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Thambithurai D, Lanthier I, Contant E, Killen SS, Binning SA. Fish vulnerability to capture by trapping is modulated by individual parasite density. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221956. [PMID: 36515121 PMCID: PMC9748777 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial fishery harvest is a powerful evolutionary agent, but we know little about whether environmental stressors affect harvest-associated selection. We test how parasite infection relates to trapping vulnerability through selective processes underlying capture. We used fish naturally infected with parasites, including trematodes causing black spots under fish skin. We first assessed how individual parasite density related to standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and absolute aerobic scope (AAS)-then used laboratory fishing simulations to test how capture vulnerability was related to parasite density. We further explored group-trapping dynamics using experimental shoals containing varying proportions of infected fish (groups of six with either 0, 2, 4 or 6 infected individuals). At the individual level, we found a positive relationship between parasite presence and SMR, but not MMR or AAS. While we saw no relationship between individual metabolic capacity and vulnerability to trapping, we found the length of time fish spent in traps increased with increasing parasite density, a predictor of trapping-related capture probability. At the group level, the number of infected individuals in a shoal did not affect overall group trapping vulnerability. Our results suggest that parasite infection has some capacity to shift individual vulnerability patterns in fisheries, and potentially influence the evolutionary outcomes of fisheries-induced evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Thambithurai
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, Ifremer, Sète 32400, France
| | - Isabel Lanthier
- Département de sciences biologiques, l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eloi Contant
- École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, 4-14 rue Ferrus, Paris 75014, France
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sandra A. Binning
- Département de sciences biologiques, l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Ressources Aquatiques Québec (RAQ), Institut des sciences de la mer (ISMER), Université de Québec à Rimouski, 310 avenue des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, Canada G5L 2Z9
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2
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Mathieu-Bégné E, Blanchet S, Mitta G, Le Potier C, Loot G, Rey O. Transcriptomic Adjustments in a Freshwater Ectoparasite Reveal the Role of Molecular Plasticity for Parasite Host Shift. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030525. [PMID: 35328078 PMCID: PMC8952325 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A parasite’s lifestyle is characterized by a critical dependency on its host for feeding, shelter and/or reproduction. The ability of parasites to exploit new host species can reduce the risk associated with host dependency. The number of host species that can be infected by parasites strongly affects their ecological and evolutionary dynamics along with their pathogenic effects on host communities. However, little is known about the processes and the pathways permitting parasites to successfully infect alternative host species, a process known as host shift. Here, we tested whether molecular plasticity changes in gene expression and in molecular pathways could favor host shift in parasites. Focusing on an invasive parasite, Tracheliastes polycolpus, infecting freshwater fish, we conducted a transcriptomic study to compare gene expression in parasites infecting their main host species and two alternative host species. We found 120 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between parasites infecting the different host species. A total of 90% of the DEGs were identified between parasites using the main host species and those using the two alternative host species. Only a few significant DEGs (seven) were identified when comparing parasites from the two alternative host species. Molecular pathways enriched in DEGs and associated with the use of alternative host species were related to cellular machinery, energetic metabolism, muscle activity and oxidative stress. This study strongly suggests that molecular plasticity is an important mechanism sustaining the parasite’s ability to infect alternative hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eglantine Mathieu-Bégné
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (UMR5174), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France; (S.B.); (C.L.P.)
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (UPR 2001), Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, 2 Route du CNRS, F-09200 Moulis, France
- Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnement (UMR5244 IHPE), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66000 Perpignan, France;
- Correspondence: (E.M.-B.); (G.L.)
| | - Simon Blanchet
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (UMR5174), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France; (S.B.); (C.L.P.)
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (UPR 2001), Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, 2 Route du CNRS, F-09200 Moulis, France
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- UMR EIO, ILM, IRD, Ifremer, University Polynesie Francaise, Taravao F-98719, Tahiti, French Polynesia;
| | - Clément Le Potier
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (UMR5174), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France; (S.B.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Géraldine Loot
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (UMR5174), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France; (S.B.); (C.L.P.)
- Institut Universitaire de France, Université Paul Sabatier, CEDEX 05, F-75231 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (E.M.-B.); (G.L.)
| | - Olivier Rey
- Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnement (UMR5244 IHPE), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66000 Perpignan, France;
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3
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Mathieu‐Bégné E, Blanchet S, Rey O, Scelsi O, Poesy C, Marselli G, Loot G. A fine‐scale analysis reveals microgeographic hotspots maximizing infection rate between a parasite and its fish host. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eglantine Mathieu‐Bégné
- Evolution et Diversité Biologique Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueEcole Nationale pour la Formation Agronomique (ENFA)UMR5174 EDB Toulouse France
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale CNRSUPSUMR5321 SETE Moulis France
- Interactions Hôtes‐Pathogènes‐Environnements Univ. MontpellierCNRSIfremerUniv. Perpignan Via DomitiaUMR5244 IHPE Perpignan France
| | - Simon Blanchet
- Evolution et Diversité Biologique Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueEcole Nationale pour la Formation Agronomique (ENFA)UMR5174 EDB Toulouse France
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale CNRSUPSUMR5321 SETE Moulis France
| | - Olivier Rey
- Interactions Hôtes‐Pathogènes‐Environnements Univ. MontpellierCNRSIfremerUniv. Perpignan Via DomitiaUMR5244 IHPE Perpignan France
| | - Orlane Scelsi
- Evolution et Diversité Biologique Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueEcole Nationale pour la Formation Agronomique (ENFA)UMR5174 EDB Toulouse France
| | - Camille Poesy
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale CNRSUPSUMR5321 SETE Moulis France
| | - Geoffrey Marselli
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale CNRSUPSUMR5321 SETE Moulis France
| | - Géraldine Loot
- Evolution et Diversité Biologique Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueEcole Nationale pour la Formation Agronomique (ENFA)UMR5174 EDB Toulouse France
- Institut Universitaire de France Paris France
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4
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Prunier JG, Saint‐Pé K, Blanchet S, Loot G, Rey O. Molecular approaches reveal weak sibship aggregation and a high dispersal propensity in a non-native fish parasite. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:6080-6090. [PMID: 34141204 PMCID: PMC8207417 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inferring parameters related to the aggregation pattern of parasites and to their dispersal propensity are important for predicting their ecological consequences and evolutionary potential. Nonetheless, it is notoriously difficult to infer these parameters from wildlife parasites given the difficulty in tracking these organisms. Molecular-based inferences constitute a promising approach that has yet rarely been applied in the wild. Here, we combined several population genetic analyses including sibship reconstruction to document the genetic structure, patterns of sibship aggregation, and the dispersal dynamics of a non-native parasite of fish, the freshwater copepod ectoparasite Tracheliastes polycolpus. We collected parasites according to a hierarchical sampling design, with the sampling of all parasites from all host individuals captured in eight sites spread along an upstream-downstream river gradient. Individual multilocus genotypes were obtained from 14 microsatellite markers, and used to assign parasites to full-sib families and to investigate the genetic structure of T. polycolpus among both hosts and sampling sites. The distribution of full-sibs obtained among the sampling sites was used to estimate individual dispersal distances within families. Our results showed that T. polycolpus sibs tend to be aggregated within sites but not within host individuals. We detected important upstream-to-downstream dispersal events of T. polycolpus between sites (modal distance: 25.4 km; 95% CI [22.9, 27.7]), becoming scarcer as the geographic distance from their family core location increases. Such a dispersal pattern likely contributes to the strong isolation-by-distance observed at the river scale. We also detected some downstream-to-upstream dispersal events (modal distance: 2.6 km; 95% CI [2.2-23.3]) that likely result from movements of infected hosts. Within each site, the dispersal of free-living infective larvae among hosts likely contributes to increasing genetic diversity on hosts, possibly fostering the evolutionary potential of T. polycolpus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keoni Saint‐Pé
- Station d'Écologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleUPR 2021MoulisFrance
| | - Simon Blanchet
- Station d'Écologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleUPR 2021MoulisFrance
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), UMR 5174, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRDToulouseFrance
| | - Géraldine Loot
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), UMR 5174, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRDToulouseFrance
| | - Olivier Rey
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via DomitiaPerpignanFrance
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5
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Fratoni RDO, De La Torre GM, Freitas FJF, Guaraldo ADC, Manica LT. From unwanted squatters to good tenants: Ectosymbionts and their relationships with body condition of Atlantic Forest Passeriformes. AUSTRAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Oliveira Fratoni
- Behavioral Ecology and Ornithology Lab Departamento de Zoologia Setor de Ciências Biológicas Centro Politécnico Universidade Federal do Paraná Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100 Curitiba PR81531‐980Brazil
| | - Gabriel Massaccesi De La Torre
- Behavioral Ecology and Ornithology Lab Departamento de Zoologia Setor de Ciências Biológicas Centro Politécnico Universidade Federal do Paraná Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100 Curitiba PR81531‐980Brazil
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Conservation Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba PRBrazil
| | - Fernando José Ferneda Freitas
- Behavioral Ecology and Ornithology Lab Departamento de Zoologia Setor de Ciências Biológicas Centro Politécnico Universidade Federal do Paraná Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100 Curitiba PR81531‐980Brazil
- Graduate Program in Zoology Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba PRBrazil
| | - André de Camargo Guaraldo
- Behavioral Ecology and Ornithology Lab Departamento de Zoologia Setor de Ciências Biológicas Centro Politécnico Universidade Federal do Paraná Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100 Curitiba PR81531‐980Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora MG Brazil
| | - Lilian Tonelli Manica
- Behavioral Ecology and Ornithology Lab Departamento de Zoologia Setor de Ciências Biológicas Centro Politécnico Universidade Federal do Paraná Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100 Curitiba PR81531‐980Brazil
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6
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Landaeta MF, Díaz-Richter C, Muñoz G. Larval parasitic copepods affect early life history traits of a temperate clingfish. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3977-3985. [PMID: 32833050 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06854-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Larval copepods are frequent parasites that infest fish larvae along the Chilean coast. Because these parasites develop on fish during the early development, when their bodies are fragile and in a recent stage, they can affect the fishes' early life history traits (ELHT). The goal of this study was to determine the effect of parasitic copepods on the ELHT of the larvae of the clingfish Gobiesox marmoratus (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) using otolith microstructure analysis. Ichthyoplankton samples were collected during austral winter (July and August 2012), in the inner shelf waters off Valparaiso Bay, central Chile. A total of 95 non-parasitized larvae (NPL) and 95 parasitized (PL) with copepods were randomly selected for subsequent analyses. Parasitized larvae of G. marmoratus were larger than NPL. The right otolith tended to be larger than the left otolith in the fish larvae, but with a higher asymmetry in PL. The PL showed larger otoliths-at-size than the NPL, particularly in smaller larvae (< 8 mm of standard length, SL). Nonetheless, parasitized larvae larger than 8 mm SL showed the opposite trend that is smaller-at-size otoliths than NPL. The Gompertz models indicated that the asymptotic length of NPL doubled the length of PL; this suggests that parasitic copepods affect the maximum size attained by the PL. In conclusion, parasitic copepods negatively affect the ELHT of G. marmoratus larvae and the greater asymmetry can be attributed to parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio F Landaeta
- Laboratorio de Ictioplancton (LABITI), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro de Observación Marino para Estudios de Riesgos del Ambiente Costero (COSTA-R), Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Borgoño, 16344, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Camilo Díaz-Richter
- Laboratorio de Ictioplancton (LABITI), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Laboratorio de Parasitología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gabriela Muñoz
- Centro de Observación Marino para Estudios de Riesgos del Ambiente Costero (COSTA-R), Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Borgoño, 16344, Viña del Mar, Chile. .,Laboratorio de Parasitología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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7
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González MP, Marín SL, Mancilla M, Cañon-Jones H, Vargas-Chacoff L. Fin Erosion of Salmo salar (Linnaeus 1758) Infested with the Parasite Caligus rogercresseyi (Boxshall & Bravo 2000). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071166. [PMID: 32660063 PMCID: PMC7401517 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sea lice can generate wounds on fish and they are associated with the consumption of mucus, skin, and blood, inducing extensive epithelial erosion and inflammation. Knowledge related to the fin condition of fish with sea lice infections is scarce, limiting the range of parameters regarding their welfare status of fish. In the present study, the fin condition and two stress parameters were assessed in Caligus rogercresseyi infected fish. An association between fin erosion, increasing fish stress and parasite abundances was observed, suggesting that C. rogercresseyi infection is a possible cause of fin degeneration in Atlantic salmon. Abstract Fin condition is a simple indicator of fish welfare, which anticipates detrimental effects on fish in aquaculture systems. This study evaluated the fin condition of Salmo salar at different abundances of the parasite Caligus rogercresseyi. Fish were exposed to infestation with copepodids and the cohort was allowed to develop to the adult stage. The relative fin index was measured. Significant differences between infested and control fish for both pectoral and anal fins were observed. Moreover, there were significant negative relationships between fin condition and parasite abundances for pectoral, anal, and pelvic fins, suggesting that infestations with C. rogercresseyi could be a possible cause for fin damage in Atlantic salmon. Moreover, this damage was associated with increased stress levels, suggesting that damage can be related to physiological changes on infested fish. According to these results, pectoral fin assessments have the potential to provide information on the welfare of fish with C. rogercresseyi infestation. Determining the causes of poor fin development may improve fish welfare, even when infested by parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita P. González
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Escuela de Graduados, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt 5500000, Chile
- Departamento de Salud Hidrobiológica, División de Acuicultura, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Balmaceda 252, Puerto Montt 5501248, Chile
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +56-32-3311307
| | - Sandra L. Marín
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt 5500000, Chile;
| | - Melinka Mancilla
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Ecológicas (LINTEC), Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt 5500000, Chile; or
| | - Hernán Cañon-Jones
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de las Américas, Avda. Manuel Montt 948, Santiago 7500972, Providencia, Chile;
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 641, Valdivia 5110566, Chile;
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
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Mathieu-Bégné E, Loot G, Blanchet S, Toulza E, Genthon C, Rey O. De novo transcriptome assembly for Tracheliastes polycolpus, an invasive ectoparasite of freshwater fish in western Europe. Mar Genomics 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Mazé-Guilmo E, Blanchet S, Rey O, Canto N, Loot G. Local adaptation drives thermal tolerance among parasite populations: a common garden experiment. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20160587. [PMID: 27170717 PMCID: PMC4874721 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the evolutionary responses of organisms to thermal regimes is of prime importance to better predict their ability to cope with ongoing climate change. Although this question has attracted interest in free-living organisms, whether or not infectious diseases have evolved heterogeneous responses to climate is still an open question. Here, we ran a common garden experiment using the fish ectoparasite Tracheliastes polycolpus, (i) to test whether parasites living in thermally heterogeneous rivers respond differently to an experimental thermal gradient and (ii) to determine the evolutionary processes (natural selection or genetic drift) underlying these responses. We demonstrated that the reaction norms involving the survival rate of the parasite larvae (i.e. the infective stage) across a temperature gradient significantly varied among six parasite populations. Using a Qst/Fst approach and phenotype-environment associations, we further showed that the evolution of survival rate partly depended upon temperature regimes experienced in situ, and was mostly underlined by diversifying selection, but also-to some extent-by stabilizing selection and genetic drift. This evolutionary response led to population divergences in thermal tolerance across the landscape, which has implications for predicting the effects of future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Mazé-Guilmo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, Moulis 09200, France
| | - Simon Blanchet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, Moulis 09200, France CNRS, UPS, École Nationale de Formation Agronomique (ENFA); UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse cedex 4 31062, France
| | - Olivier Rey
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, Moulis 09200, France Department of Biosciences, College of Science, University of Swansea, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Nicolas Canto
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, Moulis 09200, France
| | - Géraldine Loot
- CNRS, UPS, École Nationale de Formation Agronomique (ENFA); UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse cedex 4 31062, France Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5174 (EDB), 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse cedex 4 31062, France
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10
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Rey O, Fourtune L, Paz-Vinas I, Loot G, Veyssière C, Roche B, Blanchet S. Elucidating the spatio-temporal dynamics of an emerging wildlife pathogen using approximate Bayesian computation. Mol Ecol 2016; 24:5348-63. [PMID: 26416083 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging pathogens constitute a severe threat for human health and biodiversity. Determining the status (native or non-native) of emerging pathogens, and tracing back their spatio-temporal dynamics, is crucial to understand the eco-evolutionary factors promoting their emergence, to control their spread and mitigate their impacts. However, tracing back the spatio-temporal dynamics of emerging wildlife pathogens is challenging because (i) they are often neglected until they become sufficiently abundant and pose socio-economical concerns and (ii) their geographical range is often little known. Here, we combined classical population genetics tools and approximate Bayesian computation (i.e. ABC) to retrace the dynamics of Tracheliastes polycolpus, a poorly documented pathogenic ectoparasite emerging in Western Europe that threatens several freshwater fish species. Our results strongly suggest that populations of T. polycolpus in France emerged from individuals originating from a unique genetic pool that were most likely introduced in the 1920s in central France. From this initial population, three waves of colonization occurred into peripheral watersheds within the next two decades. We further demonstrated that populations remained at low densities, and hence undetectable, during 10 years before a major demographic expansion occurred, and before its official detection in France. These findings corroborate and expand the few historical records available for this emerging pathogen. More generally, our study demonstrates how ABC can be used to determine the status, reconstruct the colonization history and infer key evolutionary parameters of emerging wildlife pathogens with low data availability, and for which samples from the putative native area are inaccessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Rey
- Station d'Écologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, USR 2936, 09200, Moulis, France
| | - Lisa Fourtune
- Station d'Écologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, USR 2936, 09200, Moulis, France
| | - Ivan Paz-Vinas
- CNRS, UPS, ENFA, Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB) UMR 5174, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR-5174 (EDB), 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, UMR 7263 - IMBE, Équipe EGE, Centre Saint-Charles, Case 36, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille, Cedex 3, France
| | - Géraldine Loot
- Station d'Écologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, USR 2936, 09200, Moulis, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR-5174 (EDB), 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Charlotte Veyssière
- Station d'Écologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, USR 2936, 09200, Moulis, France
| | - Benjamin Roche
- IRD, UPMC, Unité de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes (UMMISCO), 32 avenue Varagnat, 93143, Bondy, Cedex, France
| | - Simon Blanchet
- Station d'Écologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, USR 2936, 09200, Moulis, France.,CNRS, UPS, ENFA, Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB) UMR 5174, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
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Mazé-Guilmo E, Loot G, Páez DJ, Lefèvre T, Blanchet S. Heritable variation in host tolerance and resistance inferred from a wild host-parasite system. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132567. [PMID: 24478295 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hosts have evolved two distinct defence strategies against parasites: resistance (which prevents infection or limit parasite growth) and tolerance (which alleviates the fitness consequences of infection). However, heritable variation in resistance and tolerance and the genetic correlation between these two traits have rarely been characterized in wild host populations. Here, we estimate these parameters for both traits in Leuciscus burdigalensis, a freshwater fish parasitized by Tracheliastes polycolpus. We used a genetic database to construct a full-sib pedigree in a wild L. burdigalensis population. We then used univariate animal models to estimate inclusive heritability (i.e. all forms of genetic and non-genetic inheritance) in resistance and tolerance. Finally, we assessed the genetic correlation between these two traits using a bivariate animal model. We found significant heritability for resistance (H = 17.6%; 95% CI: 7.2-32.2%) and tolerance (H = 18.8%; 95% CI: 4.4-36.1%), whereas we found no evidence for the existence of a genetic correlation between these traits. Furthermore, we confirm that resistance and tolerance are strongly affected by environmental effects. Our results demonstrate that (i) heritable variation exists for parasite resistance and tolerance in wild host populations, and (ii) these traits can evolve independently in populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Mazé-Guilmo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, , USR 2936, 09200 Moulis, France, Université de Toulouse, , UPS, UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, , 1101 E 57th Street, Erman 103, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC) UMR (IRD/CNRS/UM) 5290, , Centre IRD-911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501 Montpellier, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier, École Nationale de Formation Agronomique (ENFA), UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique), , 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Lootvoet A, Blanchet S, Gevrey M, Buisson L, Tudesque L, Loot G. Patterns and processes of alternative host use in a generalist parasite: insights from a natural host-parasite interaction. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Lootvoet
- Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis; USR 2936; Moulis 09 200 France
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique, Evolution; UMR 8079; CNRS - Université Paris-Sud - ENGREF; Bâtiment 362 Orsay cedex F-91405 France
| | - Simon Blanchet
- Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis; USR 2936; Moulis 09 200 France
- CNRS; UMR 5174 EDB (Evolution et Diversité Biologique); Toulouse 31062 France
| | - Muriel Gevrey
- CNRS; UMR 5174 EDB (Evolution et Diversité Biologique); Toulouse 31062 France
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory; University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science; P.O. Box 38 Solomons Maryland 20688 USA
| | - Laetitia Buisson
- CNRS; UMR 5245 EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement); 118 Route de Narbonne Toulouse 31062 France
- INP, UPS, EcoLab; Université de Toulouse; Toulouse 31062 France
| | - Loïc Tudesque
- CNRS; UMR 5174 EDB (Evolution et Diversité Biologique); Toulouse 31062 France
- INP UPS EDB; Université de Toulouse; 118 Route de Narbonne Toulouse 31062 France
| | - Géraldine Loot
- Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis; USR 2936; Moulis 09 200 France
- INP UPS EDB; Université de Toulouse; 118 Route de Narbonne Toulouse 31062 France
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Acidophilic granulocytes in the gills of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata: evidence for their responses to a natural infection by a copepod ectoparasite. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 353:465-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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The effects of a parasitic copepod on the recent larval growth of a fish inhabiting rocky coasts. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:1661-71. [PMID: 22752746 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Parasites can infect larval, juvenile or adult marine fishes; however, the effects of parasites on the growth and condition of fish larvae have seldom been investigated. This study analysed the effects of a parasitic copepod on the larval growth of the Chilean triplefin Helcogrammoides chilensis (Tripterygiidae) based on the microstructure of the sagittal otoliths. Fish larvae were collected during the austral spring of 2010 off central Chile. Their body length ranged from 5.1 to 16.6 mm (2 to 57 days old). They were parasitised by a penellid larval copepod that was always externally attached to the ventral side of the fish's gut. The prevalence of the copepod ranged from 2.7% to 20.8%, with one to four parasites per fish larva. Relationships between otolith size (radius, perimeter) and larval size were equal for parasitised and unparasitised fish larvae (P > 0.05). Larval growth was also similar for unparasitised (0.21 mm/day) and parasitised fish larvae (0.19 mm/day) (P > 0.05). However, a comparison of same-aged larvae showed that the larvae with copepods were smaller in both length and estimated body volume than the larvae without copepods. The Recent Otolith Growth Index, indicated that larval H. chilensis with copepods showed a reduction in recent growth and condition compared with those without evidence of copepods (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, a higher parasite load (two vs. one pennellids) did not decrease the condition of the larval fish. The infestation of pennellids on coastal fish larvae may therefore induce an increase in the pelagic larval duration and potentially affect the settlement rates of this intertidal fish.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Unravelling the determinants of parasite life-history traits in natural settings is complex. Here, we deciphered the relationships between biotic, abiotic factors and the variation in 4 life-history traits (body size, egg presence, egg number and egg size) in the fish ectoparasite Tracheliastes polycolpus. We then determined the factors affecting the strength of the trade-off between egg number and egg size. METHODS To do so, we used 4-level (parasite, microhabitat, host and environment) hierarchical models coupled to a field database. RESULTS Variation in life-history traits was mostly due to individual characteristics measured at the parasite level. At the microhabitat level (fins of fish hosts), parasite number was positively related to body size, egg presence and egg number. Higher parasite number on fins was positively associated with individual parasite fitness. At the host level, host body size was positively related to the individual fitness of the parasite; parasites were bigger and more fecund on bigger hosts. In contrast, factors measured at the environmental level had a weak influence on life-history traits. Finally, a site-dependent trade-off between egg number and egg size existed in this population. CONCLUSION Our study illustrates the importance of considering parasite life-history traits in a hierarchical framework to decipher complex links between biotic, abiotic factors and parasite life-history traits.
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Cardon M, Loot G, Grenouillet G, Blanchet S. Host characteristics and environmental factors differentially drive the burden and pathogenicity of an ectoparasite: a multilevel causal analysis. J Anim Ecol 2011; 80:657-67. [PMID: 21303365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Understanding the ecological factors driving the burden and pathogenicity of parasites is challenging. Indeed, the dynamics of host-parasite interactions is driven by factors organized across nested hierarchical levels (e.g. hosts, localities), and indirect effects are expected owing to interactions between levels. 2. In this study, we combined Bayesian multilevel models, path analyses and a model selection procedure to account for these complexities and to decipher the relative effects of host- and environment-related factors on the burden and the pathogenicity of an ectoparasite (Tracheliastes polycolpus) on its fish host (Leuciscus leuciscus). We also tested the year-to-year consistency of the relationships linking these factors to the burden and the pathogenic effects of T. polycolpus. 3. We found significant relationships between the parasite burden and host-related factors: body length and age were positively related to parasite burden and heterozygous hosts displayed a higher parasite burden. In contrast, both host- and environment-related factors were linked to pathogenic effects. Pathogenicity was correlated negatively with host body length and positively with age; this illustrates that some factors (e.g. body length) showed inverse relationships with parasite burden and pathogenicity. Pathogenic effects were stronger in cooler upstream sites and where host density was lower. Path analyses revealed that these relationships between environment-related factors and pathogenic effects were direct and were not indirect relationships mediated by the host characteristics. Finally, we found that the strength and the shape of certain relationships were consistent across years, while they were clearly not for some others. 4. Our study illustrates that considering conjointly causal relationships among factors and the hierarchical structure of host-parasite interactions is appropriate for dissecting the complex links between hosts, parasites and their common environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Cardon
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174, CNRS - Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Consequences of microhabitat selection for reproductive success in the parasitic copepodNeobrachiella spinicephala(Lernaeopodidae). Parasitology 2010; 137:1687-94. [PMID: 20500924 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010000594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYNarrow site specificity in parasites is assumed to be associated with fitness benefits, such as higher reproductive success, although this is never quantified. We linked the body mass and combined mass of egg sacs of female copepods,Neobrachiella spinicephala, parasitic on the sandperch,Pinguipes brasilianus, to attachment sites on the host. Adult females attach permanently either on the lips, the margins of the operculum, or the base of pectoral or pelvic fins. In addition to influences of sampling site, season and host body length, our analyses revealed important fitness effects. First, attachment site significantly influenced copepod body mass; independent of other factors, copepods at the base of fins were 32% larger than those on the lips or operculum. Second, the mass of egg sacs was almost always greater if the copepod was attached at the base of fins rather than to the lip or operculum. Thus, a female weighing 6 mg would, on average, produce 40% larger egg sacs if attached to the base of fins. However, copepods were much more likely to attach at the base of fins on small fish, and on either the lip or the operculum on large fish. We propose that constraints varying with fish size account for the shift from optimal to suboptimal attachment sites as a function of increasing host size. By measuring differences in fitness components between attachment sites, our approach allows hypothesis testing regarding microhabitat selection.
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Why do parasitized hosts look different? Resolving the “chicken-egg” dilemma. Oecologia 2009; 160:37-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Blanchet S, Rey O, Berthier P, Lek S, Loot G. Evidence of parasite-mediated disruptive selection on genetic diversity in a wild fish population. Mol Ecol 2008; 18:1112-23. [PMID: 19222748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the processes maintaining genetic variability in wild populations is a major concern in conservation and evolutionary biology. Parasite-mediated selection may strongly affect genetic variability in wild populations. The inbreeding depression theory predicts that directional selection imposed by parasites should act against the most inbred hosts, thus favouring genetic diversity in wild populations. We have tested this prediction by evaluating the strength and shape of the relationship between the load of a harmful fin-feeder ectoparasite (Tracheliastes polycolpus) and the genome-wide genetic diversity (i.e. heterozygosity measured at a set of 15 microsatellites) of its fish host, the rostrum dace (Leuciscus leuciscus). Contrary to expectation, we found a nonlinear relationship between host genetic diversity and ectoparasite load, with hosts that were either homozygous or heterozygous harbouring significantly fewer parasites than hosts with an intermediate level of heterozygosity. This relationship suggests that parasites could increase the variance of global heterozygosity in this host population through disruptive selection on genetic diversity. Moreover, when genetic diversity was measured at each locus separately, we found two very strong positive associations between host genetic diversity and the ectoparasite load. This latter result has three main implications: (i) genome-wide effect cannot alone explain the nonlinear relationship between global heterozygosity and ectoparasite load, (ii) negative non-additive allelic interactions (i.e. underdominance) may be a mechanism for resisting ectoparasite infection, and (iii) ectoparasites may favour homozygosity at some loci in this host population.
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Harmache A, LeBerre M, Droineau S, Giovannini M, Brémont M. Bioluminescence imaging of live infected salmonids reveals that the fin bases are the major portal of entry for Novirhabdovirus. J Virol 2006; 80:3655-9. [PMID: 16537634 PMCID: PMC1440417 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.7.3655-3659.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Novirhabdovirus viruses, like the Infectious hematopietic necrosis virus (IHNV), have been extensively studied, limited knowledge exists on the route of IHNV entry during natural infection. A recombinant IHNV (rIHNV) expressing the Renilla luciferase gene was generated and used to infect trout. A noninvasive bioluminescence assay was developed so that virus replication in live fish could be followed hours after infection. We provide here evidence that the fin bases are the portal of entry into the fish. Confirmation was brought by the use of a nonpathogenic rIHNV, which was shown to persist in fins for 3 weeks postinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Harmache
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, CRJ Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy en Josas, France
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