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Gong H, Xu HM, Zhang DK. Focusing on discoidin domain receptors in premalignant and malignant liver diseases. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1123638. [PMID: 37007062 PMCID: PMC10050580 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1123638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) are receptor tyrosine kinases on the membrane surface that bind to extracellular collagens, but they are rarely expressed in normal liver tissues. Recent studies have demonstrated that DDRs participate in and influence the processes underlying premalignant and malignant liver diseases. A brief overview of the potential roles of DDR1 and DDR2 in premalignant and malignant liver diseases is presented. DDR1 has proinflammatory and profibrotic benefits and promotes the invasion, migration and liver metastasis of tumour cells. However, DDR2 may play a pathogenic role in early-stage liver injury (prefibrotic stage) and a different role in chronic liver fibrosis and in metastatic liver cancer. These views are critically significant and first described in detail in this review. The main purpose of this review was to describe how DDRs act in premalignant and malignant liver diseases and their potential mechanisms through an in-depth summary of preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies. Our work aims to provide new ideas for cancer treatment and accelerate translation from bench to bedside.
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The Yin and Yang of Discoidin Domain Receptors (DDRs): Implications in Tumor Growth and Metastasis Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071725. [PMID: 33917302 PMCID: PMC8038660 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in tumor development and metastasis. Collagens are major components of the extracellular matrix and can influence tumor development and metastasis by activating discoidin domain receptors (DDRs). This work shows the different roles of DDRs in various cancers and highlights the complexity of anti-DDR therapies in cancer treatment. Abstract The tumor microenvironment is a complex structure composed of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and nontumoral cells (notably cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and immune cells). Collagens are the main components of the ECM and they are extensively remodeled during tumor progression. Some collagens are ligands for the discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinases, DDR1 and DDR2. DDRs are involved in different stages of tumor development and metastasis formation. In this review, we present the different roles of DDRs in these processes and discuss controversial findings. We conclude by describing emerging DDR inhibitory strategies, which could be used as new alternatives for the treatment of patients.
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Mehta V, Chander H, Munshi A. Complex roles of discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinases in cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 23:1497-1510. [PMID: 33634432 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Discoidin domain receptors, DDR1 and DDR2 are members of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family that serves as a non-integrin collagen receptor and were initially identified as critical regulators of embryonic development and cellular homeostasis. In recent years, numerous studies have focused on the role of these receptors in disease development, in particular, cancer where they have been reported to augment ECM remodeling, invasion, drug resistance to facilitate tumor progression and metastasis. Interestingly, accumulating evidence also suggests that DDRs promote apoptosis and suppress tumor progression in various human cancers due to which their functions in cancer remain ill-defined and presents a case of an interesting therapeutic target. The present review has discussed the role of DDRs in tumorigenesis and the metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mehta
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India.
| | - H Chander
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India.,National Institute of Biologicals, Sector 62, Noida-201309, India
| | - A Munshi
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
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Park JW, Lee YS, Kim JS, Lee SK, Kim BH, Lee JA, Lee NO, Kim SH, Hong EK. Downregulation of discoidin domain receptor 2 decreases tumor growth of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 141:1973-83. [PMID: 25842034 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-1967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) have been identified as tyrosine kinase receptors for collagen, and the overexpression of DDR1 was correlated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression in vitro. Little is known about DDR2 on HCC cells, and we investigated the expression and function of DDR2 in human HCC cells. METHODS Expression of DDR2 in human HCC cell lines and patient HCC tissues was observed. The suppression of DDR2 by siRNA against DDR2 was performed in vitro and in vivo study. RESULTS All of HCC cell lines expressed DDR2 mRNA, and all HCC tissues from the ten patients with HCC demonstrated DDR2 mRNA expression. Transfection of DDR2 siRNA significantly inhibits cell growth compared to cells with nontarget siRNA transfection in vitro (P < 0.001). In SNU182, Hep3B, and HeLa cell xenograft models, there was a significant difference in average tumor volumes after 12 days of the DDR2 siRNA injection (P < 0.05) in SNU182 xenograft mice. DDR2 siRNA injection decreased the mean tumor volume by 65.6 % compared to that of the control. The apoptosis analysis demonstrated that DDR2 siRNA treatment significantly increased apoptotic cells (P < 0.01). Cell migration (P < 0.05) and cell invasion (P < 0.01) were significantly decreased by DDR2 siRNA treatment. CONCLUSIONS The inhibition of DDR2 by RNA interference suppressed in vivo and in vitro growth of human HCC cells. Our results may support that the use of DDR2 as a novel target of HCC treatment through control of tumor apoptosis, migration, and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong-Won Park
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea. .,Center for Liver Cancer, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsan dong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 411-769, South Korea.
| | - Yeon-Su Lee
- Functional Genomics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea.
| | - Jin Sook Kim
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea.
| | - Sook-Kyung Lee
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea.
| | - Bo Hyun Kim
- Center for Liver Cancer, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsan dong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 411-769, South Korea.
| | - Jung Ahn Lee
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea.
| | - Nam Oak Lee
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea.
| | - Seong Hoon Kim
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea. .,Center for Liver Cancer, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsan dong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 411-769, South Korea.
| | - Eun Kyung Hong
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea. .,Center for Liver Cancer, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsan dong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 411-769, South Korea.
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Cho YW, Han YS, Chung IY, Kim SJ, Seo SW, Yoo JM, Park JM. Suppression of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization by intravitreal injection of tristetraprolin. Int J Ophthalmol 2014; 7:952-8. [PMID: 25540745 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.06.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the effect of intravitreal adenoviral vector-mediated tristetraprolin (Ad-TTP) on VEGF mRNA expression in a rat model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. METHODS Ad-TTP was prepared using a commercial kit. Retinal laser-induced photocoagulation (10 spots per eye) was performed on rats in this experimental choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model. Rats were divided into four groups: control (single intravitreal injection of balanced salt solution, n=10), laser-induced CNV (photocoagulation only, n=20), laser-induced CNV plus Ad-TTP injection (photocoagulation plus a single intravitreal Ad-TTP injection, n=20) and Ad-TTP injection only (n=10). Changes in choroidal morphology were evaluated in ten rats in the laser only and the laser plus Ad-TTP groups. Two weeks after laser injury, the size of CNV was calculated by perfusion with high-molecular-weight fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran. VEGF mRNA expression in retina-choroid tissue from ten rats in each group was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Two weeks after treatment, the area of laser-induced CNV was reduced by approximately 60% in the rats given the Ad-TTP injection compared with that in the laser-only group. There was a tendency toward decreased VEGF mRNA expression in the Ad-TTP injection groups. CONCLUSION A single intravitreal injection of Ad-TTP significantly suppressed CNV size in this experimental laser-induced CNV model. Ad-TTP injection also decreased VEGF mRNA expression compared with that in the laser-induced CNV group. The present study is meaningful as the first study to investigate the effect of tristetraprolin delivered via intravitreal injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wun Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea
| | - Yong Seop Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea ; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-702, Korea
| | - In Young Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea ; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-702, Korea
| | - Seong Jae Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea
| | - Seong Wook Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea ; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-702, Korea
| | - Ji Myong Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea ; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-702, Korea
| | - Jong Moon Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-702, Korea ; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-702, Korea
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The anti-angiogenic role of discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 93:187-98. [PMID: 25355563 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV), an aberrant growth of blood vessels in the choroid layer of the eye, is a major cause of vision loss. In view of our recent finding that discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), a collagen-binding receptor tyrosine kinase, is involved in control of vascular endothelial activity and tumor angiogenesis, the present study aims to investigate whether and how DDR2 affects the pathogenesis of CNV. We initially found that a spontaneous DDR2 mutant mouse colony (slie) exhibited enhanced amplitude of laser-induced CNV. The inhibitory role of DDR2 in CNV development was further confirmed by experiments through intravitreous injection of DDR2 small interference RNA (siRNA) or DDR2-expressing adenovirus. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunoblot analysis showed that DDR2 regulates the expression of several major pro-angiogenic factors in the laser-injured choroid as well as in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. In addition, it was demonstrated that the CNV-induced increases in the phosphorylation levels of Akt and mTOR were affected by the upregulation or downregulation of DDR2. Thus, the data from this study for the first time revealed that DDR2 negatively regulates the development of experimental CNV in vivo, which may provide a novel target for preventing human pathological ocular neovascularization. Key messages: DDR2 does not affect retinal development. DDR2 inhibits laser-induced CNV. DDR2 regulates angiogenic factor expression in CNV lesion as well as in RPE cells. DDR2 is involved in modulation of CNV-induced activation of PI3K pathway.
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KONG HENG, LIU CHUNLI, ZHU TING, HUANG ZONGHAI, YANG LIUCHENG, LI QIANG. Effects of an adenoviral vector containing a suicide gene fusion on growth characteristics of breast cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:3227-32. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ren T, Zhang W, Liu X, Zhao H, Zhang J, Zhang J, Li X, Zhang Y, Bu X, Shi M, Yao L, Su J. Discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) promotes breast cancer cell metastasis and the mechanism implicates epithelial-mesenchymal transition programme under hypoxia. J Pathol 2014; 234:526-37. [PMID: 25130389 DOI: 10.1002/path.4415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of genes involved in breast cancer metastasis have been reported to be related to the microenvironment. We studied the role of discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), a collagen-binding receptor, in breast cancer progression under hypoxic conditions. We showed that DDR2 protein expression closely correlated with the expression of hypoxic marker HIF-1α in clinical breast cancer specimens. The in vitro data demonstrated that hypoxia treatment increased the levels of both expression and phosphorylation of DDR2 in human breast cancer cell lines. In vivo, orthotopic breast tumour xenografts with DDR2 knockdown displayed reduced dissemination and significant prevention in pulmonary and lymphatic metastasis; conversely, these processes were significantly facilitated by the enforced expression of the activated form of DDR2. Further mechanism studies indicated that DDR2 plays an indispensable role in a series of hypoxia-induced behaviours of breast cancer cells, including migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The transcription factor Snail was found to mediate DDR2-induced down-regulation of the cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin. It was also documented that there is a correlation between DDR2 and E-cadherin expression with the presence of lymph node metastases in 160 cases of invasive human breast carcinoma. In addition, we provided evidence that DDR2 silencing in breast cancer cells prevents the hypoxia-induced activation of ERK MAPK, suggesting its potential involvement in mediating the effect of DDR2 on hypoxia-induced signalling. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that DDR2 participates in hypoxia-induced breast cancer metastasis through the regulation of cell migration, invasion, and EMT, and thus may serve as an accessible therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Zhang S, Bu X, Zhao H, Yu J, Wang Y, Li D, Zhu C, Zhu T, Ren T, Liu X, Yao L, Su J. A host deficiency of discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) inhibits both tumour angiogenesis and metastasis. J Pathol 2014; 232:436-48. [PMID: 24293323 DOI: 10.1002/path.4311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) is a unique receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that signals in response to collagen binding and is implicated in tumour malignant phenotypes such as invasion and metastasis. Although it has been reported that DDR2 expression is up-regulated in activated endothelial cells (ECs), functional studies are lacking. Herein, we found that enforced expression of DDR2 promoted proliferation, migration and tube formation of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The results of immunohistochemical analysis showed a strikingly high level of DDR2 in human tumour ECs. Most significantly, we discovered that a host deficiency of DDR2 inhibits subcutaneous angiogenesis induced by either VEGF or tumour cells. In addition, the remaining tumour vessels in DDR2-deficient mice exhibit some normalized properties. These vascular phenotypes are accompanied by the up-regulation of anti-angiogenic genes and down-regulation of pro-angiogenic genes, as well as by alleviated tumour hypoxia. By use of a tail vein metastasis model of melanoma, we uncovered that loss of stromal DDR2 also suppresses tumour metastasis to the lung. Hence, our current data disclose a new mechanism by which DDR2 affects tumour progression, and may strengthen the feasibility of targeting DDR2 as an anticancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
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Egan JB, Barrett MT, Champion MD, Middha S, Lenkiewicz E, Evers L, Francis P, Schmidt J, Shi CX, Van Wier S, Badar S, Ahmann G, Kortuem KM, Boczek NJ, Fonseca R, Craig DW, Carpten JD, Borad MJ, Stewart AK. Whole genome analyses of a well-differentiated liposarcoma reveals novel SYT1 and DDR2 rearrangements. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87113. [PMID: 24505276 PMCID: PMC3914808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma, but little is known about the genomic basis of this disease. Given the low cell content of this tumor type, we utilized flow cytometry to isolate the diploid normal and aneuploid tumor populations from a well-differentiated liposarcoma prior to array comparative genomic hybridization and whole genome sequencing. This work revealed massive highly focal amplifications throughout the aneuploid tumor genome including MDM2, a gene that has previously been found to be amplified in well-differentiated liposarcoma. Structural analysis revealed massive rearrangement of chromosome 12 and 11 gene fusions, some of which may be part of double minute chromosomes commonly present in well-differentiated liposarcoma. We identified a hotspot of genomic instability localized to a region of chromosome 12 that includes a highly conserved, putative L1 retrotransposon element, LOC100507498 which resides within a gene cluster (NAV3, SYT1, PAWR) where 6 of the 11 fusion events occurred. Interestingly, a potential gene fusion was also identified in amplified DDR2, which is a potential therapeutic target of kinase inhibitors such as dastinib, that are not routinely used in the treatment of patients with liposarcoma. Furthermore, 7 somatic, damaging single nucleotide variants have also been identified, including D125N in the PTPRQ protein. In conclusion, this work is the first to report the entire genome of a well-differentiated liposarcoma with novel chromosomal rearrangements associated with amplification of therapeutically targetable genes such as MDM2 and DDR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan B. Egan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Barrett
- Clinical Translational Research Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mia D. Champion
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sumit Middha
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Lenkiewicz
- Clinical Translational Research Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lisa Evers
- Clinical Translational Research Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Princy Francis
- Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jessica Schmidt
- Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Chang-Xin Shi
- Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Scott Van Wier
- Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sandra Badar
- Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Gregory Ahmann
- Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - K. Martin Kortuem
- Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Nicole J. Boczek
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rafael Fonseca
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- Division of Hematology/Oncology Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David W. Craig
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - John D. Carpten
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mitesh J. Borad
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- Division of Hematology/Oncology Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - A. Keith Stewart
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- Division of Hematology/Oncology Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ward LS. Immune response in thyroid cancer: widening the boundaries. SCIENTIFICA 2014; 2014:125450. [PMID: 25328756 PMCID: PMC4190695 DOI: 10.1155/2014/125450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The association between thyroid cancer and thyroid inflammation has been repeatedly reported and highly debated in the literature. In fact, both molecular and epidemiological data suggest that these diseases are closely related and this association reinforces that the immune system is important for thyroid cancer progression. Innate immunity is the first line of defensive response. Unlike innate immune responses, adaptive responses are highly specific to the particular antigen that induced them. Both branches of the immune system may interact in antitumor immune response. Major effector cells of the immune system that directly target thyroid cancer cells include dendritic cells, macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, mast cells, and lymphocytes. A mixture of immune cells may infiltrate thyroid cancer microenvironment and the balance of protumor and antitumor activity of these cells may be associated with prognosis. Herein, we describe some evidences that immune response may be important for thyroid cancer progression and may help us identify more aggressive tumors, sparing the vast majority of patients from costly unnecessary invasive procedures. The future trend in thyroid cancer is an individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sterian Ward
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (FCM-Unicamp), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Barão Geraldo,
13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- *Laura Sterian Ward:
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Ji B, Liu Y, Zhang P, Wang Y, Wang G. COX-2 expression and tumor angiogenesis in thyroid carcinoma patients among northeast Chinese population-result of a single-center study. Int J Med Sci 2012; 9:237-42. [PMID: 22577338 PMCID: PMC3348528 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.4173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), one of the rate-limiting enzymes in the metabolism of arachidonic acid which is reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of many human tumors. As well, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is well known to be involved in the infiltration and metastasis of many kinds of cancers. The aim of this study was to further elucidate the clinicopathologic significance of the immunohistochemical expressions of COX-2 and VEGF in thyroid carcinoma. METHODS Eighty-five patients with thyroid neoplasms were enrolled in our study from December 2003 to January 2010 from the authors' institution retrospectively. Their tumors were examined in the Department of Pathology, the First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University. Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded tissues sections using monoclonal anti-human COX-2 and VEGF antibodies. The tissues were classified into four types: papillary, follicular, medullary and undifferentiated. The patients ranged in age from 23 to 71 years. Breast cancer slides acted as control slides. The immunohistochemical stains were quantified by staining intensity and by the proportion of positively stained cells which were stained brown or yellow. RESULTS The results were analysed by χ(2) test. COX-2 and VEGF expressions were stronger in thyroid carcinoma than in thyroid adenomas and normal tissues (P<0.01). COX-2 and VEGF expressions in thyroid carcinoma correlated with the tumor type and TNM stage. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that expression of COX-2 and VEGF may promote angiogenesis of thyroid carcinoma, its infiltration, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Ji
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Bethune Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin 130021, China
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