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Wilson LAB. Developmental instability in domesticated mammals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2022; 338:484-494. [PMID: 34813170 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Measures of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) have been adopted widely as an estimate of developmental instability. Arising from various sources of stress, developmental instability is associated with an organism's capacity to maintain fitness. The process of domestication has been framed as an environmental stress with human-specified parameters, suggesting that FA may manifest to a larger degree among domesticates compared to their wild relatives. This study used three-dimensional geometric morphometric landmark data to (a) quantify the amount of FA in the cranium of six domestic mammal species and their wild relatives and, (b) provide novel assessment of the commonalities and differences across domestic/wild pairs concerning the extent to which random variation arising from the developmental system assimilates into within-population variation. The majority of domestic mammals showed greater disparity for asymmetric shape, however, only two forms (Pig, Dog) showed significantly higher disparity as well as a higher degree of asymmetry compared to their wild counterparts (Wild Boar, Wolf). Contra to predictions, most domestic and wild forms did not show a statistically significant correspondence between symmetric shape variation and FA, however, a moderate correlation value was recorded for most pairs (r-partial least squares >0.5). Within pairs, domestic and wild forms showed similar correlation magnitudes for the relationship between the asymmetric and symmetric components. In domesticates, new variation may therefore retain a general, conserved pattern in the gross structuring of the cranium, whilst also being a source for response to selection on specific features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A B Wilson
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Mech LD, Janssens LAA. An assessment of current wolf
Canis lupus
domestication hypotheses based on wolf ecology and behaviour. Mamm Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. David Mech
- Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center U. S. Geological Survey Jamestown North Dakota58401USA
| | - Luc A. A. Janssens
- Department of Archaeology Leiden University Einsteinweg 2 2333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Archaeology Ghent University Sint‐Pietersnieuwstraat 35 9000GhentBelgium
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Janssens LAA, Boudadi-Maligne M, Lawler DF, O'Keefe FR, van Dongen S. Morphology-based diagnostics of "protodogs." A commentary to Galeta et al., 2021, Anatomical Record, 304, 42-62, doi: 10.1002/ar.24500. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:2673-2684. [PMID: 33773061 PMCID: PMC9290061 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In a recent article in this journal, Galeta et al., (2020) discussed eight Pleistocene “protodogs” and seven Pleistocene wolves. Those “protodogs” had been diagnosed in earlier publications, based on skull morphology. We re‐examined the Galeta et al. paper to offer comments on their observed outcomes, and the conclusion of presumed domestication. Of seven metrics that the authors used, five differed statistically between their two groups. However, from more elaborate studies, some of those same metrics had been rejected previously as not valid species‐distinguishing traits. In this respect, we do accept cranium size and wider palate as species‐distinguishing metrics. The physical size of their specimens was much larger than other archaeological specimens that have been accepted as dogs. Additionally, their sample size was small, compared to the number of available specimens, as shown from previous publications by the same group. Thus, we considered statistical differences that were found between groups in their study, and assessed whether the outcomes could have resulted from natural morphological variation. We examined a group of 73 dire wolves ((Aenocyon [Canis] dirus; Perri et al., 2021), using the same methods as used by Galeta et al., (2020). We could segregate two distinct morphological groups in our study, one having outcomes that were identical to the “protodogs” in Galeta et al. (2020). For the specimens of extinct dire wolves to segregate in the same way as the subjects from Galeta et al. indicates that natural variation probably was the driver of their observed outcomes, domestication being an unlikely assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc A A Janssens
- Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, UFO, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Archaeology, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dennis F Lawler
- Center for American Archaeology, Kampsville, Illinois, USA.,Illinois State Museum, Springfield, Illinois, USA.,Pacific Marine Mammal Center, Laguna Beach, California, USA
| | | | - Stefan van Dongen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Jiang HH, Li B, Ma Y, Bai SY, Dahmer TD, Linacre A, Xu YC. Forensic validation of a panel of 12 SNPs for identification of Mongolian wolf and dog. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13249. [PMID: 32764603 PMCID: PMC7413520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolf (Canis lupus) is a species included in appendices of CITES and is often encountered in cases of alleged poaching and trafficking of their products. When such crimes are suspected, those involved may attempt to evade legal action by claiming that the animals involved are domestic dogs (C. l. familiaris). To respond effectively to such claims, law enforcement agencies require reliable and robust methods to distinguish wolves from dogs. Reported molecular genetic methods are either unreliable (mitogenome sequence based), or operationally cumbersome and require much DNA (un-multiplexed microsatellites), or financially expensive (genome wide SNP genotyping). We report on the validation of a panel of 12 ancestral informative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for discriminating wolves from dogs. A SNaPshot multiplex genotyping system was developed for the panel, and 97 Mongolian wolves (C. l. chanco) and 108 domestic dogs were used for validation. Results showed this panel had high genotyping success (0.991), reproducibility (1.00) and origin assignment accuracy (0.97 ± 0.05 for dogs and 1.00 ± 0.03 for wolves). Species-specificity testing suggested strong tolerance to DNA contamination across species, except for Canidae. The minimum DNA required for reliable genotyping was 6.25 pg/μl. The method and established gene frequency database are available to support identification of wolves and dogs by law enforcement agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hui Jiang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26, Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26, Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, China.
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation and Utilization, No. 26, Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, China.
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Detecting Center of Wildlife, No. 26, Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Yue Ma
- College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26, Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation and Utilization, No. 26, Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Su Ying Bai
- College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26, Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation and Utilization, No. 26, Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, China
| | | | - Adrian Linacre
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Yan Chun Xu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26, Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, China.
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation and Utilization, No. 26, Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, China.
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Detecting Center of Wildlife, No. 26, Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, China.
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