR56 as a surface marker associated with poor outcome across genetic groups, which characterizes two leukemia stem cell (LSC)‐enriched compartments with different self‐renewal capacities. How these compartments self‐renew remained unclear. Here, we show that GPR56+ LSC compartments are promoted in a complex network involving epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulators besides Rho, Wnt, and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Unexpectedly, Wnt pathway inhibition increased the more immature, slowly cycling GPR56+CD34+ fraction and Hh/EMT gene expression, while Wnt activation caused opposite effects. Our data suggest that the crucial role of GPR56 lies in its ability to co‐activate these opposing signals, thus ensuring the constant supply of both LSC subsets. We show that CDK7 inhibitors suppress both LSC‐enriched subsets in vivo and synergize with the Bcl‐2 inhibitor venetoclax. Our data establish reciprocal transition between LSC compartments as a novel concept underlying the poor outcome in GPR56high AML and propose combined CDK7 and Bcl‐2 inhibition as LSC‐directed therapy in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiazi He
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Arnold
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Judith Thoma
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Rohde
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maksim Kholmatov
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Swati Garg
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda Viol
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS)/Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kaiqing Zhang
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rui Sun
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Schmidt
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maike Janssen
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tara MacRae
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Stem Cells, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karin Huber
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Thiede
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Dresden Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Josée Hébert
- The Quebec Leukemia Cell Bank and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Sauvageau
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Stem Cells, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julia Spratte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Fluhr
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Aust
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Gislene Pereira
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS)/Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Judith B Zaugg
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Pabst
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Adhesion GPCR GPR56 Expression Profiling in Human Tissues. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123557. [PMID: 34944065 PMCID: PMC8700376 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the immense functional relevance of GPR56 (gene ADGRG1) in highly diverse (patho)physiological processes such as tumorigenesis, immune regulation, and brain development, little is known about its exact tissue localization. Here, we validated antibodies for GPR56-specific binding using cells with tagged GPR56 or eliminated ADGRG1 in immunotechniques. Using the most suitable antibody, we then established the human GPR56 tissue expression profile. Overall, ADGRG1 RNA-sequencing data of human tissues and GPR56 protein expression correlate very well. In the adult brain especially, microglia are GPR56-positive. Outside the central nervous system, GPR56 is frequently expressed in cuboidal or highly prismatic secreting epithelia. High ADGRG1 mRNA, present in the thyroid, kidney, and placenta is related to elevated GPR56 in thyrocytes, kidney tubules, and the syncytiotrophoblast, respectively. GPR56 often appears in association with secreted proteins such as pepsinogen A in gastric chief cells and insulin in islet β-cells. In summary, GPR56 shows a broad, not cell-type restricted expression in humans.
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8
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Zulfiqar S, Tariq M, Ramzan S, Khan A, Sher M, Ali Z, Dahl N, Abdullah U, Mahmood Baig S. Identification of a novel variant in GPR56/ADGRG1 gene through whole exome sequencing in a consanguineous Pakistani family. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 94:8-12. [PMID: 34863467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
GPR56 gene is best known for its pivotal role in cerebral cortical development. Mutations inGPR56give rise to cobblestone-like brain malformation, white matter changes and cerebellar dysplasia. This study aimed to identify causative variant in a consanguineous family having five individuals affected with developmental delay, mild to severe intellectual disability, speech impairment, strabismus and seizures. Whole exome sequencing was performed to identify mutation in affected individuals. Variants were filtered and further validated by Sanger sequencing and segregation analysis. A novel frameshift variant c.1601dupT leading to p.Ala535GlyfsTer17) was identified in GPR56 gene by whole exome sequencing and subsequent filtering. All five affected individuals were homozygous for the mutant allele while four asymptomatic individuals carried the variant in heterozygous state. Radiological findings of a representative patient presented features of GPR56-associated cobblestone like brain malformation. MRI findings suggested paucity of sulci, dilated ventricular system and brainstem atrophy. The microgyria were observed in a simplified gyral pattern (cobblestone). This single bp insertion, and the consequent frameshift, results in the truncation of GPR56 protein. This could result in a malformed cortex giving the brain a cobblestone like shape. Our study identified a 7th novel frameshift variant from Pakistani population in GPR56 gene, thus broadening mutation spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Zulfiqar
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore.
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Shafaq Ramzan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ayaz Khan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Sher
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Zafar Ali
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan.
| | - Niklas Dahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and Science for Life Laboratory, Box 815, 75108 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Uzma Abdullah
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi 46301, Pakistan.
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan; Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF), 1- Constitution Avenue, G-5/2, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
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9
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Ng KF, Chen TC, Stacey M, Lin HH. Role of ADGRG1/GPR56 in Tumor Progression. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123352. [PMID: 34943858 PMCID: PMC8699533 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication plays a critical role in diverse aspects of tumorigenesis including tumor cell growth/death, adhesion/detachment, migration/invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which constitute the largest group of cell surface receptors are known to play fundamental roles in all these processes. When considering the importance of GPCRs in tumorigenesis, the adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) are unique due to their hybrid structural organization of a long extracellular cell-adhesive domain and a seven-transmembrane signaling domain. Indeed, aGPCRs have been increasingly shown to be associated with tumor development by participating in tumor cell interaction and signaling. ADGRG1/GPR56, a representative tumor-associated aGPCR, is recognized as a potential biomarker/prognostic factor of specific cancer types with both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting functions. We summarize herein the latest findings of the role of ADGRG1/GPR56 in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwai-Fong Ng
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (K.-F.N.); (T.-C.C.)
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (K.-F.N.); (T.-C.C.)
| | - Martin Stacey
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Hsi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (K.-F.N.); (T.-C.C.)
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Keelung, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
- Center for Medical and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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10
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The role of GPR56/ADGRG1 in health and disease. Biomed J 2021; 44:534-547. [PMID: 34654683 PMCID: PMC8640549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR56/ADGRG1 is a versatile adhesion G protein-coupled receptor important in the physiological functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems, reproductive system, muscle hypertrophy, immune regulation, and hematopoietic stem cell generation. By contrast, aberrant expression or deregulated functions of GPR56 have been implicated in diverse pathological processes, including bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria, depression, and tumorigenesis. In this review article, we summarize and discuss the current understandings of the role of GPR56 in health and disease.
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11
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Li T, Chiou B, Gilman CK, Luo R, Koshi T, Yu D, Oak HC, Giera S, Johnson‐Venkatesh E, Muthukumar AK, Stevens B, Umemori H, Piao X. A splicing isoform of GPR56 mediates microglial synaptic refinement via phosphatidylserine binding. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104136. [PMID: 32452062 PMCID: PMC7429740 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019104136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental synaptic remodeling is important for the formation of precise neural circuitry, and its disruption has been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Microglia prune synapses, but integration of this synapse pruning with overlapping and concurrent neurodevelopmental processes, remains elusive. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor ADGRG1/GPR56 controls multiple aspects of brain development in a cell type-specific manner: In neural progenitor cells, GPR56 regulates cortical lamination, whereas in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, GPR56 controls developmental myelination and myelin repair. Here, we show that microglial GPR56 maintains appropriate synaptic numbers in several brain regions in a time- and circuit-dependent fashion. Phosphatidylserine (PS) on presynaptic elements binds GPR56 in a domain-specific manner, and microglia-specific deletion of Gpr56 leads to increased synapses as a result of reduced microglial engulfment of PS+ presynaptic inputs. Remarkably, a particular alternatively spliced isoform of GPR56 is selectively required for microglia-mediated synaptic pruning. Our present data provide a ligand- and isoform-specific mechanism underlying microglial GPR56-mediated synapse pruning in the context of complex neurodevelopmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of California, San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of MedicineBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Brian Chiou
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of California, San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Casey K Gilman
- Department of MedicineBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Rong Luo
- Department of MedicineBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Tatsuhiro Koshi
- Department of MedicineBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Diankun Yu
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of California, San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Hayeon C Oak
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of California, San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Stefanie Giera
- Department of MedicineBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Allie K Muthukumar
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology CenterChildren's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Beth Stevens
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology CenterChildren's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology CenterChildren's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of California, San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of MedicineBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology CenterChildren's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Weill Institute for NeuroscienceUniversity of California, San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
- Division of NeonatologyDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of California, San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
- Newborn Brain Research InstituteUniversity of California, San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCAUSA
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12
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Ganesh RA, Venkataraman K, Sirdeshmukh R. GPR56: An adhesion GPCR involved in brain development, neurological disorders and cancer. Brain Res 2020; 1747:147055. [PMID: 32798453 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GPR56/ADGRG1 is a member of the adhesion G-protein coupled receptor (aGPCR) family and one of the important players in the normal development of the brain. It plays a pivotal role in the diverse neurobiological processes, including cortical formation, oligodendrocyte development, and myelination. Mutations in GPR56 are known to cause brain malformation, myelination defects and are also implied in many cancers, including brain tumors. Since its identification almost two decades ago, GPR56 has emerged from an orphaned and uncharacterized GPCR to an increasingly well studied receptor. Yet, much needs to be understood about GPR56, both in terms of its molecular interactions and biological functions that may be relevant in normal health and disease. The review is focussed on the recent available knowledge of GPR56, which would give useful insights into its known and potential roles in the human brain, neurological disorders, and brain tumors like glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha A Ganesh
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India; Center for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632104, India
| | - Krishnan Venkataraman
- Center for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632104, India
| | - Ravi Sirdeshmukh
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India; Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.
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13
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Morgan RK, Anderson GR, Araç D, Aust G, Balenga N, Boucard A, Bridges JP, Engel FB, Formstone CJ, Glitsch MD, Gray RS, Hall RA, Hsiao CC, Kim HY, Knierim AB, Kusuluri DK, Leon K, Liebscher I, Piao X, Prömel S, Scholz N, Srivastava S, Thor D, Tolias KF, Ushkaryov YA, Vallon M, Van Meir EG, Vanhollebeke B, Wolfrum U, Wright KM, Monk KR, Mogha A. The expanding functional roles and signaling mechanisms of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1456:5-25. [PMID: 31168816 PMCID: PMC7891679 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The adhesion class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is the second largest family of GPCRs (33 members in humans). Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) are defined by a large extracellular N-terminal region that is linked to a C-terminal seven transmembrane (7TM) domain via a GPCR-autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain containing a GPCR proteolytic site (GPS). Most aGPCRs undergo autoproteolysis at the GPS motif, but the cleaved fragments stay closely associated, with the N-terminal fragment (NTF) bound to the 7TM of the C-terminal fragment (CTF). The NTFs of most aGPCRs contain domains known to be involved in cell-cell adhesion, while the CTFs are involved in classical G protein signaling, as well as other intracellular signaling. In this workshop report, we review the most recent findings on the biology, signaling mechanisms, and physiological functions of aGPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory K. Morgan
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Garret R. Anderson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Demet Araç
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gabriela Aust
- Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nariman Balenga
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Program in Molecular and Structural Biology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Antony Boucard
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, México
| | - James P. Bridges
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Perinatal Institute, Section of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Felix B. Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Caroline J. Formstone
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Guys Campus, Kings College London, London, UK
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College Lane Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Maike D. Glitsch
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ryan S. Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas
| | - Randy A. Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Alexander B. Knierim
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Deva Krupakar Kusuluri
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katherine Leon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Newborn Brain Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Simone Prömel
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Scholz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Swati Srivastava
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Mario Vallon
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Wallonia, Belgium
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kevin M. Wright
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kelly R. Monk
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Amit Mogha
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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14
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Overlap of polymicrogyria, hydrocephalus, and Joubert syndrome in a family with novel truncating mutations in ADGRG1/GPR56 and KIAA0556. Neurogenetics 2019; 20:91-98. [PMID: 30982090 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-019-00577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mutations associated with brain malformations can lead to a spectrum of severity and it is often difficult to determine whether there are additional pathogenic variants contributing to the phenotype. Here, we present a family affected by a severe brain malformation including bilateral polymicrogyria, hydrocephalus, patchy white matter signal changes, and cerebellar and pontine hypoplasia with elongated cerebellar peduncles leading to the molar tooth sign. While the malformation is reminiscent of bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP), the phenotype is more severe than previously reported and also includes features of Joubert syndrome (JBTS). Via exome sequencing, we identified homozygous truncating mutations in both ADGRG1/GPR56 and KIAA0556, which are known to cause BFPP and mild brain-specific JBTS, respectively. This study shows how two independent mutations can interact leading to complex brain malformations.
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15
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Folts CJ, Giera S, Li T, Piao X. Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Drug Targets for Neurological Diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:278-293. [PMID: 30871735 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The family of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) consists of 33 members in humans. Although the majority are orphan receptors with unknown functions, many reports have demonstrated critical functions for some members of this family in organogenesis, neurodevelopment, myelination, angiogenesis, and cancer progression. Importantly, mutations in several aGPCRs have been linked to human diseases. The crystal structure of a shared protein domain, the GPCR Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain, has enabled the discovery of a common signaling mechanism - a tethered agonist - for this class of receptors. A series of recent reports has shed new light on their biological functions and disease relevance. This review focuses on these recent advances in our understanding of aGPCR biology in the nervous system and the untapped potential of aGPCRs as novel therapeutic targets for neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Folts
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Current address: Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Stefanie Giera
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Current address: Sanofi S.A., 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Tao Li
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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16
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Olaniru OE, Persaud SJ. Adhesion G-protein coupled receptors: Implications for metabolic function. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:123-134. [PMID: 30825474 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G-protein coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are emerging as important actors in energy homeostasis. Recent biochemical and functional studies using transgenic mice indicate that aGPCRs play important roles in endocrine and metabolic functions including β-cell differentiation, insulin secretion, adipogenesis and whole body fuel homeostasis. Most aGPCRs are orphans, for which endogenous ligands have not yet been identified, and many of the endogenous ligands of the already de-orphanised aGPCRs are components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this review we focus on aGPCR expression in metabolically active tissues, their activation by ECM proteins, and current knowledge of their potential roles in islet development, insulin secretion, adipogenesis and muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo E Olaniru
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Diabetes, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Shanta J Persaud
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Diabetes, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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17
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Huang KY, Lin HH. The Activation and Signaling Mechanisms of GPR56/ADGRG1 in Melanoma Cell. Front Oncol 2018; 8:304. [PMID: 30135857 PMCID: PMC6092491 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) constitute the second largest GPCR subfamily. GPR56/ADGRG1 is a member of the ADGRG subgroup of aGPCRs. Although GPR56 is best known for its pivotal role in the cerebral cortical development, it is also important for tumor progression. Numerous studies have revealed that GPR56 is expressed in various cancer types with a role in cancer cell adhesion, migration and metastasis. In a recent study, we found that the immobilized GPR56-specific CG4 antibody enhanced IL-6 production and migration ability of melanoma cells. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of GPR56 function and discuss the activation and signaling mechanisms of GPR56 in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yeh Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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18
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Salzman GS, Ackerman SD, Ding C, Koide A, Leon K, Luo R, Stoveken HM, Fernandez CG, Tall GG, Piao X, Monk KR, Koide S, Araç D. Structural Basis for Regulation of GPR56/ADGRG1 by Its Alternatively Spliced Extracellular Domains. Neuron 2017; 91:1292-1304. [PMID: 27657451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) play critical roles in diverse neurobiological processes including brain development, synaptogenesis, and myelination. aGPCRs have large alternatively spliced extracellular regions (ECRs) that likely mediate intercellular signaling; however, the precise roles of ECRs remain unclear. The aGPCR GPR56/ADGRG1 regulates both oligodendrocyte and cortical development. Accordingly, human GPR56 mutations cause myelination defects and brain malformations. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the GPR56 ECR, the first structure of any complete aGPCR ECR, in complex with an inverse-agonist monobody, revealing a GPCR-Autoproteolysis-Inducing domain and a previously unidentified domain that we term Pentraxin/Laminin/neurexin/sex-hormone-binding-globulin-Like (PLL). Strikingly, PLL domain deletion caused increased signaling and characterizes a GPR56 splice variant. Finally, we show that an evolutionarily conserved residue in the PLL domain is critical for oligodendrocyte development in vivo. Thus, our results suggest that the GPR56 ECR has unique and multifaceted regulatory functions, providing novel insights into aGPCR roles in neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Salzman
- Biophysical Sciences Program, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sarah D Ackerman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chen Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Akiko Koide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Katherine Leon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rong Luo
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hannah M Stoveken
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Celia G Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gregory G Tall
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shohei Koide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Demet Araç
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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19
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Stoveken HM, Bahr LL, Anders MW, Wojtovich AP, Smrcka AV, Tall GG. Dihydromunduletone Is a Small-Molecule Selective Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor Antagonist. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:214-24. [PMID: 27338081 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.104828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) have emerging roles in development and tissue maintenance and is the most prevalent GPCR subclass mutated in human cancers, but to date, no drugs have been developed to target them in any disease. aGPCR extracellular domains contain a conserved subdomain that mediates self-cleavage proximal to the start of the 7-transmembrane domain (7TM). The two receptor protomers, extracellular domain and amino terminal fragment (NTF), and the 7TM or C-terminal fragment remain noncovalently bound at the plasma membrane in a low-activity state. We recently demonstrated that NTF dissociation liberates the 7TM N-terminal stalk, which acts as a tethered-peptide agonist permitting receptor-dependent heterotrimeric G protein activation. In many cases, natural aGPCR ligands are extracellular matrix proteins that dissociate the NTF to reveal the tethered agonist. Given the perceived difficulty in modifying extracellular matrix proteins to create aGPCR probes, we developed a serum response element (SRE)-luciferase-based screening approach to identify GPR56/ADGRG1 small-molecule inhibitors. A 2000-compound library comprising known drugs and natural products was screened for GPR56-dependent SRE activation inhibitors that did not inhibit constitutively active Gα13-dependent SRE activation. Dihydromunduletone (DHM), a rotenoid derivative, was validated using cell-free aGPCR/heterotrimeric G protein guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate binding reconstitution assays. DHM inhibited GPR56 and GPR114/ADGRG5, which have similar tethered agonists, but not the aGPCR GPR110/ADGRF1, M3 muscarinic acetylcholine, or β2 adrenergic GPCRs. DHM inhibited tethered peptide agonist-stimulated and synthetic peptide agonist-stimulated GPR56 but did not inhibit basal activity, demonstrating that it antagonizes the peptide agonist. DHM is a novel aGPCR antagonist and potentially useful chemical probe that may be developed as a future aGPCR therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Stoveken
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (H.M.S., L.L.B., M.W.A., A.P.W., A.V.S.), and Department of Anesthesiology (L.L.B., A.P.W.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.G.T.)
| | - Laura L Bahr
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (H.M.S., L.L.B., M.W.A., A.P.W., A.V.S.), and Department of Anesthesiology (L.L.B., A.P.W.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.G.T.)
| | - M W Anders
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (H.M.S., L.L.B., M.W.A., A.P.W., A.V.S.), and Department of Anesthesiology (L.L.B., A.P.W.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.G.T.)
| | - Andrew P Wojtovich
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (H.M.S., L.L.B., M.W.A., A.P.W., A.V.S.), and Department of Anesthesiology (L.L.B., A.P.W.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.G.T.)
| | - Alan V Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (H.M.S., L.L.B., M.W.A., A.P.W., A.V.S.), and Department of Anesthesiology (L.L.B., A.P.W.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.G.T.)
| | - Gregory G Tall
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (H.M.S., L.L.B., M.W.A., A.P.W., A.V.S.), and Department of Anesthesiology (L.L.B., A.P.W.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.G.T.)
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20
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Abstract
The adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are a family of 33 receptors in humans that are widely expressed in various tissues and involved in many diverse biological processes. These receptors possess extremely large N-termini (NT) containing a variety of adhesion domains. A distinguishing feature of these receptors is the presence within the NT of a highly conserved GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain, which mediates autoproteolysis of the receptors into N-terminal and C-terminal fragments that stay non-covalently associated. The downstream signaling pathways and G protein-coupling preferences of many aGPCRs have recently been elucidated, and putative endogenous ligands for some aGPCRs have also been discovered and characterized in recent years. A pivotal observation for aGPCRs has been that deletion or removal of the NT up the point of GAIN cleavage results in constitutive receptor activation. For at least some aGPCRs, this activation is dependent on the unmasking of specific agonistic peptide sequences within the N-terminal stalk region (i.e., the region between the site of GAIN domain cleavage and the first transmembrane domain). However, the specific peptide sequences involved and the overall importance of the stalk region for activation can vary greatly from receptor to receptor. An emerging theme of work in this area is that aGPCRs are capable of versatile signaling activity that may be fine-tuned to suit the specific physiological roles played by the various members of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Kishore
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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21
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Solaimani Kartalaei P, Yamada-Inagawa T, Vink CS, de Pater E, van der Linden R, Marks-Bluth J, van der Sloot A, van den Hout M, Yokomizo T, van Schaick-Solernó ML, Delwel R, Pimanda JE, van IJcken WFJ, Dzierzak E. Whole-transcriptome analysis of endothelial to hematopoietic stem cell transition reveals a requirement for Gpr56 in HSC generation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 212:93-106. [PMID: 25547674 PMCID: PMC4291529 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Using highly sensitive RNAseq to examine the whole transcriptome of enriched aortic hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial cells, the authors find G-protein–coupled receptor, Gpr56, is required to generate the first HSCs during endothelial to hematopoietic cell transition. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are generated via a natural transdifferentiation process known as endothelial to hematopoietic cell transition (EHT). Because of small numbers of embryonal arterial cells undergoing EHT and the paucity of markers to enrich for hemogenic endothelial cells (ECs [HECs]), the genetic program driving HSC emergence is largely unknown. Here, we use a highly sensitive RNAseq method to examine the whole transcriptome of small numbers of enriched aortic HSCs, HECs, and ECs. Gpr56, a G-coupled protein receptor, is one of the most highly up-regulated of the 530 differentially expressed genes. Also, highly up-regulated are hematopoietic transcription factors, including the “heptad” complex of factors. We show that Gpr56 (mouse and human) is a target of the heptad complex and is required for hematopoietic cluster formation during EHT. Our results identify the processes and regulators involved in EHT and reveal the surprising requirement for Gpr56 in generating the first HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Solaimani Kartalaei
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, and Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tomoko Yamada-Inagawa
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, and Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chris S Vink
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, and Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emma de Pater
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, and Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Reinier van der Linden
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, and Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jonathon Marks-Bluth
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Anthon van der Sloot
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, and Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam van den Hout
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, and Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tomomasa Yokomizo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
| | - M Lucila van Schaick-Solernó
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, and Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ruud Delwel
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, and Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - John E Pimanda
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Wilfred F J van IJcken
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, and Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elaine Dzierzak
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, and Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
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22
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Wu MP, Doyle JR, Barry B, Beauvais A, Rozkalne A, Piao X, Lawlor MW, Kopin AS, Walsh CA, Gussoni E. G-protein coupled receptor 56 promotes myoblast fusion through serum response factor- and nuclear factor of activated T-cell-mediated signalling but is not essential for muscle development in vivo. FEBS J 2013; 280:6097-113. [PMID: 24102982 PMCID: PMC3877849 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian muscle cell differentiation is a complex process of multiple steps for which many of the factors involved have not yet been defined. In a screen to identify the regulators of myogenic cell fusion, we found that the gene for G-protein coupled receptor 56 (GPR56) was transiently up-regulated during the early fusion of human myoblasts. Human mutations in the gene for GPR56 cause the disease bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria; however, the consequences of receptor dysfunction on muscle development have not been explored. Using knockout mice, we defined the role of GPR56 in skeletal muscle. GPR56(-/-) myoblasts have decreased fusion and smaller myotube sizes in culture. In addition, a loss of GPR56 expression in muscle cells results in decreases or delays in the expression of myogenic differentiation 1, myogenin and nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT)c2. Our data suggest that these abnormalities result from decreased GPR56-mediated serum response element and NFAT signalling. Despite these changes, no overt differences in phenotype were identified in the muscle of GPR56 knockout mice, which presented only a mild but statistically significant elevation of serum creatine kinase compared to wild-type. In agreement with these findings, clinical data from 13 bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria patients revealed mild serum creatine kinase increase in only two patients. In summary, targeted disruption of GPR56 in mice results in myoblast abnormalities. The absence of a severe muscle phenotype in GPR56 knockout mice and human patients suggests that other factors may compensate for the lack of this G-protein coupled receptor during muscle development and that the motor delay observed in these patients is likely not a result of primary muscle abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa P. Wu
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Jamie R. Doyle
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Brenda Barry
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Ariane Beauvais
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Anete Rozkalne
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael W. Lawlor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226, USA
| | - Alan S. Kopin
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Christopher A. Walsh
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Emanuela Gussoni
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA
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23
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Hricik T, Federici G, Zeuner A, Alimena G, Tafuri A, Tirelli V, Varricchio L, Masiello F, Ciaffoni F, Vaglio S, Petricoin EF, Girelli G, Levine RL, Migliaccio ARF. Transcriptomic and phospho-proteomic analyzes of erythroblasts expanded in vitro from normal donors and from patients with polycythemia vera. Am J Hematol 2013; 88:723-9. [PMID: 23720412 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is a tightly regulated process which becomes decoupled from its normal differentiation program in patients with polycythemia vera (PV). Somatic mutations in JAK2 are commonly associated with this myeloid proliferative disorder. To gain insight into the molecular events that are required for abnormally developing erythroid cells to escape dependence on normal growth signals, we performed in vitro expansion of mature erythroblasts (ERY) from seven normal healthy donors and from seven polycythemic patients in the presence of IL3, EPO, SCF for 10, 11, or 13 days. Normal ERYs required exposure to the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) for expansion, while PV-derived ERYs expanded in the absence of dexamethasone. RNA expression profiling revealed enrichment of two known oncogenes, GPR56 and RAB4a, in PV-derived ERYs along with reduced expression levels of transcription factor TAL1 (ANOVA FDR < 0.05). While both normal and polycythemic-derived ERYs integrated signaling cascades for growth, they did so via different signaling pathways which are represented by their differential phospho-profiles. Our results show that normal ERYs displayed greater levels of phosphorylation of EGFR, PDGFRβ, TGFβ, and cKit, while PV-derived ERYs were characterized by increased phosphorylation of cytoplasmic kinases in the JAK/STAT, PI3K, and GATA1 pathways. Together these data suggest that PV erythroblast expansion and maturation may be maintained and enriched in the absence of dexamethasone through reduced TAL1 expression and by accessing additional signaling cascades. Members of this acquired repertoire may provide important insight into the pathogenesis of aberrant erythropoiesis in myeloproliferative neoplasms such as polycythemia vera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Hricik
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York; New York
| | | | - Ann Zeuner
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome; Italy
| | | | - Agostino Tafuri
- Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology; La Sapienza University; Rome; Italy
| | - Valentina Tirelli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome; Italy
| | - Lilian Varricchio
- Department of Hematology/Oncology; Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York; New York
| | - Francesca Masiello
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome; Italy
| | | | | | - Emanuel F. Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; George Mason University; Manassas; Virginia
| | | | - Ross L. Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York; New York
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24
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Langenhan T, Aust G, Hamann J. Sticky Signaling--Adhesion Class G Protein-Coupled Receptors Take the Stage. Sci Signal 2013; 6:re3. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Kelemen O, Convertini P, Zhang Z, Wen Y, Shen M, Falaleeva M, Stamm S. Function of alternative splicing. Gene 2013; 514:1-30. [PMID: 22909801 PMCID: PMC5632952 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Almost all polymerase II transcripts undergo alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Here, we review the functions of alternative splicing events that have been experimentally determined. The overall function of alternative splicing is to increase the diversity of mRNAs expressed from the genome. Alternative splicing changes proteins encoded by mRNAs, which has profound functional effects. Experimental analysis of these protein isoforms showed that alternative splicing regulates binding between proteins, between proteins and nucleic acids as well as between proteins and membranes. Alternative splicing regulates the localization of proteins, their enzymatic properties and their interaction with ligands. In most cases, changes caused by individual splicing isoforms are small. However, cells typically coordinate numerous changes in 'splicing programs', which can have strong effects on cell proliferation, cell survival and properties of the nervous system. Due to its widespread usage and molecular versatility, alternative splicing emerges as a central element in gene regulation that interferes with almost every biological function analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kelemen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Paolo Convertini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Zhaiyi Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Yuan Wen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Manli Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Marina Falaleeva
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Stefan Stamm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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26
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Yang L, Xu L. GPR56 in cancer progression: current status and future perspective. Future Oncol 2012; 8:431-40. [PMID: 22515446 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion is a critical process during cancer progression and is mediated by transmembrane receptors. Recently, GPR56, a member of the adhesion family of G protein-coupled receptors, was established as a new type of adhesion receptor that binds to extracellular matrix proteins and shown to play inhibitory roles in melanoma progression. Further studies revealed that the extracellular portion and the seven transmembrane domains of GPR56 function antagonistically to regulate VEGF production and angiogenesis via a signaling pathway mediated by PKCα. Tissue transglutaminase was identified as the first extracellular matrix protein that binds to GPR56. It is a crosslinking enzyme in the extracellular matrix but is also expressed in the cytosol. Tissue transglutaminase plays pleiotropic roles in cancer progression. Whether and how it might mediate GPR56-regulated cancer progression awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Yang
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Department of Dermatology, James P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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27
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Paavola KJ, Hall RA. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors: signaling, pharmacology, and mechanisms of activation. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:777-83. [PMID: 22821233 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.080309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a distinct family of more than 30 receptors in vertebrate genomes. These receptors have been shown to play pivotal roles in a diverse range of biological functions and are characterized by extremely large N termini featuring various adhesion domains capable of mediating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The adhesion GPCR N termini also contain GPCR proteolytic site motifs that undergo autocatalytic cleavage during receptor processing to create mature GPCRs existing as noncovalently attached complexes between the N terminus and transmembrane regions. There is mounting evidence that adhesion GPCRs can couple to G proteins to activate a variety of different downstream signaling pathways. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that adhesion GPCR N termini can bind to multiple ligands, which may differentially activate receptor signaling and/or mediate cell adhesion. In addition, studies on several distinct adhesion GPCRs have revealed that truncations of the N termini result in constitutively active receptors, suggesting a model of receptor activation in which removal of the N terminus may be a key event in stimulating receptor signaling. Because mutations to certain adhesion GPCRs cause human disease and because many members of this receptor family exhibit highly discrete distribution patterns in different tissues, the adhesion GPCRs represent a class of potentially important drug targets that have not yet been exploited. For this reason, understanding the mechanisms of activation for these receptors and elucidating their downstream signaling pathways can provide insights with the potential to lead to novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Paavola
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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28
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Mizuno N, Itoh H. Signal transduction mediated through adhesion-GPCRs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 706:157-66. [PMID: 21618835 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7913-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The signaling cascade of most adhesion-GPCRs remains uncharacterized, as the majority are still orphan receptors and further complicated by their unique structure containing a cleaved long extracellular domain (ECD) and a seven-transmembrane domain (7TM). In this chapter, we review previous reports which suggest G protein-dependent and -independent signaling pathways of adhesion-GPCRs and present our approach to investigate the signal transduction of the adhesion-GPCR, GPR56.
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29
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Yang L, Chen G, Mohanty S, Scott G, Fazal F, Rahman A, Begum S, Hynes RO, Xu L. GPR56 Regulates VEGF production and angiogenesis during melanoma progression. Cancer Res 2011; 71:5558-68. [PMID: 21724588 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a critical step during cancer progression. The VEGF is a major stimulator for angiogenesis and is predominantly contributed by cancer cells in tumors. Inhibition of the VEGF signaling pathway has shown promising therapeutic benefits for cancer patients, but adaptive tumor responses are often observed, indicating the need for further understanding of VEGF regulation. We report that a novel G protein-coupled receptor, GPR56, inhibits VEGF production from the melanoma cell lines and impedes melanoma angiogenesis and growth, through the serine threonine proline-rich segment in its N-terminus and a signaling pathway involving protein kinase Cα. We also present evidence that the two fragments of GPR56, which are generated by autocatalyzed cleavage, played distinct roles in regulating VEGF production and melanoma progression. Finally, consistent with its suppressive roles in melanoma progression, the expression levels of GPR56 are inversely correlated with the malignancy of melanomas in human subjects. We propose that components of the GPR56-mediated signaling pathway may serve as new targets for antiangiogenic treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Yang
- Departments of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14612, USA
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30
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Abstract
Tumor growth is a highly complex, multistep process that involves tumor cell detachment, migration, invasion and metastasis accompanied by angiogenesis and extracellular matrix turn-over. Each of the steps is influenced by tumor cell interaction and interaction of the tumor cell with its microenvironment that consists of different cell types as tumor-associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells and leukocytes as well as the extracellular matrix produced by the tumor cells themselves or by the fibroblasts. Cellular communication takes place by the regulated expression of adhesion receptors. Adhesion-GPCRs are characterized by very long extracellular N-termini that have multiple domains. When considering this complex structure it is only logical that adhesion-GPCRs are involved in tumor cell interactions. Moreover, these receptors function in cell guidance and/or trafficking, which, in addition to their structure, makes them interesting for tumorigenesis. The aberrant expression of several adhesion-GPCRs on tumor cells and their involvement in tumor growth have been shown for some of the family members. This overview summarizes expression database data as well as data from original research articles of adhesion-GPCRs in tumors.
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