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Rong F, Wang H, Tang X, Xing J, Sheng X, Chi H, Zhan W. The development of RT-RPA and CRISPR-Cas12a based assay for sensitive detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). J Virol Methods 2024; 326:114892. [PMID: 38331220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is an economically important virus causing significant mortalities among wild and cultured salmonid fish worldwide. Rapid and sensitive diagnostic methods of IHNV are crucial for timely controlling infections. For better detection of IHNV, we have established a detection technology based on the reverse transcription and recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) and CRISPR/Cas12a to detect the N gene of IHNV in two steps. Following the screening of primer pairs, the reaction temperature and time for RPA were optimized to be 41 °C and 35 min, respectively, and the CRISPR/Cas12a reaction was performed at 37 °C for 15 min. The whole detection procedure including can be accomplished within one hour, with a detection sensitivity of about 9.5 copies/µL. The detection method exhibited high specificity with no cross-reaction to the other Novirhabdoviruses HIRRV and VHSV, allowing naked-eye interpretation of the results through lateral flow or fluorescence under ultraviolet light. Overall, our results demonstrated that the developed RT-RPA-Cas12a-mediated assay is a rapid, specific and sensitive detection method for routine and on-site detection of IHNV, which shows a great application promise for the prevention of IHNV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixiang Rong
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
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Vakharia VN, Ammayappan A, Yusuff S, Tesfaye TM, Kurath G. Heterologous Exchanges of Glycoprotein and Non-Virion Protein in Novirhabdoviruses: Assessment of Virulence in Yellow Perch ( Perca flavescens) and Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Viruses 2024; 16:652. [PMID: 38675990 DOI: 10.3390/v16040652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) are rhabdoviruses in two different species belonging to the Novirhabdovirus genus. IHNV has a narrow host range restricted to trout and salmon species, and viruses in the M genogroup of IHNV have high virulence in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In contrast, the VHSV genotype IVb that invaded the Great Lakes in the United States has a broad host range, with high virulence in yellow perch (Perca flavescens), but not in rainbow trout. By using reverse-genetic systems of IHNV-M and VHSV-IVb strains, we generated six IHNV:VHSV chimeric viruses in which the glycoprotein (G), non-virion-protein (NV), or both G and NV genes of IHNV-M were replaced with the analogous genes from VHSV-IVb, and vice versa. These chimeric viruses were used to challenge groups of rainbow trout and yellow perch. The parental recombinants rIHNV-M and rVHSV-IVb were highly virulent in rainbow trout and yellow perch, respectively. Parental rIHNV-M was avirulent in yellow perch, and chimeric rIHNV carrying G, NV, or G and NV genes from VHSV-IVb remained low in virulence in yellow perch. Similarly, the parental rVHSV-IVb exhibited low virulence in rainbow trout, and chimeric rVHSV with substituted G, NV, or G and NV genes from IHNV-M remained avirulent in rainbow trout. Thus, the G and NV genes of either virus were not sufficient to confer high host-specific virulence when exchanged into a heterologous species genome. Some exchanges of G and/or NV genes caused a loss of host-specific virulence, providing insights into possible roles in viral virulence or fitness, and interactions between viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram N Vakharia
- Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Arun Ammayappan
- Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Shamila Yusuff
- Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | | | - Gael Kurath
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
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Zhao JZ, Xu LM, Li LF, Ren GM, Shao YZ, Liu Q, Lu TY. Traditional Chinese medicine bufalin inhibits infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0501622. [PMID: 38289115 PMCID: PMC10913368 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05016-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) causes infectious hematopoietic necrosis and severe economic losses to salmon and trout aquaculture worldwide. Currently, the only commercial vaccine against IHNV is a DNA vaccine with some biosafety concerns. Hence, more effective vaccines and antiviral drugs are needed to prevent IHNV infection. In this study, 1,483 compounds were screened from a traditional Chinese medicine monomer library, and bufalin showed potential antiviral activity against IHNV. The 50% cytotoxic concentration of bufalin was >20 µM, and the 50% inhibitory concentration was 0.1223 µΜ against IHNV. Bufalin showed the inhibition of diverse IHNV strains in vitro, which confirmed that it had an inhibitory effect against all IHNV strains, rather than random activity against a single strain. The bufalin-mediated block of IHNV infection occurred at the viral attachment and RNA replication stages, but not internalization. Bufalin also inhibited IHNV infection in vivo and significantly increased the survival of rainbow trout compared with the mock drug-treated group, and this was confirmed by in vivo viral load monitoring. Our data showed that the anti-IHNV activity of bufalin was proportional to extracellular Na+ concentration and inversely proportional to extracellular K+ concentration, and bufalin may inhibit IHNV infection by targeting Na+/K+-ATPase. The in vitro and in vivo studies showed that bufalin significantly inhibited IHNV infection and may be a promising candidate drug against the disease in rainbow trout. IMPORTANCE Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the pathogen of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) which outbreak often causes huge economic losses and hampers the healthy development of salmon and trout farming. Currently, there is only one approved DNA vaccine for IHN worldwide, but it faces some biosafety problems. Hence, more effective vaccines and antiviral drugs are needed to prevent IHNV infection. In this study, we report that bufalin, a traditional Chinese medicine, shows potential antiviral activity against IHNV both in vitro and in vivo. The bufalin-mediated block of IHNV infection occurred at the viral attachment and RNA replication stages, but not internalization, and bufalin inhibited IHNV infection by targeting Na+/K+-ATPase. The in vitro and in vivo studies showed that bufalin significantly inhibited IHNV infection and may be a promising candidate drug against the disease in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Zhuang Zhao
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Harbin, China
| | - Li-Ming Xu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lin-Fang Li
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guang-Ming Ren
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Shao
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tong-Yan Lu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
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Ahmadivand S, Krpetic Z, Martínez MM, Garcia-Ordoñez M, Roher N, Palić D. Self-assembling ferritin nanoplatform for the development of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus vaccine. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1346512. [PMID: 38352881 PMCID: PMC10863052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1346512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-assembling protein nanoparticles are used as a novel vaccine design platform to improve the stability and immunogenicity of safe subunit vaccines, while providing broader protection against viral infections. Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis virus (IHNV) is the causative agent of the WOAH-listed IHN diseases for which there are currently no therapeutic treatments and no globally available commercial vaccine. In this study, by genetically fusing the virus glycoprotein to the H. pylori ferritin as a scaffold, we constructed a self-assembling IHNV nanovaccine (FerritVac). Despite the introduction of an exogenous fragment, the FerritVac NPs show excellent stability same as Ferritin NPs under different storage, pH, and temperature conditions, mimicking the harsh gastrointestinal condition of the virus main host (trout). MTT viability assays showed no cytotoxicity of FerritVac or Ferritin NPs in zebrafish cell culture (ZFL cells) incubated with different doses of up to 100 µg/mL for 14 hours. FerritVac NPs also upregulated expression of innate antiviral immunity, IHNV, and other fish rhabdovirus infection gene markers (mx, vig1, ifit5, and isg-15) in the macrophage cells of the host. In this study, we demonstrate the development of a soluble recombinant glycoprotein of IHNV in the E. coli system using the ferritin self-assembling nanoplatform, as a biocompatible, stable, and effective foundation to rescue and produce soluble protein and enable oral administration and antiviral induction for development of a complete IHNV vaccine. This self-assembling protein nanocages as novel vaccine approach offers significant commercial potential for non-mammalian and enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Ahmadivand
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zeljka Krpetic
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Merce Márquez Martínez
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marlid Garcia-Ordoñez
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Roher
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dušan Palić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Wu D, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Liu Q, Shao S. Characterization and pathogenicity analysis of a newly isolated strain of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106443. [PMID: 37949305 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow trout is one of the fastest-growing aquaculture species and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is endemic throughout almost all rainbow trout farms in China nowadays. In this study, IHNV GS21 was identified as the causative pathogen, which resulted in massive mortality of rainbow trout occurring in northwest China. GS21 isolate was propagated in Chinook salmon embryonic cell line (CHSE-214) and induced apparent cytopathic effects (CPE) at 3 days post-infection (dpi). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that GS21 isolate was clustered with other reported Chinese isolates within the J genogroup. Moreover, the complete cDNA sequence of GS21 isolate was obtained and it possesses more than 98 % of ANI values and 89 % of DDH values with other Chinese IHNV isolates. The detailed sequence analysis of G gene revealed the distinct amino acid substitutions of G230, G252, G270, and I277 in GS21 isolate. Furthermore, the artificially infected rainbow trout exhibited similar clinical disease symptoms as natural infection did. The cumulative mortality infected by GS21 isolate of 104 PFU/mL reached 93 % at approximately 13.5 °C. Additionally, viral loads in tissues increased first and declined then as well as the expression of immune-associated genes. Collectively, our results characterized a novel IHNV GS21 isolate that can lead to massive mortality in juvenile rainbow trout and provided a basis to define the pathogenic characteristics and evolutionary relationship of IHNV and host immune response against IHNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Kim SY, Lee KM, Kim KH. Differences between DNA vaccine and single-cycle viral vaccine in the ability of cross-protection against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Vaccine 2023; 41:5580-5586. [PMID: 37517909 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination procedures can be stressful for fish and can bring severe side effects. Therefore, vaccines that can minimize the number of administrations and maximize cross-protection against multiple serotypes, genotypes, or even different species would be highly advantageous. In the present study, we investigated the cross-protective ability of two types of vaccines - viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) G protein-expressing DNA vaccine and G gene-deleted single-cycle VHSV genotype IVa (rVHSV-ΔG) vaccine - against both VHSV genotype Ia and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The results showed that rainbow trout immunized with VHSV genotype Ia G gene- or IVa G gene-expressing DNA vaccine were significantly protected against VHSV genotype Ia, but were not protected against IHNV. In contrast to the DNA vaccine, the single-cycle VHSV IVa vaccine induced significant protection against not only VHSV Ia but also IHNV. Considering no significant increase in ELISA titer and serum neutralization activity against IHNV in fish immunized with single-cycle VHSV IVa, the protection might be independent of humoral adaptive immunity. The scarcity of cytotoxic T cell epitopes between VHSV and IHNV suggested that the possibility of involvement of cytotoxic T cell-mediated cellular adaptive immunity would be low. The role of trained immunity (innate immune memory) in cross-protection should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, South Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lee
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea.
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Dominic DVD, Sajeevan TP, Ameer A, Muneer A, Eldho L, Anoop BS, Jayesh P, Joseph V, Philip R, Singh ISB. In vitro propagation of infectious hypodermal hematopoietic necrosis virus (Penaeus stylirostris penstyldensovirus) in PmLyO-Sf9 cells. Arch Virol 2023; 168:211. [PMID: 37486432 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05827-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hypodermal hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV/PstDVI) was isolated and propagated in the hybrid shrimp-insect cell line PmLyO-Sf9. A few hours after inoculation with an infected tissue extract or virus suspension, cytopathic changes could be observed in the cell line, including clustering, enlargement, syncytium formation, granulation, vacuole formation, tapering, irregularities in the plasma membrane with extended tails, detachment, cell death, and accumulation of cellular debris. Expression of viral genes, the presence of virions, and cytological changes observed using transmission electron microscopy suggested replication of the virus in these cells. The virus was purified by ultracentrifugation, negatively stained, and examined using an electron microscope, and the purified virus was found to be infectious both in vitro and in vivo. This development opens avenues for the study of the basic molecular mechanism of IHHNV infection, pathogenesis, and replication, which is much needed for developing an antiviral strategy in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahna Ameer
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India
| | - Abdulkhader Muneer
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India
| | - Linu Eldho
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India
| | | | - Puthumana Jayesh
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India
| | - Valsamma Joseph
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India
| | - Rosamma Philip
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India
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Zhao L, Huang J, Li Y, Wu S, Kang Y. Comprehensive analysis of immune parameters, mRNA and miRNA profiles, and immune genes expression in the gill of rainbow trout infected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 133:108546. [PMID: 36646338 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a species of cold-water fish with important economic values, widely cultivated worldwide. However, the outbreak of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) caused the large-scale death of rainbow trout and seriously restricted the development of the trout farming industry. In this study, the changes of immune parameters in different periods (6-, 12-, 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-, 120-, and 144 h post-infection (hpi)), transcriptome profiles of 48 hpi (T48G) compared to control (C48G), and key immune-related genes expression patterns were measured in rainbow trout gill following IHNV challenge through biochemical methods, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results showed that alkaline phosphatase (AKP), acid phosphatase (ACP), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, as well as lysozyme (LZM) and malonaldehyde (MDA) content decreased and then increased during infection, and remained at a high level after 48 hpi (P < 0.05), whereas catalase (CAT) activity showed a significant peak at 48 hpi (P < 0.05). The mRNA and miRNA analysis identified 4343 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 11 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs), and numerous immune-related DEGs involved in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, apoptosis, DNA replication, p53 signaling, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and expression were significantly up-regulated in T48Gm group, including tlr3, tlr7, tlr8, traf3, ifih1, trim25, dhx58, ddh58, hsp90a.1, nlrc3, nlrc5, socs3, irf3, irf7, casp7, mx1, and vig2. The integrated analysis identified several important miRNAs (ola-miR-27d-3p_R+5, gmo-miR-124-3-5p, ssa-miR-301a-5p_L+2, and ssa-miR-146d-3p) that targeted key immune-related DEGs. Expression analysis showed that tlr3, tlr7, traf3, ifih1, dhx58, hap90a.1, irf3, irf7, and mx1 genes increased and then decreased during infection, and peaked at 72 hpi (P < 0.05). However, trim25 expression peaked at 96 hpi (P < 0.05). This study contributes to understanding immune response of rainbow trout against IHNV infection, and provides new insights into the immune regulation mechanisms and disease resistance breeding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jinqiang Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Yongjuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China; College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Shenji Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yujun Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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Kim SY, Kim JY, Kim HJ, Kim MS, Kim KH. Protection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against VHSV genotype Ia and IHNV by immunization with VHSV genotype IVa backbone-based single-cycle viruses. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 132:108476. [PMID: 36481290 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the protective effect of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus genotype IVa (VHSV IVa) genome-based single-cycle viruses against VHSV genotype Ia (VHSV Ia) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in rainbow trout, three kinds of single-cycle VHSVs were rescued using reverse genetic technology: i) rVHSV-IaGΔTM-IVaG containing the transmembrane and cytoplasmic region-deleted G protein (GΔTM) of VHSV Ia instead of VHSV IVa full G gene ORF and having VHSV IVa G proteins on the envelope; ii) rVHSV-IaGΔTM-IaG containing VHSV Ia GΔTM instead of VHSV IVa full G gene ORF and having VHSV Ia G proteins on the envelope; iii) rVHSV-IaGΔTM-ihnvGΔTM-IVaG containing not only VHSV Ia GΔTM instead of full G gene but also IHNV GΔTM instead of NV gene and having VHSV IVa G proteins on the envelope. Rainbow trout immunized with rVHSV-IaGΔTM-IaG and rVHSV-IaGΔTM-IVaG showed significantly higher serum antibody titers against both VHSV Ia and VHSV IVa, and showed no mortality against VHSV Ia infection, while fish in the control groups showed 100% mortalities. Fish immunized with rVHSV-IaGΔTM-ihnvGΔTM-IVaG showed significantly higher serum antibody titers against VHSV IVa, VHSV Ia, and IHNV compared to fish in the control group. Immunization with rVHSV-IaGΔTM-ihnvGΔTM-IVaG induced significantly higher protection against not only VHSV Ia but also IHNV. These results suggest that the present single-cycle rVHSV-based system can be used as a platform to produce combined vaccines that can protect fish from multiple pathogenic species. However, the mechanism of the high protection against IHNV despite comparatively low antibody titer remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, 32588, South Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Hyoung Jun Kim
- OIE Reference Laboratory for VHS, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, South Korea
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, 32588, South Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
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Huo C, Huang D, Ma Z, Li G, Li T, Lin W, Jiang N, Xing W, Xu G, Yu H, Luo L, Sun H. Specificity of DNA Vaccines against the Genogroup J and U Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Strains Prevalent in China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122707. [PMID: 36560709 PMCID: PMC9780822 DOI: 10.3390/v14122707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the most important pathogen threatening the aquaculture of salmonid fish in China. In addition to the common genogroup J IHNV, genogroup U has been newly discovered in China. However, there is no effective DNA vaccine to fight against this emerging genogroup U IHNV in China. In this study, DNA vaccines encoding the IHNV viral glycoprotein (G) gene of the GS2014 (genogroup J) and BjLL (genogroup U) strains isolated from northern China were successfully developed, which were identified by restriction analysis and IFA. The expression of the Mx-1 gene and G gene in the spleens and muscles of the injection site as well as the titers of the serum antibodies were measured to evaluate the vaccine efficacy by RT-qPCR and ELISA. We found that DNA vaccine immunization could activate Mx1 gene expression and upregulate G gene expression, and the mRNA levels of the Mx1 gene in the muscles were significantly higher than those in the spleens. Notably, DNA vaccine immunization might not promote the serum antibody in fish at the early stage of immunization. Furthermore, the efficacy of the constructed vaccines was tested in intra- and cross-genogroup challenges by a viral challenge in vivo. It seemed that the DNA vaccines were able to provide great immune protection against IHNV infection. In addition, the genogroup J IHNV-G DNA vaccine showed better immune efficacy than the genogroup U IHNV-G or divalent vaccine, which could provide cross-immune protection against the genogroup U IHNV challenge. Therefore, this is the first study to construct an IHNV DNA vaccine using the G gene from an emerging genogroup U IHNV strain in China. The results provide great insight into the advances of new prophylactic strategies to fight both the genogroup J and U IHNV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Huo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 9 Shuguang Huayuan Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Dandan Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 9 Shuguang Huayuan Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Zhihong Ma
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 18 Jiaomen Road, Fengtai District, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Guiping Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 9 Shuguang Huayuan Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Tieliang Li
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 18 Jiaomen Road, Fengtai District, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Wutong Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 9 Shuguang Huayuan Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 18 Jiaomen Road, Fengtai District, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Wei Xing
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 18 Jiaomen Road, Fengtai District, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Guanling Xu
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 18 Jiaomen Road, Fengtai District, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Huanhuan Yu
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 18 Jiaomen Road, Fengtai District, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Beijing Fisheries Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 18 Jiaomen Road, Fengtai District, Beijing 100068, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Huiling Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 9 Shuguang Huayuan Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (H.S.)
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11
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Zhao L, Huang J, Wu S, Li Y, Pan Y. Integrative analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression associated with the immune response in the intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 131:54-66. [PMID: 36174908 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), an economically important cold-water fish cultured worldwide, suffers from infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) infection, resulting in huge financial losses. In order to understand the immune response of rainbow trout during virus infection, we explored trout intestine transcriptome profiles following IHNV challenge, and identified 3355 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 80 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs). Transcriptome analysis revealed numerous DEGs involved in immune responses, such as toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8), tripartite motif-containing 25 (TRIM25), DExH-Box helicase 58 (DHX58), interferon-induced with helicase C domain 1 (IFIH1), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3/7), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and heat shock protein 90-alpha 1 (HSP90A1). Integrated analysis identified five key miRNAs (miR-19-y, miR-181-z, miR-203-y, miR-143-z and miR-206-y) targeting at least two important immune genes (TRIM25, DHX58, STAT1, TLR7/8 and HSP90A1). Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses showed that DEGs and target genes were significantly enriched in various immune-related terms including immune system process, binding, cell part and pathways of Toll-like receptor signalling, RIG-I-like receptor signalling, NOD-like receptor signalling, JAK-STAT signalling, PI3K-Akt signalling, NF-kappa B signalling, IL-17 signalling and AGE-RAGE signalling. In addition, protein-protein interaction networks (PPI) was used to display highly interactive DEG networks involving eight immune-related pathways. The expression trends of 12 DEGs and 10 DEMs were further verified by quantitative real-time PCR, which confirmed the reliability of the transcriptome sequencing results. This study expands our understanding of the immune response of rainbow trout infected with IHNV, and provides valuable resources for future studies on the immune molecular mechanism and disease resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jinqiang Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Shenji Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yongjuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China; College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yucai Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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12
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Li J, Xia D, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Liu X, Sun J, Xu B, Yang J, Wang N, Shi W, Guan X, Liu M. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) nucleoprotein amino acid residues affect viral virulence and immunogenicity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 130:572-581. [PMID: 35988711 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the N protein sequences of genotype J with other genotypes of IHNV to select amino acid residues that may be related to the change in viral virulence. The recombinant viruses containing different mutation sites were rescued by alanine scanning mutagenesis and the reverse genetic system. The nine recombinant virus strains obtained in this work were named rIHNV-N85, rIHNV-N102, rIHNV-N146, rIHNV-N380, rIHNV-N85-102-146, rIHNV-N85-102-380, rIHNV-N85-146-380, rIHNV-N102-146-380, and rIHNV-N85-102-146-380. Pathogenicity and immunity assays were performed to determine the role of virulence sites. The result of the pathogenicity test showed that the survival rates of rIHNV-N85, rIHNV-N102, rIHNV-N85-102-146, and rIHNV-N85-102-380 groups were 52.5%, 55%, 67.5%, and 57.5%, while the survival rate of wild-type (wt) IHNV HLJ-09 group was only 10%. The replication ability of recombinant viruses with substitutions at positions 85 and 102 was significantly inhibited in vivo and in vitro. The qRT-PCR result indicated that the cytokines of IFN1, IL-8, and IL-1β expression levels were increased in rIHNV-N85, rIHNV-N102, rIHNV-N85-102-146, and rIHNV-N85-102-380 groups. In addition, these four recombinant viruses could cause the rainbow trout to produce anti-IHNV-specific antibodies immunoglobulin M (IgM) earlier, confirming that 85 and 102 amino acid residues of N protein affected the virulence and immunogenicity of IHNV. All these results suggest that mutations of the N protein virulence sites reduce virulence while retaining immunogenicity. This also provides a new idea for studying the virulence mechanism of rhabdoviruses and preparing attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxing Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueting Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Kim J, Cho M, Lim J, Choi H, Hong S. Pathogenic Mechanism of a Highly Virulent Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in Head Kidney of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Analyzed by RNA-Seq Transcriptome Profiling. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050859. [PMID: 35632602 PMCID: PMC9143916 DOI: 10.3390/v14050859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a pathogen that causes high rates of mortality in salmonid fishes. Therefore, an RNA-seq-based transcriptome analysis was performed in the head kidney of rainbow trout infected with a highly virulent IHNV strain to understand the pathogenesis of and defense strategies for IHNV infection in rainbow trout. The results showed that the numbers of DEGs were 618, 2626, and 774 (control vs. IHNV) on days 1, 3, and 5, respectively. Furthermore, the enrichment analysis of gene ontology (GO) annotations to classify DEGs showed that GO terms considerably associated with DEGs were gluconeogenesis, inflammatory response, and cell adhesion in the Biological Process (BP) category, apical plasma membrane, extracellular matrix (ECM) in the Cellular Component category, and transporter activity, integrin binding, and protein homodimerization activity in the Molecular Function category, on days 1, 3, and 5, respectively. Notably, GO terms in the BP category, including the negative regulation of type I interferon production and positive regulation of interleukin-1β secretion, were commonly identified at all time points. In the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, complement and coagulation cascades were commonly identified at all time points. Importantly, the widely recognized GO terms and KEGG pathways extensively linked to DEGs were related to energy metabolism on day 1, the immune response on day 3, and cell proliferation on day 5. Furthermore, protein–protein interaction networks and centrality analysis showed that the metabolism and signaling transduction pathways were majorly upregulated. Conclusively, the virulent IHNV infection drives pathogenesis by activating the metabolic energy pathway for energy use for viral replication, facilitating necrosis through autophagy, and causing a shutoff response of the host immune system through the downregulation of type I IFN at the initial stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Kim
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea; (J.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Miyoung Cho
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea; (M.C.); (H.C.)
| | - Jongwon Lim
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea; (J.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Hyeseong Choi
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea; (M.C.); (H.C.)
| | - Suhee Hong
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea; (J.K.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-640-2852
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14
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Hernandez DG, Brown W, Naish KA, Kurath G. Virulence and Infectivity of UC, MD, and L Strains of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) in Four Populations of Columbia River Basin Chinook Salmon. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040701. [PMID: 33919549 PMCID: PMC8072589 DOI: 10.3390/v13040701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) infects juvenile salmonid fish in conservation hatcheries and aquaculture facilities, and in some cases, causes lethal disease. This study assesses intra-specific variation in the IHNV susceptibility of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Columbia River Basin (CRB), in the northwestern United States. The virulence and infectivity of IHNV strains from three divergent virus genogroups are measured in four Chinook salmon populations, including spring-run and fall-run fish from the lower or upper regions of the CRB. Following controlled laboratory exposures, our results show that the positive control L strain had significantly higher virulence, and the UC and MD strains that predominate in the CRB had equivalently low virulence, consistent with field observations. By several experimental measures, there was little variation in host susceptibility to infection or disease. However, a small number of exceptions suggested that the lower CRB spring-run Chinook salmon population may be less susceptible than other populations tested. The UC and MD viruses did not differ in infectivity, indicating that the observed asymmetric field prevalence in which IHNV detected in CRB Chinook salmon is 83% UC and 17% MD is not due to the UC virus being more infectious. Overall, we report little intra-species variation in CRB Chinook salmon susceptibility to UC or MD IHNV infection or disease, and suggest that other factors may instead influence the ecology of IHNV in the CRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Hernandez
- Western Fisheries Research Center, United States Geological Survey, Seattle, WA 98115, USA;
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - William Brown
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Kerry A. Naish
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Gael Kurath
- Western Fisheries Research Center, United States Geological Survey, Seattle, WA 98115, USA;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Wang ZX, Zhou Y, Lu LF, Lu XB, Ni B, Liu MX, Guan HX, Li S, Zhang YA, Ouyang S. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus N protein suppresses fish IFN1 production by targeting the MITA. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 97:523-530. [PMID: 31881328 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) is a vital antiviral factor in host in the early stages after the viral invasion. Meanwhile, viruses have to survive by taking advantage of the cellular machinery and complete their replication. As a result, viruses evolved several immune escape mechanisms to inhibit host IFN expression. However, the mechanisms used to escape the host's IFN system are still unclear for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). In this study, we report that the N protein of IHNV inhibits IFN1 production in rainbow trout by degrading the MITA. Firstly, the upregulation of IFN1 promoter activity stimulated by poly I:C was suppressed by IHNV infection. Consistent with this result, the overexpression of the N protein of IHNV blocked the IFN1 transcription that was activated by poly I:C and MITA. Secondly, MITA was remarkably decreased by the overexpression of N protein at the protein level. Further analysis demonstrated that the N protein targeted MITA and promoted the ubiquitination of MITA. Taken together, these data suggested that the production of rainbow trout IFN1 could be suppressed by the N protein of IHNV via degrading MITA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Xi Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Ni
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China; The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Product of State Oceanic Administration, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Meng-Xi Liu
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Hong-Xin Guan
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China; The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Product of State Oceanic Administration, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 266337, China; State Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Songying Ouyang
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 266337, China; Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China; The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Product of State Oceanic Administration, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
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16
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Chen Y, Li J, Li D, Guan X, Ren X, Zhou Y, Feng Y, Gao S, Wang N, Guan X, Shi W, Liu M. The L-domains in M and G proteins of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) affect viral budding and pathogenicity. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 95:171-179. [PMID: 31610290 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses including many retroviruses encode "late-domain" motifs that can interact with host proteins to mediate viral assembly and affect viral budding and pathogenicity. For IHNV, our previous studies demonstrated that the respective interactions of the L domains of IHNV with host proteins could mediate viral assembly and budding. To our knowledge, the role of L domains of the IHNV in the budding and pathogenicity has not investigated yet. In this study, we generated two recombinant IHNV strains rIHNV-M(PH>A4) and rIHNV-G(PS>A4) with mutations in the L domains (PPPH to AAAA or PSAP to AARA) of IHNV by reverse genetics and explored the effect of the mutations on budding and pathogenicity of the two recombinant viruses. The RT-qPCR results showed that the production levels of the extracellular particles of rIHNV-M(PH>A4) or rIHNV-G(PS>A4) declined significantly, compared with those of wild-type (wt) IHNV HLJ-09. Furthermore, the challenge test showed that the survival rates of juvenile rainbow trout challenged with rIHNV-M(PH>A4) or rIHNV-G(PS>A4) were 90% or 87%, respectively; however, the survivability was zero in groups challenged with wtIHNV HLJ-09 or rIHNV HLJ-09 (recombinant IHNV). Additionally, the RT-qPCR results showed that the recombinant viruses induced higher expression levels of IFN1, IL-1β, and IL-8 compared with those induced by wtIHNV HLJ-09 as well as the ELISA results showed that fish vaccinated with recombinant viruses produced high levels of specific IgM antibodies, demonstrating that the two recombinant viruses may induce immune responses to resist infection by IHNV. Also, these results demonstrated for the first time that the L domains of the M and G proteins of IHNV could affect the budding and pathogenicity of IHNV, which may be beneficial in the prevention and control of IHNV infections in fish. Taken together, our study as the first research provides the foundation for effect of rhabdovirus L domains on viral budding and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Dechuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanyu Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueting Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Chen Y, Guo M, Wang Y, Hua X, Gao S, Wang Y, Li D, Shi W, Tang L, Li Y, Liu M. Immunity induced by recombinant attenuated IHNV (infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus)-G N438A expresses VP2 gene-encoded IPNV (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus) against both pathogens in rainbow trout. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:631-642. [PMID: 30874325 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) are important pathogens in rainbow trout farming worldwide. Their co-infection is also common, which causes great economic loss in juvenile salmon species. Development of a universal virus vaccine providing broadly cross-protective immunity will be of great importance. In this study, we generated two recombinant (r) virus (rIHNV-N438A-ΔNV-EGFP and rIHNV-N438A-ΔNV-VP2) replacing the NV gene of the backbone of rIHNV at the single point mutation at residue 438 with an efficient green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene and antigenic VP2 gene of IPNV. Meanwhile, we tested their efficacy against the wild-type (wt) IHNV HLJ-09 virus and IPNV serotype Sp virus challenge. The relative per cent survival rates of two recombinant viruses against (wt) IHNV HLJ-09 virus challenge were 84.6% and 81.5%, respectively. Simultaneously, the relative per cent survival rate of rIHNV-N438A-ΔNV-VP2 against IPNV serotype Sp virus challenge was 88.9%. It showed the two recombinant viruses had high protection rates and induced a high level of antibodies against IHNV or IPNV. Taken together, these results suggest the VP2 gene of IPNV can act as candidate gene for vaccine and attenuated multivalent live vaccines and molecular marker vaccines have potential application for viral vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengting Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojing Hua
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dechuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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18
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Mulei IR, Nyaga PN, Mbuthia PG, Waruiru RM, Xu C, Evensen Ø, Mutoloki S. First detection and isolation of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus from farmed rainbow trout in Nyeri County, Kenya. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:751-758. [PMID: 30805926 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the causative agent of infectious haematopoietic necrosis, a disease of salmonid responsible for great economic losses. The disease occurs in most parts of the world where rainbow trout is reared but has not been previously reported in Kenya. In this study, rainbow trout fry and growers from two farms in Nyeri County were screened for IHNV. Whole fry (n = 4 from each farm) and kidney samples from growers (n = 15 and n = 6 from the two farms, respectively) were collected and preserved for cell culture examination or PCR analysis. Screening of samples was done by PCR followed by sequencing of the glycoprotein gene of the virus. Demonstration of the virus was done by propagation in EPC cells followed by the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The results revealed the presence of IHNV at low prevalence of 0.1 and 0.4 for the two farms. The virus was confirmed both by IFAT and by partial sequencing of the G gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Kenyan isolates were identical to those of the J genogroup found mostly in Asia. The findings have implications for biosecurity measures and import regulations for the Kenyan rainbow trout industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac R Mulei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Phillip N Nyaga
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul G Mbuthia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Robert M Waruiru
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cheng Xu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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19
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Hoferer M, Akimkin V, Skrypski J, Schütze H, Sting R. Improvement of a diagnostic procedure in surveillance of the listed fish diseases IHN and VHS. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:559-572. [PMID: 30779211 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) are OIE-listed and notifiable viral fish diseases which are controlled by eradication and surveillance programmes globally. The present study provides improved RT-qPCR procedures based on recently described OIE protocols. Improvements comprise the design of a new TaqMan® probe, replacing a TaqMan® MGB probe that turned out to show impaired binding. Reason for this is SNPs detected in the nucleoprotein N gene sequences of IHNV strains targeted by the RT-qPCR. Furthermore, the IHNV and VHSV RT-qPCR assays were realized as one-step and one-run procedures supplemented by an endogenous control system. The IHNV and VHSV RT-qPCR assays are characterized by a technical sensitivity of 19 and 190 gene equivalents (cRNA) and an analytical sensitivity of 2-7 and 13 TCID50 /ml, respectively. For verification purposes, 105 IHNV and 165 VHSV isolates and several non-targeted viral and bacterial pathogens were included and returned adequate results. However, in field samples divergent results left 14 samples of 154 undetected for IHNV and one sample of 127 for VHSV using cell culture. The study shows that RT-qPCR assays ensure facilitated and reliable testing on IHNV and VHSV in eradication and surveillance programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hoferer
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart (Chemical and Veterinary Investigations Office Stuttgart), Fellbach, Germany
| | - Valerij Akimkin
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart (Chemical and Veterinary Investigations Office Stuttgart), Fellbach, Germany
| | - Julia Skrypski
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart (Chemical and Veterinary Investigations Office Stuttgart), Fellbach, Germany
| | - Heike Schütze
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Reinhard Sting
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart (Chemical and Veterinary Investigations Office Stuttgart), Fellbach, Germany
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20
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Breyta R, Brito I, Kurath G, LaDeau S. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus virological and genetic surveillance 2000-2012. Ecology 2018; 98:283. [PMID: 28052389 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance records of the acute RNA pathogen of Pacific salmonid fish infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus are combined for the first time to enable landscape-level ecological analyses and modeling. The study area is the freshwater ecosystems of the large Columbia River watershed in the U.S. states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, as well as coastal rivers in Washington and Oregon. The study period is 2000-2012, and records were contributed by all five resource management agencies that operate conservation hatcheries in the study area. Additional records from wild fish were collected from the National Wild Fish Health Survey, operated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Survey. After curation and normalization, the data set consists of 6766 records, representing 1146 sample sites and 15 different fish hosts. The virus was found in an average of 12.4% of records, and of these 66.2% also have viral genetic analysis available. This data set is used to conduct univariate ecological and epidemiological analyses and develop a novel hierarchical landscape transmission model for an aquatic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Breyta
- Cary Institute for Ecosystems Studies, Millbrook, New York, 12545, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98115, USA
| | - Ilana Brito
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Gael Kurath
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98115, USA
| | - Shannon LaDeau
- Cary Institute for Ecosystems Studies, Millbrook, New York, 12545, USA
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21
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Wu Y, Wang L, Guo T, Jiang Y, Qiao X, Sun L, Liu M, Tang L, Xu Y, Li Y. Identification of amino acid residues in infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) NV protein necessary for viral replication and pathogenicity. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 79:294-302. [PMID: 29782916 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that the nonstructural NV protein of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) was essential for efficient viral replication and pathogenicity, and that the amino acid residues 32EGDL35 of the NV protein were responsible for nuclear localization, and played important roles in suppressing IFN and inhibiting NF-κB activity. However, little is known about the influence of 32EGDL35 on IHNV replication and pathogenicity. In the present study, two recombinant IHNV strains with deletions of NV 32EGDL35 were generated and the effect on IHNV replication and pathogenicity was explored. Our results showed that both mutants stably replicated in Chinook salmon embryo cells for 15 consecutive passages, and had similar host-tropism as wild-type (wt) IHNV; however, titers of the mutants were lower than those of wt IHNV in CHSE-214 cells. Infection of rainbow trout showed wt IHNV produced 90% cumulative mortality, while the mutants produced 55% and 60% cumulative mortality, respectively. Histopathological evaluation showed that tissues from the liver, brain, kidney, and heart of fish infected with wt IHNV exhibited pathological changes, but significant lesions were found only in the liver and heart of fish infected with the recombinant viruses. In addition, the recombinant viruses induced higher expression levels of IFN1, Mx-1, and IL-6 compared with those induced by wt IHNV. These results indicated that the 32EGDL35 residues were essential for the efficient anti-IFN and NF-κB-inhibiting activity of NV. Our results provide a basis for understanding the roles of 32EGDL35 in IHNV replication and pathogenicity, and may prove beneficial in the prevention and control of IHNV infections of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Tiantian Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, China
| | - Li Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, China
| | - Yigang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, China.
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, China.
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22
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Emmenegger EJ, Biacchesi S, Mérour E, Glenn JA, Palmer AD, Brémont M, Kurath G. Virulence of a chimeric recombinant infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus expressing the spring viraemia of carp virus glycoprotein in salmonid and cyprinid fish. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:67-78. [PMID: 28799647 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) are both rhabdoviruses of fish, listed as notifiable disease agents by the World Organization for Animal Health. Recombinant rhabdoviruses with heterologous gene substitutions have been engineered to study genetic determinants and assess the potential of these recombinant viruses for vaccine development. A recombinant IHNV (rIHNV), containing the full-length genome of a European IHNV strain, was modified by deleting the glycoprotein (G) gene and replacing it with a European SVCV G-gene to make the rIHNV-Gsvcv. The chimeric rIHNV-Gsvcv level of virulence in rainbow trout, common carp and koi was assessed, and its ability to induce a protective immune response in surviving koi against wild-type SVCV infection was tested. The rIHNV-Gsvcv infection of trout led to high mortality, ranging from 78% to 92.5%, after immersion. In contrast, no deaths occurred in juvenile common carp after infection with rIHNV-Gsvcv by either immersion or intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Similarly, koi infected with rIHNV-Gsvcv via IP injection had little to no mortality (≤9%). Koi that survived initial infection with a high dose of recombinant virus rIHNV-Gsvcv were protected against a virulent SVCV challenge resulting in a high relative per cent survival of 82.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Emmenegger
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Biacchesi
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - E Mérour
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - J A Glenn
- NanoString Technologies Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A D Palmer
- Department of Microbiology, Chemical and Life Sciences Laboratories, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - M Brémont
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - G Kurath
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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23
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Roscow O, Ganassin R, Garver K, Polinski M. Z-FA-FMK demonstrates differential inhibition of aquatic orthoreovirus (PRV), aquareovirus (CSRV), and rhabdovirus (IHNV) replication. Virus Res 2017; 244:194-198. [PMID: 29174718 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-alanyl-fluoromethyl ketone (Z-FA-FMK) is a protease inhibitor that has been shown to strongly inhibit mammalian orthoreovirus replication. Here we explore the ability of Z-FA-FMK to inhibit three important yet genetically discrete aquatic fish viruses: chum salmon aquareovirus (CSRV), piscine orthoreovirus (PRV), and the rhabdovirus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Z-FA-FMK significantly attenuated CSRV in vitro transcription and infectious yield following low-dose (2-20μM) exposure, yet a relatively high dose (200μM) was required to completely block CSRV replication. For PRV and IHNV, no significant attenuation of in vitro viral transcription was observed following low-dose (2-20μM) exposure; and although high dose (200μM) exposure significantly attenuated both PRV and IHNV transcription, neither was completely inhibited. These transcriptional results were similarly reflected in IHNV infectious titre observed at 7days post exposure. PRV titre is currently undeterminable in vitro; however, in vivo intra-peritoneal injection of PRV into juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in conjunction with 1.5mg/kg Z-FA-FMK did not affect PRV replication as measured by blood associated viral transcripts at 14days post challenge. These results indicate that aquatic ortho- and aqua-reoviruses appear to possess resilience to Z-FA-FMK relative to mammalian orthoreoviruses and suggest that environmental parameters or alternative mechanisms for viral replication may affect the efficacy of Z-FA-FMK as an antireoviral compound. Further, as Z-FA-FMK has been shown to irreversibly inhibit cysteine proteases such as cathepsins B and L in vitro at concentrations of ≤100μM, continued replication of IHNV (and possibly PRV) at 200μM Z-FA-FMK suggests that replication of these viruses can occur in a cathepsin-independent manner whereas CSRV likely requires cathepsins or similar cysteine proteases for successful replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Roscow
- Department of Biology, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth St, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9R 5S5, Canada.
| | - Rosemarie Ganassin
- Department of Biology, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth St, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9R 5S5, Canada.
| | - Kyle Garver
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada.
| | - Mark Polinski
- Department of Biology, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth St, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9R 5S5, Canada; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada.
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24
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Hernandez DG, Purcell MK, Friedman CS, Kurath G. Susceptibility of ocean- and stream-type Chinook salmon to isolates of the L, U, and M genogroups of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Dis Aquat Organ 2016; 121:15-28. [PMID: 27596856 DOI: 10.3354/dao03030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the susceptibility of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha to viral strains from the L, U, and M genogroups of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) present in western North America. The goal of this investigation was to establish a baseline understanding of the susceptibility of ocean- and stream-type Chinook salmon to infection and mortality caused by exposure to commonly detected strains of L, U, and M IHNV. The L IHNV strain tested here was highly infectious and virulent in both Chinook salmon populations, following patterns previously reported for Chinook salmon. Furthermore, ocean- and stream-type Chinook salmon fry at 1 g can also become subclinically infected with U and M strains of IHNV without experiencing significant mortality. The stream-type life history phenotype was generally more susceptible to infection and suffered greater mortality than the ocean-type phenotype. Between the U and M genogroup strains tested, the U group strains were generally more infectious than the M group strains in both Chinook salmon types. Substantial viral clearance occurred by 30 d post exposure, but persistent viral infection was observed with L, U, and M strains in both host populations. While mortality decreased with increased host size in stream-type Chinook salmon, infection prevalence was not lower for all strains at a greater size. These results suggest that Chinook salmon may serve as reservoirs and/or vectors of U and M genogroup IHNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Hernandez
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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25
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Haenen OLM, Schuetze H, Cieslak M, Oldenburg S, Spierenburg MAH, Roozenburg-Hengst I, Voorbergen-Laarman M, Engelsma MY, Olesen NJ. First evidence of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in the Netherlands. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:971-979. [PMID: 26763082 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In spring 2008, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) was detected for the first time in the Netherlands. The virus was isolated from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), from a put-and-take fishery with angling ponds. IHNV is the causative agent of a serious fish disease, infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN). From 2008 to 2011, we diagnosed eight IHNV infections in rainbow trout originating from six put-and-take fisheries (symptomatic and asymptomatic fish), and four IHNV infections from three rainbow trout farms (of which two were co-infected by infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, IPNV), at water temperatures between 5 and 15 °C. At least one farm delivered trout to four of these eight IHNV-positive farms. Mortalities related to IHNV were mostly <40%, but increased to nearly 100% in case of IHNV and IPNV co-infection. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis revealed that these 12 isolates clustered into two different monophyletic groups within the European IHNV genogroup E. One of these two groups indicates a virus-introduction event by a German trout import, whereas the second group indicates that IHNV was already (several years) in the Netherlands before its discovery in 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- O L M Haenen
- NRL for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, CVI of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - H Schuetze
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, NRL for EUS and ISA, Bundesforschungs Institut für Tiergesundheit, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - M Cieslak
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, NRL for EUS and ISA, Bundesforschungs Institut für Tiergesundheit, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - S Oldenburg
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority NVWA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M A H Spierenburg
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority NVWA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - I Roozenburg-Hengst
- NRL for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, CVI of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - M Voorbergen-Laarman
- NRL for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, CVI of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - M Y Engelsma
- NRL for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, CVI of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - N J Olesen
- Fish Diseases Unit (EURL), Section for Virology, DTU National Veterinary Institute, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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26
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Kim KI, Cha SJ, Lee C, Baek H, Hwang SD, Cho MY, Jee BY, Park MA. Genetic relatedness of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) from cultured salmonids in Korea. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2305-10. [PMID: 27255747 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV; n = 18) was identified in the Korean national surveillance program between February 2013 and April 2015, suggesting that IHNV is a major viral pathogen in cultured salmonids. By phylogeny analysis, we found that the JRt-Nagano and JRt-Shizuoka groups could each be further subdivided into three distinct subtypes. The Korean strains were genetically similar to Japanese isolates, suggesting introduction from Japan. Interestingly, the amino acid sequences of the middle glycoprotein gene show that distinct Korean subtypes have circulated, indicating that the settled IHNVs might be evolved stably in cultured salmonid farm environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Il Kim
- Aquaculture Industry Division, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, 25435, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Joo Cha
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, Jinhae, Gyeongsangnam-do, 51688, Republic of Korea
| | - Chu Lee
- Aquaculture Industry Division, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, 25435, Republic of Korea
| | - Harim Baek
- Aquaculture Industry Division, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, 25435, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Don Hwang
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young Cho
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Jee
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Ae Park
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
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27
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Kurath G, Winton JR, Dale OB, Purcell MK, Falk K, Busch RA. Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. are broadly susceptible to isolates representing the North American genogroups of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:55-67. [PMID: 25381936 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Beginning in 1992, three epidemic waves of infectious hematopoietic necrosis, often with high mortality, occurred in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. on the west coast of North America. We compared the virulence of eleven strains of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), representing the U, M and L genogroups, in experimental challenges of juvenile Atlantic salmon in freshwater. All strains caused mortality and there was wide variation within genogroups: cumulative mortality for five U-group strains ranged from 20 to 100%, four M-group strains ranged 30-63% and two L-group strains varied from 41 to 81%. Thus, unlike Pacific salmonids, there was no apparent correlation of virulence in a particular host species with virus genogroup. The mortality patterns indicated two different phenotypes in terms of kinetics of disease progression and final per cent mortality, with nine strains having moderate virulence and two strains (from the U and L genogroups) having high virulence. These phenotypes were investigated by histopathology and immunohistochemistry to describe the variation in the course of IHNV disease in Atlantic salmon. The results from this study demonstrate that IHNV may become a major threat to farmed Atlantic salmon in other regions of the world where the virus has been, or may be, introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kurath
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J R Winton
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - O B Dale
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - M K Purcell
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K Falk
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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28
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Xu LM, Liu HB, Yin JS, Lu TY. [Prokaryotic expression and immunogenicity analysis of glycoprotein from infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2013; 29:529-534. [PMID: 24386842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to detect Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus with immunological methods, the surface glycoprotein of a recent IHNV-Sn isolated from farmed rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in China was amplified and cloned into pET27b(+) vector (designated as pET27b-G ). The expression of recombinant plasmid pET27b-G in E. coli BL21(DE3) was induced and determined by SDS-PAGE analysis. The predicted molecular weight of glycoprotein protein was approximately 55 kD and was confirmed in this study. The inclusion body of glycoprotein was treated with urea at different urea concentrations, and dialyzed into PBS buffer. Purified glycoprotein with high concentration was obtained after dialyzed in the PBS buffer. Antisera against glycoprotein were produced from immunized rabbits. The prepared antisera could react specifically with both the recombinant glycoprotein and natural glycoprotein of the IHNV-Sn isolated in the test of indirect ELISA, and the titer against the recombinant glycoprotein was 1:20,000. IFA showed that the antisera can recognize the glycoprotein located on the surface of IHNV-Sn and IHNV reference strain. These results indicated that the expressed glycoprotein was immunogenical and antigenical and could be functional as the natural IHNV glycoprotein. These results established a foundation for further study on vaccine and rapid diagnosis of IHNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-ming Xu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
| | - Hong-bai Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Jia-sheng Yin
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Tong-yan Lu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
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29
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Verrier ER, Ehanno A, Biacchesi S, Le Guillou S, Dechamp N, Boudinot P, Bremont M, Quillet E. Lack of correlation between the resistances to two rhabdovirus infections in rainbow trout. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2013; 35:9-17. [PMID: 23583726 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.03.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) and the Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) are two rhabdoviruses responsible for serious outbreaks in salmonid farms. To date, little is known about the variability of host response to these viruses. Using gynogenetic clonal lines of rainbow trout exhibiting a wide range of resistance to viral infections, we showed that there was no correlation between the resistance to VHSV and IHNV. We also confirmed the importance of fish weight for its susceptibility to IHNV infection. Finally, using a chimeric recombinant IHNV expressing the VHSV glycoprotein, we showed that the glycoprotein plays a key role in the virulence and in the level of resistance observed in different genetic backgrounds. Taken together, our results provide new prospects for a better understanding of host responses to rhabdovirus infections in salmonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi R Verrier
- INRA, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Breyta R, Jones A, Stewart B, Brunson R, Thomas J, Kerwin J, Bertolini J, Mumford S, Patterson C, Kurath G. Emergence of MD type infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in Washington State coastal steelhead trout. Dis Aquat Organ 2013; 104:179-195. [PMID: 23759556 DOI: 10.3354/dao02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) occurs in North America as 3 major phylogenetic groups designated U, M, and L. In coastal Washington State, IHNV has historically consisted of U genogroup viruses found predominantly in sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. M genogroup IHNV, which has host-specific virulence for rainbow and steelhead trout O. mykiss, was detected only once in coastal Washington prior to 2007, in an epidemic among juvenile steelhead trout in 1997. Beginning in 2007 and continuing through 2011, there were 8 IHNV epidemics in juvenile steelhead trout, involving 7 different fish culture facilities in 4 separate watersheds. During the same time period, IHNV was also detected in asymptomatic adult steelhead trout from 6 coastal watersheds. Genetic typing of 283 recent virus isolates from coastal Washington revealed that the great majority were in the M genogroup of IHNV and that there were 2 distinct waves of viral emergence between the years 2007 and 2011. IHNV type mG110M was dominant in coastal steelhead trout during 2007 to 2009, and type mG139M was dominant between 2010 and 2011. Phylogenetic analysis of viral isolates indicated that all coastal M genogroup viruses detected in 1997 and 2007 to 2011 were part of the MD subgroup and that several novel genetic variants related to the dominant types arose in the coastal sites. Comparison of spatial and temporal incidence of coastal MD viruses with that of the rest of the Pacific Northwest indicated that the likely source of the emergent viruses was Columbia River Basin steelhead trout.
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Emmenegger EJ, Kentop E, Thompson TM, Pittam S, Ryan A, Keon D, Carlino JA, Ranson J, Life RB, Troyer RM, Garver KA, Kurath G. Development of an aquatic pathogen database (AquaPathogen X) and its utilization in tracking emerging fish virus pathogens in North America. J Fish Dis 2011; 34:579-587. [PMID: 21762169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The AquaPathogen X database is a template for recording information on individual isolates of aquatic pathogens and is freely available for download (http://wfrc.usgs.gov). This database can accommodate the nucleotide sequence data generated in molecular epidemiological studies along with the myriad of abiotic and biotic traits associated with isolates of various pathogens (e.g. viruses, parasites and bacteria) from multiple aquatic animal host species (e.g. fish, shellfish and shrimp). The cataloguing of isolates from different aquatic pathogens simultaneously is a unique feature to the AquaPathogen X database, which can be used in surveillance of emerging aquatic animal diseases and elucidation of key risk factors associated with pathogen incursions into new water systems. An application of the template database that stores the epidemiological profiles of fish virus isolates, called Fish ViroTrak, was also developed. Exported records for two aquatic rhabdovirus species emerging in North America were used in the implementation of two separate web-accessible databases: the Molecular Epidemiology of Aquatic Pathogens infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (MEAP-IHNV) database (http://gis.nacse.org/ihnv/) released in 2006 and the MEAP- viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (http://gis.nacse.org/vhsv/) database released in 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Emmenegger
- Western Fisheries Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
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Peñaranda MMD, Lapatra SE, Kurath G. Specificity of DNA vaccines against the U and M genogroups of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2011; 31:43-51. [PMID: 21385613 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a fish rhabdovirus that causes significant mortality in salmonid species. In North America IHNV has three major genogroups designated U, M, and L. Host-specificity of the M and U genogroups of IHNV has been established both in the field and in experimental challenges, with M isolates being more prevalent and more virulent in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and U isolates being more prevalent and highly virulent in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). In this study, efficacy of DNA vaccines containing either M (pM) or U (pU) virus glycoprotein genes was investigated during intra- and cross-genogroup challenges in rainbow trout. In virus challenges at 7 days post-vaccination (early antiviral response), both pM and pU were highly protective against either M or U IHNV. In challenges at 28 days post-vaccination (specific antiviral response), both pM and pU were protective against M IHNV but the homologous pM vaccine was significantly more protective than pU in one of two experiments. At this stage both pM and pU induced comparably high protection against U IHNV challenge. Correlates of protection were also investigated by assessing the expression of the interferon-stimulated gene Mx-1 and the production of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) following pM or pU DNA vaccination. Mx-1 gene expression, measured at 4 and 7 days post-vaccination as an indicator of the host innate immune response, was found to be significantly higher after pM than pU vaccination in some cases. Neutralizing antibody was produced in response to the two vaccines, but antibody titers did not show consistent correlation with protection. The results show that the rainbow trout innate and adaptive immune responses have some ability to distinguish between the U and M genogroup IHNV, but overall the pM and pU vaccines were protective against both homologous and cross-genogroup challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Michelle D Peñaranda
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Park JW, Moon CH, Harmache A, Wargo AR, Purcell MK, Bremont M, Kurath G. Restricted growth of U-type infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in rainbow trout cells may be linked to casein kinase II activity. J Fish Dis 2011; 34:115-129. [PMID: 21241319 PMCID: PMC7194290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that a representative M genogroup type strain of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) from rainbow trout grows well in rainbow trout-derived RTG-2 cells, but a U genogroup type strain from sockeye salmon has restricted growth, associated with reduced genome replication and mRNA transcription. Here, we analysed further the mechanisms for this growth restriction of U-type IHNV in RTG-2 cells, using strategies that assessed differences in viral genes, host immune regulation and phosphorylation. To determine whether the viral glycoprotein (G) or non-virion (NV) protein was responsible for the growth restriction, four recombinant IHNV viruses were generated in which the G gene of an infectious IHNV clone was replaced by the G gene of U- or M-type IHNV and the NV gene was replaced by NV of U- or M-type IHNV. There was no significant difference in the growth of these recombinants in RTG-2 cells, indicating that G and NV proteins are not major factors responsible for the differential growth of the U- and M-type strains. Poly I:C pretreatment of RTG-2 cells suppressed the growth of both U- and M-type IHNV, although the M virus continued to replicate at a reduced level. Both viruses induced type 1 interferon (IFN1) and the IFN1 stimulated gene Mx1, but the expression levels in M-infected cells were significantly higher than in U-infected cells and an inhibitor of the IFN1-inducible protein kinase PKR, 2-aminopurine (2-AP), did not affect the growth of U- or M-type IHNV in RTG-2 cells. These data did not indicate a role for the IFN1 system in the restricted growth of U-type IHNV in RTG-2 cells. Prediction of kinase-specific phosphorylation sites in the viral phosphoprotein (P) using the NetPhosK program revealed differences between U- and M-type P genes at five phosphorylation sites. Pretreatment of RTG-2 cells with a PKC inhibitor or a p38MAPK inhibitor did not affect the growth of the U- and M-type viruses. However, 100 μm of the casein kinase II (CKII) inhibitor, 5,6-dichloro-1-β-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), reduced the titre of the U type 8.3-fold at 24 h post-infection. In contrast, 100 μm of the CKII inhibitor reduced the titre of the M type only 1.3-fold at 48 h post-infection. Our data suggest that the different growth of U- and M-type IHNV in RTG-2 cells may be linked to a differential requirement for cellular protein kinases such as CKII for their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Park
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Korea
| | - C H Moon
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A Harmache
- Unite de Virologie & Immunologie Moleculaires, INRA CRJ, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - A R Wargo
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M K Purcell
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Bremont
- Unite de Virologie & Immunologie Moleculaires, INRA CRJ, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - G Kurath
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Robles-Sikisaka R, Bohonak AJ, McClenaghan LR, Dhar AK. Genetic signature of rapid IHHNV (infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus) expansion in wild Penaeus shrimp populations. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11799. [PMID: 20668694 PMCID: PMC2909959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) is a widely distributed single-stranded DNA parvovirus that has been responsible for major losses in wild and farmed penaeid shrimp populations on the northwestern Pacific coast of Mexico since the early 1990's. IHHNV has been considered a slow-evolving, stable virus because shrimp populations in this region have recovered to pre-epizootic levels, and limited nucleotide variation has been found in a small number of IHHNV isolates studied from this region. To gain insight into IHHNV evolutionary and population dynamics, we analyzed IHHNV capsid protein gene sequences from 89 Penaeus shrimp, along with 14 previously published sequences. Using Bayesian coalescent approaches, we calculated a mean rate of nucleotide substitution for IHHNV that was unexpectedly high (1.39×10−4 substitutions/site/year) and comparable to that reported for RNA viruses. We found more genetic diversity than previously reported for IHHNV isolates and highly significant subdivision among the viral populations in Mexican waters. Past changes in effective number of infections that we infer from Bayesian skyline plots closely correspond to IHHNV epizootiological historical records. Given the high evolutionary rate and the observed regional isolation of IHHNV in shrimp populations in the Gulf of California, we suggest regular monitoring of wild and farmed shrimp and restriction of shrimp movement as preventative measures for future viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refugio Robles-Sikisaka
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America.
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35
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Park JW, Moon CH, Wargo AR, Purcell MK, Kurath G. Differential growth of U and M type infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in a rainbow trout-derived cell line, RTG-2. J Fish Dis 2010; 33:583-591. [PMID: 20367739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is one of the most important viral pathogens of salmonids. In rainbow trout, IHNV isolates in the M genogroup are highly pathogenic, while U genogroup isolates are significantly less pathogenic. We show here that, at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1, a representative U type strain yielded 42-fold less infectious virus than an M type strain in the rainbow trout-derived RTG-2 cell line at 24 h post-infection (p.i.). However, at an MOI of 10, there was only fivefold difference in the yield of infectious virus between the U and M strains. Quantification of extracellular viral genomic RNA suggested that the number of virus particles released from cells infected with the U strain at a MOI of 1 was 47-fold lower than from M-infected cells, but U and M virions were equally infectious by particle to infectivity ratios. At an MOI of 1, U strain intracellular viral genome accumulation and transcription were 37- and 12-fold lower, respectively, than those of the M strain at 24 h p.i. Viral nucleocapsid (N) protein accumulation in U strain infections was fivefold lower than in M strain infections. These results suggest that the block in U type strain growth in RTG-2 cells was because of the effects of reduced genome replication and transcription. The reduced growth of the U strain does not seem to be caused by defective genes, because the U and M strains grew equally well in the permissive epithelioma papulosum cyprini cell line at an MOI of 1. This suggests that host-specific factors in RTG-2 cells control the growth of the IHNV U and M strains differently, leading to growth restriction of the U type virus during the RNA synthesis step.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Park
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
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36
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Jonstrup SP, Schuetze H, Kurath G, Gray T, Jensen BB, Olesen NJ. An isolate and sequence database of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). J Fish Dis 2010; 33:469-471. [PMID: 20367737 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the field of fish diseases, the amount of relevant information available is enormous. Internet-based databases are an excellent tool for keeping track of the available knowledge in the field. Fishpathogens.eu was launched in June 2009 with the aim of collecting, storing and sorting data on fish pathogens. The first pathogen to be included was the rhabdovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). Here, we present an extension of the database to also include infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). The database is developed, maintained and managed by the European Community Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases and collaborators. It is available at http://www.fishpathogens.eu/ihnv.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Jonstrup
- Community Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Section for Fish Diseases, Division of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Arhus N, Denmark.
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Johansson T, Einer-Jensen K, Batts W, Ahrens P, Björkblom C, Kurath G, Björklund H, Lorenzen N. Genetic and serological typing of European infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) isolates. Dis Aquat Organ 2009; 86:213-221. [PMID: 20066956 DOI: 10.3354/dao02108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) causes the lethal disease infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) in juvenile salmon and trout. The nucleocapsid (N) protein gene and partial glycoprotein (G) gene (nucleotides 457 to 1061) of the European isolates IT-217A, FR-32/87, DE-DF 13/98 11621, DE-DF 4/99-8/99, AU-9695338 and RU-FR1 were sequenced and compared with IHNV isolates from the North American genogroups U, M and L. In phylogenetic studies the N gene of the Italian, French, German and Austrian isolates clustered in the M genogroup, though in a different subgroup than the isolates from the USA. Analyses of the partial G gene of these European isolates clustered them in the M genogroup close to the root while the Russian isolate clustered in the U genogroup. The European isolates together with US-WRAC and US-Col-80 were also tested in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the N protein. MAbs 136-1 and 136-3 reacted equally at all concentrations with the isolates tested, indicating that these antibodies identify a common epitope. MAb 34D3 separated the M and L genogroup isolates from the U genogroup isolate. MAb 1DW14D divided the European isolates into 2 groups. MAb 1DW14D reacted more strongly with DE-DF 13/98 11621 and RU-FR1 than with IT-217A, FR-32/87, DE-DF 4/99-8/99 and AU-9695338. In the phylogenetic studies, the Italian, French, German and Austrian isolates clustered in the M genogroup, whereas in the serological studies using MAbs, the European M genogroup isolates could not be placed in the same specific group. These results indicate that genotypic and serotypic classification do not correlate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Johansson
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Arhus N, Denmark.
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Purcell MK, Garver KA, Conway C, Elliott DG, Kurath G. Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus genogroup-specific virulence mechanisms in sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), from Redfish Lake, Idaho. J Fish Dis 2009; 32:619-631. [PMID: 19486239 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) field isolates from North America has established three main genogroups (U, M and L) that differ in host-specific virulence. In sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, the U genogroup is highly virulent, whereas the M genogroup is nearly non-pathogenic. In this study, we sought to characterize the virus-host dynamics that contribute to genogroup-specific virulence in a captive stock of sockeye salmon from Redfish Lake in Idaho. Juvenile sockeye salmon were challenged by immersion and injection with either a representative U or M viral strain and sampled periodically until 14 days post-infection (p.i.). Fish challenged with each strain had positive viral titre by day 3, regardless of challenge route, but the fish exposed to the M genogroup virus had significantly lower virus titres than fish exposed to the U genogroup virus. Gene expression analysis by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR was used to simultaneously assess viral load and host interferon (IFN) response in the anterior kidney. Viral load was significantly higher in the U-challenged fish relative to M-challenged fish. Both viruses induced expression of the IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), but expression was usually significantly lower in the M-challenged group, particularly at later time points (7 and 14 days p.i.). However, ISG expression was comparable with 3 days post-immersion challenge despite a significant difference in viral load. Our data indicated that the M genogroup virus entered the host, replicated and spread in the sockeye salmon tissues, but to a lesser extent than the U genogroup. Both virus types induced a host IFN response, but the high virulence strain (U) continued to replicate in the presence of this response, whereas the low virulence strain (M) was cleared below detectable levels. We hypothesize that high virulence is associated with early in vivo replication allowing the virus to achieve a threshold level, which the host innate immune system cannot control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Purcell
- Western Fisheries Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
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39
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Romero A, Figueras A, Thoulouze MI, Bremont M, Novoa B. Recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis viruses induce protection for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Dis Aquat Organ 2008; 80:123-135. [PMID: 18717065 DOI: 10.3354/dao01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) are rhabdoviruses that infect salmonids, producing serious economic losses. Two recombinant IHN viruses were generated by reverse genetics. For one (rIHNV GFP) the IHNV NV gene was replaced with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene. In the other (rIHNV-Gvhsv GFP) the G gene was also exchanged for that of VHSV. No mortalities, external signs or histological lesions were observed in experimental infections conducted with the recombinant viruses. Neither the rIHNV GFP nor rIHNV-Gvhsv GFP was detected by RT-PCR in any of the examined tissues from experimentally infected fish. In order to assess their potential as vaccines against the wild type viruses, rainbow trout were vaccinated with the recombinant viruses by intraperitoneal injection and challenged 30 d later with virulent IHNV or VHSV. The GFP viruses provided protection against both wild type viruses. None of the recombinant viruses induced antibody production, and the expression of interferon (IFNalpha4) and interferon induced genes such as Mx protein and ISG-15 was not different to that of controls. The rIHNV-Gvhsv GFP did not inhibit cellular apoptosis as it was observed in an IHNV inoculated fish cell line. These studies suggest that the recombinant rIHNV-Gvhsv GFP is a promising candidate as a live recombinant vaccine and also provides a good model to further study viral pathogenicity and the molecular basis of protection against these viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
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40
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Verjan N, Ooi EL, Nochi T, Kondo H, Hirono I, Aoki T, Kiyono H, Yuki Y. A soluble nonglycosylated recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) G-protein induces IFNs in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2008; 25:170-180. [PMID: 18499475 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Viral glycoproteins interact with cell-surface receptors to mediate virus entry and innate immune system activation. We found that a soluble recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus G-protein (rIHNV-G) stimulated an early innate immune response mediated by proinflammatory cytokines, IFN1 and IFN-gamma in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. Expression of both IFN1 and IFN-gamma mRNA transcripts was an early event and was rIHNV-G dose-dependent. In addition, preliminary evidence revealed that the innate immune response induced by rIHNV-G protein could protect rainbow trout fry from a subsequent IHNV virus challenge. Finally, the binding and distribution of FITC-rIHNV-G protein on rainbow trout spleen and head kidney leukocytes resemble morphological changes which occur on the cell membrane during antigen-receptor interaction including membrane reorganization, patching, polarization and capping. Thus a soluble nonglycosylated rIHNV-G protein could mediate the activation of rainbow trout leukocytes, with concomitant production of proinflammatory cytokines and IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Verjan
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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41
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Popova AG, Oreshkova SF, Zhchelkunov IS, Rudakova SL, Zhchelkunova TI, Tikunova NV, Blinova NN, Il'ichev AA. [RT-PCR-based methods for identification and typing of infectious hemopoietic necrosis virus in salmons]. Vopr Virusol 2008; 53:39-43. [PMID: 18590135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A RT-PCR method has been developed to diagnose infectious hemopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in salmons. The authors show it possible to use the method for viral shedding in both a cell culture and a clinical sample from infected fishes. Genotyping of IHNV strains originating from North America, Europe, and Russia, by using the restriction fragment length polymerase analysis, has revealed that 10 of them belong to 3 existing genogroups (U, M, and L). Three Russian isolates are assigned into a separate subgroup. Phylogenetic analysis of several isolates has confirmed that viral strains from Katchatka belong to the North American U-genogroup whereas 3 Russian isolates from the continental zone of the country make up a separate subgroup within the same genogroup.
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42
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McClure C, Saksida S, Karreman G, Constantine J, Robinson J, Traxler G, Hammell L. Evaluation of a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction test and virus isolation on field samples collected for the diagnosis of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in cultured Atlantic salmon in British Columbia. J Aquat Anim Health 2008; 20:12-18. [PMID: 18536498 DOI: 10.1577/h06-045.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) has been found to cause disease in cultured salmon of the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Diagnosis of IHNV by virus isolation (VI) can take over 2 weeks. Recently, a rapid reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test on fish tissues has been used for diagnosis. Test performances of the VI and RT PCR assays were compared using samples collected in the field. The effect of different storage conditions (tissue frozen with or without RNAlater [Ambion, Inc., Austin, Texas] versus fresh tissue) on the diagnostic tests was also evaluated. Based on the limited number of samples tested, the operating characteristics of RT PCR were very similar to those of VI; therefore, this method is likely suitable for testing field samples for IHNV. The ability of the tests to identify a positive fish ranged from 74% to 89%. Freezing samples at -80 degrees C before testing did not negatively affect the performance of RT PCR or VI. However, due to reduced test performance, RNAlater frozen storage is not recommended without further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol McClure
- Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 7J7, Canada.
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Kelley GO, Garabed R, Branscum A, Perez A, Thurmond M. Prediction model for sequence variation in the glycoprotein gene of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in California, U.S.A. Dis Aquat Organ 2007; 78:97-104. [PMID: 18286806 DOI: 10.3354/dao01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The influence of spatio-temporal factors on genetic variation of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is an active area of research. Using host-isolate pairs collected from 1966 to 2004 for 237 IHNV isolates from California and southern Oregon, we examined genetic variation of the mid-G gene of IHNV that could be quantified across times and geographic locations. Information hypothesized to influence genetic variation was environmental and/or fish host demographic factors, viz. location (inland or coastal), year of isolation, habitat (river, lake, or hatchery), the agent factors of subgroup (LI or LII) and serotype (1, 2, or 3), and the host factors of fish age (juvenile or adult), sex (male or female), and season of spawning run (spring, fall, late fall, winter). Inverse distance weighting (IDW) was performed to create isopleth maps of the genetic distances of each subgroup. IDW maps showed that more genetic divergence was predicted for isolates found inland (for both subgroups: LI and LII) than for coastal watershed isolates. A mixed-effect beta regression with a logit link function was used to seek associations between genetic distances and hypothesized explanatory factors. The model that best described genetic distance contained the factors of location, year of isolation, and the interaction between location and year. Our model suggests that genetic distance was greater for isolates collected from 1966 to 2004 at inland locations than for isolates found in coastal watersheds during the same years. The agreement between the IDW and beta regression analyses quantitatively supports our conclusion that, during this time period, more genetic variation existed within subgroup LII in inland watersheds than within coastal LI isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry O Kelley
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Bendorf CM, Kelley GO, Yun SC, Kurath G, Andree KB, Hedrick RP. Genetic diversity of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus from Feather River and Lake Oroville, California, and virulence of selected isolates for Chinook salmon and rainbow trout. J Aquat Anim Health 2007; 19:254-269. [PMID: 18333482 DOI: 10.1577/h07-003.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a significant pathogen of young salmonid fishes worldwide but particularly within the historical range of the Pacific Northwest and California. In the Sacramento and San Joaquin River drainages of California, IHNV outbreaks in juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha have been observed regularly at large production hatcheries, including Coleman National Fish Hatchery (established in 1941) and Feather River State Fish Hatchery (FRH; established in 1967), since facility operations began. Recent severe epidemics at the FRH in 1998 and 2000-2002 prompted investigations into the characteristics and potential sources of virus at this facility. Both phylogenetic analyses of a variable portion of the glycoprotein gene and serologic comparisons based on neutralization with three polyclonal rabbit sera were used to characterize 82 IHNV isolates from the Feather River watershed between 1969 and 2004. All isolates examined were in the L genogroup and belonged to one of three serologic groups typical of IHNV from California. The IHNV isolates from the Feather River area demonstrated a maximum nucleotide sequence divergence of 4.0%, and new isolates appeared to emerge from previous isolates rather than by the introduction of more diverse subgroups from exogenous sources. The earliest isolates examined from the watershed formed the subgroup LI, which disappeared coincidently with a temporal shift to new genetic and serologic types of the larger subgroup LII. Experimental challenges demonstrated no significant differences in the virulence for juvenile Chinook salmon and rainbow trout O. mykiss from selected isolates representing the principal types of IHNV found historically and from recent epidemics at FRH. While most isolates were equally virulent for both host species, one isolate was found to be more virulent for Chinook salmon than for rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin M Bendorf
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Knüsel R, Bergmann SM, Einer-Jensen K, Casey J, Segner H, Wahli T. Virus isolation vs RT-PCR: which method is more successful in detecting VHSV and IHNV in fish tissue sampled under field conditions? J Fish Dis 2007; 30:559-68. [PMID: 17718710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the results of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and traditional virus isolation on cell culture in detection of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) and infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). RT-PCR was used for 172 tissue sample pools (total of 859 fish) originating from a field survey on the occurrence of VHSV and IHNV in farmed and wild salmonids in Switzerland. These samples represented all sites with fish that were either identified as virus-positive by means of virus isolation (three sites, four positive tissue sample pools) and/or demonstrated positive anti-VHSV-antibody titres (83 sites, 121 positive blood samples) in a serum plaque neutralization test (SPNT). The RT-PCR technique confirmed the four VHSV-positive tissue sample pools detected by virus isolation and additionally identified one VHSV-positive sample that showed positive anti-VHSV-AB titres, but was negative in virus isolation. With IHNV, RT-PCR detected two positive samples not identified by virus isolation while in these fish the SPNT result had been questionable. One of the IHNV-positive samples represents the first detection of IHNV-RNA in wild brown trout in Switzerland. Compared to SPNT, the RT-PCR method detected, as with virus isolation, a much lower number of positive cases; reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. Our results indicate that RT-PCR can not only be successfully applied in field surveys, but may also be slightly more sensitive than virus isolation. However, in a titration experiment under laboratory conditions, the sensitivity of RT-PCR was not significantly higher when compared with virus isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Knüsel
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Laenggasstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Kelley GO, Bendorf CM, Yun SC, Kurath G, Hedrick RP. Genotypes and phylogeographical relationships of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in California, USA. Dis Aquat Organ 2007; 77:29-40. [PMID: 17933395 DOI: 10.3354/dao01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) contains 3 major genogroups in North America with discreet geographic ranges designated as upper (U), middle (M), and lower (L). A comprehensive genotyping of 237 IHNV isolates from hatchery and wild salmonids in California revealed 25 different sequence types (a to y) all in the L genogroup; specifically, the genogroup contained 14 sequence types that were unique to individual isolates as well as 11 sequence types representing 2 or more identical isolates. The most evident trend was the phylogenetic and geographical division of the L genogroup into 2 distinct subgroups designated as LI and LII. Isolates within Subgroup LI were primarily found within waterways linked to southern Oregon and northern California coastal rivers. Isolates in Subgroup LII were concentrated within inland valley watersheds that included the Sacramento River, San Joaquin River, and their tributaries. The temporal and spatial patterns of virus occurrence suggested that infections among adult Chinook salmon in the hatchery or that spawn in the river are a major source of virus potentially infecting other migrating or resident salmonids in California. Serum neutralization results of the California isolates of IHNV corroborated a temporal trend of sequence divergence; specifically, 2 progressive shifts in which more recent virus isolates represent new serotypes. A comparison of the estimates of divergence rates for Subgroup LI (1 x 10(-5) mutations per nucleotide site per year) indicated stasis similar to that observed in the U genogroup, while the Subgroup LII rate (1 x 10(-3) mutations per nucleotide site per year) suggested a more active evolution similar to that of the M genogroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry O Kelley
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Kim WS, Oh MJ, Nishizawa T, Park JW, Kurath G, Yoshimizu M. Genotyping of Korean isolates of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) based on the glycoprotein gene. Arch Virol 2007; 152:2119-24. [PMID: 17668275 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-1027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycoprotein (G) gene nucleotide sequences of four Korean isolates of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) were analyzed to evaluate their genetic relatedness to worldwide isolates. All Korean isolates were closely related to Japanese isolates of genogroup JRt rather than to those of North American and European genogroups. It is believed that Korean IHNV has been most likely introduced from Japan to Korea by the movement of contaminated fish eggs. Among the Korean isolates, phylogenetically distinct virus types were obtained from sites north and south of a large mountain range, suggesting the possibility of more than one introduction of virus from Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-S Kim
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
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Rudakova SL, Kurath G, Bochkova EV. Occurrence and genetic typing of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in Kamchatka, Russia. Dis Aquat Organ 2007; 75:1-11. [PMID: 17523538 DOI: 10.3354/dao075001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a well known rhabdoviral pathogen of salmonid fish in North America that has become established in Asia and Europe. On the Pacific coast of Russia, IHNV was first detected in hatchery sockeye from the Kamchatka Peninsula in 2001. Results of virological examinations of over 10,000 wild and cultured salmonid fish from Kamchatka during 1996 to 2005 revealed IHNV in several sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka populations. The virus was isolated from spawning adults and from juveniles undergoing epidemics in both hatchery and wild sockeye populations from the Bolshaya watershed. No virus was detected in 2 other watersheds, or in species other than sockeye salmon. Genetic typing of 8 virus isolates by sequence analysis of partial glycoprotein and nucleocapsid genes revealed that they were genetically homogeneous and fell within the U genogroup of IHNV. In phylogenetic analyses, the Russian IHNV sequences were indistinguishable from the sequences of North American U genogroup isolates that occur throughout Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. The high similarity, and in some cases identity, between Russian and North American IHNV isolates suggests virus transmission or exposure to a common viral reservoir in the North Pacific Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana L Rudakova
- Kamchatka Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (KamchatNIRO), Naberezhnaya 18, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii 683000, Russia.
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McCarthy EL, Bickerstaff LE, da Cunha MP, Millard PJ. Nucleic acid sensing by regenerable surface-associated isothermal rolling circle amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 22:1236-44. [PMID: 16797962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for regenerating biosensors has been developed in which the highly specific detection of nucleic acid sequences is carried out using molecular padlock probe (MPP) technology and surface-associated rolling circle amplification (RCA). This technique has a low occurrence of false positive results when compared to polymerase chain reaction, and is an isothermal reaction, which is advantageous in systems requiring low power consumption such as remote field sensing applications. Gold-sputtered 96-well polystyrene microplates and a fluorescent label were used to explore the detection limits of the surface-associated RCA technique, specificity for different MPP, conditions for regeneration of the biomolecular sensing surface, and reproducibility of measurements on regenerated surfaces. The technique was used to create highly selective biomolecular surfaces capable of discriminating between DNA oligonucleotides with sequences identical to RNA from infectious salmon anemia (ISA) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) virus. As little as 0.6 fmol of circularized MPP was detectable with this fluorimetric assay. The sensing layers could be reused for at least four cycles of amplification using thermal denaturation, with less than 33% decrease in RCA response over time. Because the nucleic acid product of the test is attached to a surface during amplification, the technique is directly applicable to a variety of existing sensing platforms, including acoustic wave and optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L McCarthy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/LASST, 245 ESRB-Barrows, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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Nishizawa T, Kinoshita S, Kim WS, Higashi S, Yoshimizu M. Nucleotide diversity of Japanese isolates of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) based on the glycoprotein gene. Dis Aquat Organ 2006; 71:267-72. [PMID: 17058607 DOI: 10.3354/dao071267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), a member of the genus Novirhabdovirus, causes a highly lethal disease of salmonid fish. In the present study, G gene nucleotide sequences of 9 Japanese IHNV isolates obtained from 1971 to 1996 were analyzed to evaluate the genetic diversity and compared with IHNV isolates from North America and Europe. A radial phylogenetic tree revealed 5 major clusters including 3 genogroups (U, M and L) for North American isolates and 1 genogroup for European isolates. Five Japanese isolates from 1971 to 1982 appeared in the cluster for genogroup U, while the remaining Japanese isolates from 1980 to 1996 formed a new genogroup, JRt (Japanese rainbow trout). Maximum nucleotide diversity among the Japanese isolates was 4.5%, which was greater than that within the North American isolates (3.6%), and the degree of nucleotide diversity within Japanese isolates was increased by inclusion of the genogroup JRt isolates. It was concluded that Japanese isolates shared a common source with the genogroup U of the North American isolates and that there were large divergences between Japanese isolates before and after the 1980s.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nishizawa
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, 041-8611, Japan
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