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Sun R, Wang Y, Shi W, Zhang H, Liu J, He W. Acidity-Triggered "Sticky Spotlight": CCK2R-Targeted TME-Sensitive NIR Fluorescent Probes for Tumor Imaging In Vivo. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:528-539. [PMID: 38514970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Cancer which causes high mortality globally threatens public health seriously. There is an urgent need to develop tumor-specific near-infrared (NIR) imaging agents to achieve precise diagnosis and guide effective treatment. In recent years, imaging probes that respond to acidic environments such as endosomes, lysosomes, or acidic tumor microenvironments (TMEs) are being developed. However, because of their nonspecific internalization by both normal and tumor cells, resulting in a poor signal-to-noise ratio in diagnosis, these pH-sensitive probes fail to be applied to in vivo tumor imaging. To address this issue, a cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R)-targeted TME-sensitive NIR fluorescent probe R2SM was synthesized by coupling pH-sensitive heptamethine cyanine with a CCK2R ligand, minigastrin analogue 11 (MG11) for in vivo imaging, in which MG11 would target overexpressed CCK2Rs in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Cell uptake assay demonstrated that R2SM exhibited a high affinity for CCK2R, leading to receptor-mediated internalization and making probes finally accumulated in the lysosomes of tumor cells, which suggested in the tumor tissues, the probes were distributed in the extracellular acidic TME and intracellular lysosomes. With a pKa of 6.83, R2SM can be activated at the acidic TME (pH = 6.5-6.8) and lysosomes (pH = 4.5-5.0), exhibiting an apparent pH-dependent behavior and generating more intense fluorescence in these acidic environments. In vivo imaging showed that coupling of MG11 with a pH-sensitive NIR probe facilitated the accumulation of probe and enhanced the fluorescence in CCK2R-overexpressed HT-29 tumor cells. A high signal was observed in the tumor region within 0.5 h postinjection, indicating its potential application in intraoperative imaging. Fluorescence imaging of R2SM exhibited higher tumor-to-liver and tumor-to-kidney ratios (2.1:1 and 2.3:1, respectively), compared separately with the probes that are lipophilic, pH-insensitive, or MG11-free. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the synergistic effect of tumor targeting with pH sensitivity plays a vital role in the high signal-to-noise ratio of the NIR imaging probe. Moreover, different kinds of tumor-targeting vectors could be conjugated simultaneously with the NIR dye, which would further improve the receptor affinity and targeting efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Sun
- Medical Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Medical Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wenhui Shi
- Medical Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- Medical Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Medical Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Weina He
- Medical Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Ramírez-Perdomo A, Márquez-Barrios G, Gutiérrez-Castañeda LD, Parra-Medina R. NEUROENDOCRINE PEPTIDES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF COLORECTAL CARCINOMA. Exp Oncol 2023; 45:3-16. [PMID: 37417286 DOI: 10.15407/exp-oncology.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the third most frequent neoplasm worldwide and the second leading cause of mortality. Neuroendocrine peptides such as glucagon, bombesin, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, and gastrin as well as growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor have been postulated as being involved in carcinogenesis. The fact that these neuroendocrine peptides are involved in the development of CRC through the activation of growth factors that stimulate a series of molecular pathways that activate oncogenic signaling mechanisms is emphasized in this review. Peptides such as CCK1, serotonin, and bombesin have been found to be over-expressed in human tumor tissues. Meanwhile, the expression of peptides such as GLP2 has been seen mainly in murine models. The information contained in this review provides a better understanding of the role these peptides play in the pathogenesis of CRC for basic and clinical science studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramírez-Perdomo
- Pathology, University Foundation of Health Sciences, Bogota Calle 10 #18-75, ColombiaPathology, University Foundation of Health Sciences, Bogota Calle 10 #18-75, Colombia
| | - G Márquez-Barrios
- Pathology, University Foundation of Health Sciences, Bogota Calle 10 #18-75, Colombia
| | - L D Gutiérrez-Castañeda
- Basic Health Sciences Group, University Foundation of Health Sciences, Bogota, Colombia
- Research Institute, University Foundation of Health Sciences (FUCS), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - R Parra-Medina
- Pathology Department, University Foundation of Health Sciences (FUCS), Bogota Calle 10 #18-75, Colombia
- Research Institute, University Foundation of Health Sciences, Bogota, Colombia
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Tang J, Peng W, Ji J, Peng C, Wang T, Yang P, Gu J, Feng Y, Jin K, Wang X, Sun Y. GPR176 Promotes Cancer Progression by Interacting with G Protein GNAS to Restrain Cell Mitophagy in Colorectal Cancer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205627. [PMID: 36905238 PMCID: PMC10131842 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
GPR176 belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, which responds to external stimuli and regulates cancer progression, but its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. In the present study, expression analyses of GPR176 are performed in patients with colorectal cancer. Genetic mouse models of CRC coupled with Gpr176-deficiency are investigated, and in vivo and in vitro treatments are conducted. A positive correlation between GPR176 upregulation and the proliferation and poor overall survival of CRC is demonstrated. GPR176 is confirmed to activate the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and modulate mitophagy, promoting CRC oncogenesis and development. Mechanistically, the G protein GNAS is recruited intracellularly to transduce and amplify extracellular signals from GPR176. A homolog model tool confirmed that GPR176 recruits GNAS intracellularly via its transmembrane helix 3-intracellular loop 2 domain. The GPR176/GNAS complex inhibits mitophagy via the cAMP/PKA/BNIP3L axis, thereby promoting the tumorigenesis and progression of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Tang
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu210029P. R. China
- Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingP. R. China
| | - Wen Peng
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu210029P. R. China
- Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingP. R. China
| | - Jiangzhou Ji
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu210029P. R. China
- Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingP. R. China
- The First School of Clinical MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingP. R. China
| | - Chaofan Peng
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu210029P. R. China
- Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingP. R. China
- The First School of Clinical MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingP. R. China
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu210029P. R. China
- Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingP. R. China
- The First School of Clinical MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingP. R. China
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu210029P. R. China
- Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingP. R. China
- The First School of Clinical MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingP. R. China
| | - Ji'ou Gu
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu210029P. R. China
- Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingP. R. China
- The First School of Clinical MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingP. R. China
| | - Yifei Feng
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu210029P. R. China
- Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingP. R. China
| | - Kangpeng Jin
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu210029P. R. China
- Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingP. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu210029P. R. China
- Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingP. R. China
- The First School of Clinical MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingP. R. China
| | - Yueming Sun
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu210029P. R. China
- Colorectal Institute of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingP. R. China
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Proton Pump Inhibitors and Cancer Risk: An Umbrella Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies. Am J Clin Oncol 2022; 45:475-485. [PMID: 36255347 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increasing evidence suggested that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) use might affect the development of cancers, but previous conclusions remain controversial. Therefore, an umbrella review was performed to clarify the associations between PPIs and various types of cancer by summarizing the existing meta-analyses and systematic reviews. METHODS We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP database up to June 2022 for eligible meta-analyses or systematic reviews. The summary effect size, 95% CI, heterogeneity, small study effect, and 95% prediction interval were considered in the present study. A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Review 2 and grading of recommendation, assessment, development, and evaluation were used to assess methodological quality and evidence. RESULTS The umbrella review included 21 meta-analyses containing 65 studies and 10 cancer types with 6.8 million subjects. The results showed that PPI use was significantly associated with increased risks of certain types of cancer, including gastric cancer (odds ratio [OR]: 2.07; 95% CI, 1.30 to 3.29), pancreatic cancer (OR: 1.73; 95% CI, 1.23 to 2.44), colorectal cancer (OR: 1.84; 95% CI, 1.26 to 2.67), and liver cancer (OR: 1.80; 95% CI, 1.27 to 2.54), but was not associated with esophageal cancer. In addition, PPI use was associated with decreased risk of breast cancer (OR: 0.69; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.96). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that clinicians should pay more attention to the occurrence of gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, and liver cancer in patients who used PPIs, and PPI prescription should be written only when an accurate specific diagnosis has been made. Furthermore, additional PPIs to the treatment regimen may be benefit for women with a higher-than-average risk of breast cancer.
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Li M, Chang J, Ren H, Song D, Guo J, Peng L, Zhou X, Zhao K, Lu S, Liu Z, Hu P. Downregulation of CCKBR Expression Inhibits the Proliferation of Gastric Cancer Cells, Revealing a Potential Target for Immunotoxin Therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:257-268. [PMID: 34994328 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220106113616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Increased CCKBR expression density or frequency has been reported in many neoplasms. Objective We aimed to investigate whether CCKBR drives the growth of gastric cancer (GC) and its potential as a therapeutic target of immunotoxins. Methods A lentiviral interference system was used to generate CCKBR-knockdown gastric cancer cells. Cell Counting Kit-8 and clonogenic assays were used to evaluate cell proliferation. Wound-healing and cell invasion assays were performed to evaluate cell mobility. Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Tumor growth in vivo was investigated using a heterologous tumor transplantation model in nude mice. In addition, we generated the immunotoxin FQ17P and evaluated the combining capacity and tumor cytotoxicity of FQ17P in vitro. Results Stable downregulation of CCKBR expression resulted in reduced proliferation, migration and invasion of BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells. The impact of CCKBR on gastric cancer cells was further verified through CCKBR overexpression studies. Downregulation of CCKBR expression also inhibited the growth of gastric tumors in vivo. Furthermore, FQ17P killed CCKBR-overexpressing GC cells by specifically binding to CCKBR on the tumor cell surface. Conclusion The CCKBR protein drives the growth, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells, and it might be a promising target for immunotoxin therapy based on its aberrant expression, functional binding interactions with gastrin, and subsequent internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062, China
| | - Honglin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062, China
| | - Defeng Song
- China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University; Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lixiong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiaoshi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shiying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zengshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062, China
| | - Pan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062, China
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Chang J, Liu X, Ren H, Lu S, Li M, Zhang S, Zhao K, Li H, Zhou X, Peng L, Liu Z, Hu P. Pseudomonas Exotoxin A-Based Immunotherapy Targeting CCK2R-Expressing Colorectal Malignancies: An In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2285-2297. [PMID: 33998814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R) has been proven to be a specific biomarker for colorectal malignancies. Immunotoxins are a valuable class of immunotherapy agents consisting of a targeting element and a bacterial or plant toxin. Previous work demonstrated that targeting CCK2R is a good therapeutic strategy for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). In the present study, we developed a new version of CCK2R-targeting immunotoxin GD9P using a targeted peptide, GD9, as the binding motif and a truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE38) as the cytokiller. BALB/c nude mice were treated with different doses of GD9P, and pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological data were obtained throughout this study. Compared to the parental immunotoxin rCCK8PE38, GD9P exhibited about 1.5-fold yield, higher fluorescence intensity, and increased antitumor activity against human CRC in vitro and in vivo. The IC50 values of GD9P in vitro ranged from 1.61 to 4.55 nM. Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in mice with a T1/2 of 69.315 min. When tumor-bearing nude mice were treated with GD9P at doses ≥2 mg/kg for five doses, a rapid shrinkage in tumor volume and, in some cases, complete remission was observed. A preliminary safety evaluation demonstrated a good safety profile of GD9P as a Pseudomonas exotoxin A-based immunotherapy. The therapy in combination with oxaliplatin can increase the antitumor efficacy and reduce the toxic side effects caused by chemotherapy. In conclusion, the data support the use of GD9P as a promising immunotherapy targeting CCK2R-expressing colorectal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xilin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Honglin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shiying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Shenzhen Lifotronic Technology Co., Ltd., 1008 Songbai Road, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hanxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiaoshi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lixiong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zengshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Pan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine/Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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