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Kennedy RJ, Barry J, Boyd A, Allen M. Does phenology influence predation rate on Salmo trutta parr during lake migration? J Fish Biol 2024. [PMID: 38491848 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Acoustic tags fitted with predation sensors, which trigger following ingestion by piscivorous predators, were used to compare direct predation rates during downstream migration (out-migration) of potamodromous (freshwater) brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) parr from their natal river into a large freshwater lake system during spring and autumn. Thirty-eight spring migrants were tagged across two study years (2021 and 2022) of which 13 individuals (34%) were predated. By contrast 40 autumn migrants were tagged (2020 and 2021) of which three individuals (7.5%) experienced predation. The overall predation loss rate for spring migrants was 0.342% day-1 and was 0.075% day-1 for autumn migrants. Most predation events during spring (77%) occurred within the lower river before tagged fish entered the lake, whilst no predation events were recorded within the river in the autumn. Predation events were significantly linked to tagging season (spring or autumn), with the probability of tags remaining untriggered (as a proxy for survival) being higher 93% (95% confidence interval [CI] [87%, 100%]) in autumn than in spring 66% (95% CI [53%, 83%]). The spring migration periods showed significantly lower river discharge (0.321 m3 /s mean daily discharge, April 1 to May 31) to those measured during autumn (1.056 m3 /s mean daily discharge, October 1 to November 30) (Mann-Whitney U-test, U = 1149, p < 0.001). Lower flows, clearer water, and longer sojourn in the river may have contributed to greater predation losses in the spring relative to the autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adele Boyd
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Michelle Allen
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Quintanilla-Pineda M, Ibañez FC, Garrote-Achou C, Marzo F. A Novel Postbiotic Product Based on Weissella cibaria for Enhancing Disease Resistance in Rainbow Trout: Aquaculture Application. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:744. [PMID: 38473129 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Postbiotics are innovative tools in animal husbandry, providing eco-friendly solutions for disease management within the industry. In this study, a new postbiotic product was evaluated for its impact on the health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In vivo studies were conducted to assess the safety of the Weissella cibaria strains used in postbiotic production. Additionally, this study evaluated the impact of diet supplementation with 0.50% postbiotics on growth performance during a 30-day feeding trial; the gut microbial communities, immunomodulation, and protection against Yersinia ruckeri infection were evaluated. The strains did not harm the animals during the 20-day observation period. Furthermore, the effect of postbiotics on growth performance was not significant (p < 0.05). The treated group showed a significant increase in acid-lactic bacteria on the 30th day of the feeding trial, with counts of 3.42 ± 0.21 log CFU/mL. Additionally, there was an up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in head kidney samples after 48 h of feed supplementation, whereas cytokines IL-10, IL-8, INF-γ, and TNF-α were down-regulated. The findings indicate that rainbow trout fed with postbiotics saw an improvement in their survival rate against Y. ruckeri, with a 20.66% survival improvement in the treated group. This study proves that incorporating postbiotics from two strains of W. cibaria previously isolated from rainbow trout into the diet of fish has immunomodulatory effects, enhances intestinal microbial composition, and improves fish resistance against Y. ruckeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Quintanilla-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Nutrición Animal, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- PENTABIOL SL, 31191 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francisco C Ibañez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Nutrición Animal, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Florencio Marzo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Nutrición Animal, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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Suffridge CP, Shannon KC, Matthews H, Johnson RC, Jeffres C, Mantua N, Ward AE, Holmes E, Kindopp J, Aidoo M, Colwell FS. Connecting thiamine availability to the microbial community composition in Chinook salmon spawning habitats of the Sacramento River basin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0176023. [PMID: 38084986 PMCID: PMC10807462 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01760-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Thiamine deficiency complex (TDC) is a major emerging threat to global populations of culturally and economically important populations of salmonids. Salmonid eggs and embryos can assimilate exogenous thiamine, and evidence suggests that microbial communities in benthic environments can produce substantial amounts of thiamine. We therefore hypothesize that natural dissolved pools of thiamine exist in the surface water and hyporheic zones of riverine habitats where salmonids with TDC migrate, spawn, and begin their lives. To examine the relationship between dissolved thiamine-related compounds (dTRCs) and their microbial source, we determined the concentrations of these metabolites and the compositions of microbial communities in surface and hyporheic waters of the Sacramento River, California and its tributaries. Here we determine that all dTRCs are present in femto-picomolar concentrations in a range of critically important salmon spawning habitats. We observed that thiamine concentrations in the Sacramento River system are orders of magnitude lower than those of marine waters, indicating substantial differences in thiamine cycling between these two environments. Our data suggest that the hyporheic zone is likely the source of thiamine to the overlying surface water. Temporal variations in dTRC concentrations were observed where the highest concentrations existed when Chinook salmon were actively spawning. Significant correlations were seen between the richness of microbial taxa and dTRC concentrations, particularly in the hyporheic zone, which would influence the conditions where embryonic salmon incubate. Together, these results indicate a connection between microbial communities in freshwater habitats and the availability of thiamine to spawning TDC-impacted California Central Valley Chinook salmon.IMPORTANCEPacific salmon are keystone species with considerable economic importance and immeasurable cultural significance to Pacific Northwest indigenous peoples. Thiamine deficiency complex has recently been diagnosed as an emerging threat to the health and stability of multiple populations of salmonids ranging from California to Alaska. Microbial biosynthesis is the major source of thiamine in marine and aquatic environments. Despite this importance, the concentrations of thiamine and the identities of the microbial communities that cycle it are largely unknown. Here we investigate microbial communities and their relationship to thiamine in Chinook salmon spawning habitats in California's Sacramento River system to gain an understanding of how thiamine availability impacts salmonids suffering from thiamine deficiency complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly C. Shannon
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - H. Matthews
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - R. C. Johnson
- Fisheries Ecology Division, NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Santa Cruz, California, USA
- University of California, Center for Watershed Sciences, Davis, California, USA
| | - C. Jeffres
- University of California, Center for Watershed Sciences, Davis, California, USA
| | - N. Mantua
- Fisheries Ecology Division, NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - A. E. Ward
- University of California, Center for Watershed Sciences, Davis, California, USA
| | - E. Holmes
- University of California, Center for Watershed Sciences, Davis, California, USA
- California Department of Water Resources, West Sacramento, California, USA
| | - J. Kindopp
- California Department of Water Resources, Division of Integrated Science and Engineering, Oroville, California, USA
| | - M. Aidoo
- Bronx Community College, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - F. S. Colwell
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Vargas-González A, Barajas M, Pérez-Sánchez T. Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) from Salmonids for Potential Use as Probiotics: In Vitro Assays and Toxicity Assessment of Salmo trutta Embryonated Eggs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:200. [PMID: 38254369 PMCID: PMC10812622 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This research investigates the potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from freshwater salmonids as prospective probiotics for application in aquaculture. LAB and pathogenic bacteria were obtained from mucus and tissues of Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salmo trutta from fish farms in northeast Spain that had not used antibiotics for the six months preceding the study. Isolates were identified using Gram staining and sequencing of 16S rRNA and ITS-1. To assess the safety of the LAB, antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) against 23 antimicrobials were performed. In vitro antagonism assays were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effects of living LAB using the agar diffusion test method and their metabolites using the agar well diffusion method. The assays targeted six specific pathogens: Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, Vagococcus salmoninarum, Yersinia ruckeri, Lactococcus garvieae, and the marine pathogen Vibrio jasicida. Additionally, a toxicity assay was conducted on embryonic eggs of S. trutta. The ASTs on probiotic LAB candidates revealed varied responses to antimicrobials, but no resistance to oxytetracycline or florfenicol, which are two antibiotics commonly used in aquaculture, was detected. The in vitro assays indicate that LAB exhibit antagonistic effects against pathogens, primarily when directly stimulated by their presence. In applications involving embryonic eggs or larvae, certain live strains of LAB were found to have adverse effects, with some isolates resulting in higher mortality rates compared to the control group or other isolates. Furthermore, the potential pathogenicity of certain LAB strains, typically considered safe in salmonids, warrants deeper investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Vargas-González
- Biochemistry Area, Health Science Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Miguel Barajas
- Biochemistry Area, Health Science Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
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Bahamonde PA, Chiang G, Mancilla G, Contador T, Quezada-Romegialli C, Munkittrick KR, Harrod C. Ecological variation in invasive brown trout (Salmo trutta) within a remote coastal river catchment in northern Patagonia complicates estimates of invasion impact. J Fish Biol 2024; 104:139-154. [PMID: 37696767 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Salmonids were first introduced into the Chilean fresh waters in the 1880s, and c. 140 years later, they are ubiquitous across Chilean rivers, especially in the southern pristine fresh waters. This study examined the brown trout (Salmo trutta) and native taxa ecology in two adjacent but contrasting rivers of Chilean Patagonia. During spring 2016 and spring-fall 2017 we examined the variation in benthic macroinvertebrate and fish community composition and characterized fish size structure, stomach contents, and stable isotopes (δ13 C and δ15 N) to understand population structure, fish diet, and trophic interactions between S. trutta and native taxa. The native Galaxias maculatus (puye) dominated the fish community (74% of abundance). S. trutta was less abundant (16% of survey catch) but dominated the fish community (over 53%) in terms of biomass. S. trutta showed distinct diets (stomach content analysis) in the two rivers, and individuals from the larger river were notably more piscivorous, consuming native fish with a relatively small body size (<100-mm total length). Native fishes were isotopically distinct from S. trutta, which showed a wider isotopic niche in the smaller river, indicating that their trophic role was more variable than in the larger river (piscivorous). This study provides data from the unstudied pristine coastal rivers in Patagonia and reveals that interactions between native and introduced species can vary at very local spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Andrea Bahamonde
- Center for Resilience, Adaptation and Mitigation, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Temuco, Chile
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Research, HUB Ambiental UPLA, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus of Austral Invasive Salmonids (INVASAL), Concepción, Chile
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
| | - Gustavo Chiang
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad and Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Tamara Contador
- Millennium Nucleus of Austral Invasive Salmonids (INVASAL), Concepción, Chile
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
| | - Caudio Quezada-Romegialli
- Millennium Nucleus of Austral Invasive Salmonids (INVASAL), Concepción, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | | | - Chris Harrod
- Millennium Nucleus of Austral Invasive Salmonids (INVASAL), Concepción, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander Von Humboldt, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
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Mainguy J, Arsenault A, Tran L, Martyniuk MAC, Paquet C, Moore JS, Power M. Otolith-inferred patterns of marine migration frequency in Nunavik Arctic charr. J Fish Biol 2023; 103:884-896. [PMID: 37349978 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Alternative migratory tactics in salmonids reflect the large observed interindividual variation in spatial behaviour which may range from strict freshwater residency to uninterrupted anadromy. In Salvelinus, sea migrations are performed during the ice-free period as freshwater overwintering is thought to be obligatory due to physiological constraints. As a result, individuals can either migrate the next spring or remain in freshwater, as anadromy is generally considered facultative. In Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), skipped migrations are known to occur, but limited data are available regarding their frequencies within and among populations. Here, the authors used an otolith microchemistry approach relying on strontium (88 Sr) to infer movements between freshwater and marine habitats, and annual oscillations in zinc (64 Zn) to help with age identification. They determined the age-at-first-migration and the occurrence of subsequent annual migrations in two Nunavik Arctic charr populations sampled in Deception Bay (Salluit) and river systems linked to Hopes Advance Bay (Aupaluk), northern Québec, Canada. The mode for age-at-first-migration was 4+ for both populations, although it exhibited large variation (range: 0+ to 8+). Skipped migrations constituted a rare event, as 97.7% and 95.6% of the examined Arctic charr at Salluit (n = 43, mean age = 10.3 ± 2.0 years) and Aupaluk (n = 45, mean age = 6.0 ± 1.9 years), respectively, were found to have performed uninterrupted annual migrations after initiation of the behaviour. The consistency of the annual migrations suggests that the tactic is sufficiently fitness rewarding to be maintained under current environmental conditions. From a fisheries management perspective, these repeated migrations combined with low site fidelity in this species may lead to large interannual variations in abundance at the local scale, which may represent a challenge for monitoring Arctic charr demographics on a river-by-river basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Mainguy
- Direction de l'expertise sur la faune aquatique, ministère de l'Environnement, de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Ariel Arsenault
- Direction de l'expertise sur la faune aquatique, ministère de l'Environnement, de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Lilian Tran
- Nunavik Research Centre, Makivik Corporation, Kuujjuaq, Québec, Canada
| | - Mackenzie A C Martyniuk
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Paquet
- Direction de l'expertise sur la faune aquatique, ministère de l'Environnement, de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Moore
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS) and Département de biologie, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael Power
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Mejia FH, Ouellet V, Briggs MA, Carlson SM, Casas-Mulet R, Chapman M, Collins MJ, Dugdale SJ, Ebersole JL, Frechette DM, Fullerton AH, Gillis CA, Johnson ZC, Kelleher C, Kurylyk BL, Lave R, Letcher BH, Myrvold KM, Nadeau TL, Neville H, Piégay H, Smith KA, Tonolla D, Torgersen CE. Closing the gap between science and management of cold-water refuges in rivers and streams. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:5482-5508. [PMID: 37466251 PMCID: PMC10615108 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Human activities and climate change threaten coldwater organisms in freshwater ecosystems by causing rivers and streams to warm, increasing the intensity and frequency of warm temperature events, and reducing thermal heterogeneity. Cold-water refuges are discrete patches of relatively cool water that are used by coldwater organisms for thermal relief and short-term survival. Globally, cohesive management approaches are needed that consider interlinked physical, biological, and social factors of cold-water refuges. We review current understanding of cold-water refuges, identify gaps between science and management, and evaluate policies aimed at protecting thermally sensitive species. Existing policies include designating cold-water habitats, restricting fishing during warm periods, and implementing threshold temperature standards or guidelines. However, these policies are rare and uncoordinated across spatial scales and often do not consider input from Indigenous peoples. We propose that cold-water refuges be managed as distinct operational landscape units, which provide a social and ecological context that is relevant at the watershed scale. These operational landscape units provide the foundation for an integrated framework that links science and management by (1) mapping and characterizing cold-water refuges to prioritize management and conservation actions, (2) leveraging existing and new policies, (3) improving coordination across jurisdictions, and (4) implementing adaptive management practices across scales. Our findings show that while there are many opportunities for scientific advancement, the current state of the sciences is sufficient to inform policy and management. Our proposed framework provides a path forward for managing and protecting cold-water refuges using existing and new policies to protect coldwater organisms in the face of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine H. Mejia
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Cascadia Field Station, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Valerie Ouellet
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Martin A. Briggs
- Observing Systems Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Hydrologic Remote Sensing Branch, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Carlson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Roser Casas-Mulet
- Aquatic Systems Biology Unit, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mollie Chapman
- Department of Geography, URPP Global Change and Biodiversity, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias J. Collins
- National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Joseph L. Ebersole
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Danielle M. Frechette
- Maine Department of Marine Resources, Bureau of Sea Run Fisheries and Habitat, Augusta, Maine, USA
| | - Aimee H. Fullerton
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Zachary C. Johnson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Christa Kelleher
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Barret L. Kurylyk
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Rebecca Lave
- Department of Geography, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Letcher
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, S.O. Conte Fish Research Center, Turners Falls, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Knut M. Myrvold
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Tracie-Lynn Nadeau
- Region 10, Water Division, Oregon Operations Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Herve Piégay
- UMR 5600 CNRS EVS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Kathryn A. Smith
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Diego Tonolla
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Christian E. Torgersen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Cascadia Field Station, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Cortés H, Castillo-Ruiz M, Cañon-Jones H, Schlotterbeck T, San Martín R, Padilla L. In Vivo Efficacy of Purified Quillaja Saponin Extracts in Protecting against Piscirickettsia salmonis Infections in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2845. [PMID: 37760245 PMCID: PMC10525856 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis, the main infectious disease affecting salmon farming in Chile, still has no efficient control measures. Piscirickettsia salmonis is a facultative intracellular bacterium that can survive and replicate within the host macrophages, evading the immune response. Triterpenic saponins obtained from the Quillaja saponaria tree have been widely studied, and have been shown to be immunomodulatory agents, suitable for feed and vaccine applications for veterinary and human uses. The impact of the oral administration of two extracts of Quillaja saponins on the infection of P. salmonis in Salmo salar and the corresponding gene expressions of immunomarkers were studied under three in vivo models. In the intraperitoneal challenge model, the group fed with Quillaja extracts showed lower mortality (29.1% treated vs. 37.5% control). Similar results were obtained in the cohabitation model trial (36.3% vs. 60.0%). In the commercial pilot trial, the results showed a significant reduction of 71.3% in mortality caused by P. salmonis (0.51% vs. 1.78%) and antibiotic use (reduction of 66.6% compared to untreated control). Also, Quillaja extracts significantly modulated the expression of IFN-II and CD8. These results represent evidence supporting the future use of purified Quillaja extracts as a natural non-pharmacological strategy for the prevention and control of P. salmonis infections in salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Cortés
- Desert King Chile, Viña del Mar 2420505, Chile; (T.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Mario Castillo-Ruiz
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370134, Chile;
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8370854, Chile
| | - Hernán Cañon-Jones
- Núcleo de Investigación Aplicada en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago 7500975, Chile
| | | | - Ricardo San Martín
- Sutardja Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Leandro Padilla
- Desert King Chile, Viña del Mar 2420505, Chile; (T.S.); (L.P.)
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Abraham T, Yazdi Z, Littman E, Shahin K, Heckman TI, Quijano Cardé EM, Nguyen DT, Hu R, Adkison M, Veek T, Mukkatira K, Richey C, Kwak K, Mohammed HH, Ortega C, Avendaño-Herrera R, Keleher W, LePage V, Gardner I, Welch TJ, Soto E. Detection and virulence of Lactococcus garvieae and L. petauri from four lakes in southern California. J Aquat Anim Health 2023; 35:187-198. [PMID: 37749801 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The first objective of the study aimed to detect the presence of Lactococcus petauri, L. garvieae, and L. formosensis in fish (n = 359) and environmental (n = 161) samples from four lakes near an affected fish farm in California during an outbreak in 2020. The second objective was to compare the virulence of the Lactococcus spp. in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides. METHODS Standard bacterial culture methods were used to isolate Lactococcus spp. from brain and posterior kidney of sampled fish from the four lakes. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was utilized to detect Lactococcus spp. DNA in fish tissues and environmental samples from the four lakes. Laboratory controlled challenges were conducted by injecting fish intracoelomically with representative isolates of L. petauri (n = 17), L. garvieae (n = 2), or L. formosensis (n = 4), and monitored for 14 days postchallenge (dpc). RESULT Lactococcus garvieae was isolated from the brains of two Largemouth Bass in one of the lakes. Lactococcus spp. were detected in 14 fish (8 Bluegills Lepomis macrochirus and 6 Largemouth Bass) from 3 out of the 4 lakes using a qPCR assay. Of the collected environmental samples, all 4 lakes tested positive for Lactococcus spp. in the soil samples, while 2 of the 4 lakes tested positive in the water samples through qPCR. Challenged Largemouth Bass did not show any signs of infection postinjection throughout the challenge period. Rainbow Trout infected with L. petauri showed clinical signs within 3 dpc and presented a significantly higher cumulative mortality (62.4%; p < 0.0001) at 14 dpc when compared to L. garvieae (0%) and L. formosensis (7.5%) treatments. CONCLUSION The study suggests that qPCR can be used for environmental DNA monitoring of Lactococcus spp. and demonstrates virulence diversity between the etiological agents of piscine lactococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Abraham
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Zeinab Yazdi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Eric Littman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Khalid Shahin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Aquatic Animals Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez, Egypt
| | - Taylor I Heckman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Diem Thu Nguyen
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ruixue Hu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mark Adkison
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Tresa Veek
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Kavery Mukkatira
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Christine Richey
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Kevin Kwak
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Haitham H Mohammed
- Department of Rangeland, Wildlife and Fisheries Management, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Cesar Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello and Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación en Acuicultura Sustentable, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | | | | | - Ian Gardner
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Timothy J Welch
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Cool and Coldwater Aquaculture, Leetown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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10
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DePasquale SW, Howell BE, Navarroli G, Jeffries KM, Cooke SJ, Wijenayake S, Jeffrey JD, Hasler CT. Are the effects of catch-and-release angling evident in changes to mRNA abundances related to metabolism, acid-base regulation and stress in lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush) gills? Conserv Physiol 2023; 11:coad065. [PMID: 37637261 PMCID: PMC10452961 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Catch-and-release (C&R) angling is a conservation-oriented practice intended to reduce the impact recreational angling has on fish populations. Even though most recreationally angled fish are released, little is known about how C&R angling impacts fish at the cellular or tissue level. As the first to explore the impacts of C&R angling on mRNA abundances, our study aimed to identify how the stress of angling influenced metabolism, acid-base regulation and cellular stress in the gills of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Because gills are responsible for metabolic gas exchange, are crucial sites of acid-base homeostasis and respond to stressors quickly, we hypothesized that the relative mRNA abundance of genes related to these three physiological processes would be altered after angling. We took gill samples of live lake trout at 0, 2 or 48 h after fish were angled by rod and reel, and then used quantitative PCR (qPCR) to measure the relative abundance of nine candidate mRNA transcripts. Heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) mRNA levels significantly increased over 5-fold 2 h after angling, indicating a potential activation of a cytoprotective response. However, contrary to our hypothesis, we observed no change in the relative mRNA abundance of genes related to metabolism or acid-base regulation in response to C&R angling within a 48-h period. As C&R angling can negatively impact fish populations, further use of transcript-level studies will allow us to understand the impact C&R has on specific tissues and improve our knowledge of how C&R influences overall fish health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon W DePasquale
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3B 2E9
| | - Bradley E Howell
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3B 2E9
| | - Giulio Navarroli
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3B 2E9
| | - Kenneth M Jeffries
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Sanoji Wijenayake
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3B 2E9
| | - Jennifer D Jeffrey
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3B 2E9
| | - Caleb T Hasler
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3B 2E9
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11
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Buks R, Alnabulsi A, Zindrili R, Alnabulsi A, Wang A, Wang T, Martin SAM. Catch of the Day: New Serum Amyloid A (SAA) Antibody Is a Valuable Tool to Study Fish Health in Salmonids. Cells 2023; 12:2097. [PMID: 37626907 PMCID: PMC10453338 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins belong to a family of acute-phase reactants, playing an integral role in defending the organism from pathological damage. Despite a wealth of data on the regulation of SAA transcripts in teleosts, there is only limited information on these proteins' abundance in fish. The aim of this study is to characterise SAA protein levels in salmonids using a newly developed antibody specific to salmonid SAA. The salmonid SAA antibody detected SAA and accurately discriminated between stimulated and control specimens from rainbow trout macrophage cell line (RTS-11) in vitro, as well as rainbow trout challenged with Aeromonas salmonicida- or flagellin-stimulated Atlantic salmon in vivo. The presence of SAA protein was analysed in RTS-11 cell line supernatants, liver, and spleen samples using ELISA, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. This study is the first to characterise SAA protein levels in salmonids in vivo and in vitro. The newly developed salmonid SAA antibody was able to discriminate between stimulated and unstimulated specimens, showing that it can be used to study the acute-phase response in salmonids with the potential to be further developed into assays to monitor and evaluate health in wild and farmed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralfs Buks
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
- Vertebrate Antibodies Ltd., Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | | | - Rodanthi Zindrili
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | | | - Alex Wang
- Vertebrate Antibodies Ltd., Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Samuel A. M. Martin
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
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12
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King E, McPhee MV, Vulstek SC, Cunningham CJ, Russell JR, Tallmon DA. Alternative life-history strategy contributions to effective population size in a naturally spawning salmon population. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1472-1482. [PMID: 37622095 PMCID: PMC10445090 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative life-history tactics are predicted to affect within-population genetic processes but have received little attention. For example, the impact of precocious males on effective population size (N e) has not been quantified directly in Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp., even though they can make up a large percentage of the total male spawners. We investigated the contribution of precocial males ("jacks") to N e in a naturally spawning population of Coho Salmon O. kisutch from the Auke Creek watershed in Juneau, Alaska. Mature adults that returned from 2009 to 2019 (~8000 individuals) were genotyped at 259 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci for parentage analysis. We used demographic and genetic methods to estimate the effective number of breeders per year (N b). Jack contribution to N b was assessed by comparing values of N b calculated with and without jacks and their offspring. Over a range of N b values (108-406), the average jack contribution to N b from 2009 to 2015 was 12.9% (SE = 3.8%). Jacks consistently made up over 20% of the total male spawners. The presence of jacks did not seem to influence N b/N. The linkage disequilibrium N e estimate was lower than the demographic estimate, possibly due to immigration effects on population genetic processes: based on external marks and parentage data, we estimated that immigrant spawners produced 4.5% of all returning offspring. Our results demonstrate that jacks can influence N b and N e and can make a substantial contribution to population dynamics and conservation of threatened stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika King
- College of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesUniversity of AlaskaFairbanksAlaskaUSA
| | - Megan V. McPhee
- College of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesUniversity of AlaskaFairbanksAlaskaUSA
| | | | - Curry J. Cunningham
- College of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesUniversity of AlaskaFairbanksAlaskaUSA
| | | | - David A. Tallmon
- College of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesUniversity of AlaskaFairbanksAlaskaUSA
- Biology and Marine Biology ProgramUniversity of Alaska SoutheastJuneauAlaskaUSA
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13
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Rodgers TM, Wang Y, Humes C, Jeronimo M, Johannessen C, Spraakman S, Giang A, Scholes RC. Bioretention Cells Provide a 10-Fold Reduction in 6PPD-Quinone Mass Loadings to Receiving Waters: Evidence from a Field Experiment and Modeling. Environ Sci Technol Lett 2023; 10:582-588. [PMID: 37455862 PMCID: PMC10339781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Road runoff to streams and rivers exposes aquatic organisms to complex mixtures of chemical contaminants. In particular, the tire-derived chemical 6PPD-quinone (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone) is acutely toxic to several species of salmonids, which are critical to fisheries, ecosystems, and Indigenous cultures. We therefore urgently require interventions that can reduce loadings of 6PPD-quinone to salmonid habitats. Herein, we conducted a spike and recovery experiment on a full-scale, mature bioretention cell to assess the efficacy of stormwater green infrastructure technologies in reducing 6PPD-quinone loadings to receiving waters. We then interpreted and extended the results of our experiment using an improved version of the "Bioretention Blues" contaminant transport and fate model. Overall, our results showed that stormwater bioretention systems can effectively mitigate >∼90% of 6PPD-quinone loadings to streams under most "typical" storm conditions (i.e., < 2-year return period). We therefore recommend that stormwater managers and other environmental stewards redirect stormwater away from receiving waters and into engineered green infrastructure systems such as bioretention cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy
F. M. Rodgers
- Institute
of Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yanru Wang
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Cassandra Humes
- Green
Infrastructure Design Team, City of Vancouver
Engineering Services, Vancouver V5Z 0B4, Canada
| | - Matthew Jeronimo
- School
of Population and Public Health, University
of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z9, Canada
| | - Cassandra Johannessen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia
University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Sylvie Spraakman
- Green
Infrastructure Design Team, City of Vancouver
Engineering Services, Vancouver V5Z 0B4, Canada
| | - Amanda Giang
- Institute
of Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rachel C. Scholes
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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14
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Nualart DP, Dann F, Oyarzún-Salazar R, Morera FJ, Vargas-Chacoff L. Immune Transcriptional Response in Head Kidney Primary Cell Cultures Isolated from the Three Most Important Species in Chilean Salmonids Aquaculture. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:924. [PMID: 37508355 PMCID: PMC10376545 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Fish cell culture is a common in vitro tool for studies in different fields such as virology, toxicology, pathology and immunology of fish. Fish cell cultures are a promising help to study how to diagnose and control relevant viral and intracellular bacterial infections in aquaculture. They can also be used for developing vaccines and immunostimulants, especially with the ethical demand aiming to reduce and replace the number of fish used in research. This study aimed to isolate head kidney primary cell cultures from three Chilean salmonids: Salmo salar, Oncorhynchus kisutch, and Oncorhynchus mykiss, and characterize the response to bacterial and viral stimuli by evaluating various markers of the innate and adaptive immune response. Specifically, the primary cell cultures of the head kidney from the three salmonids studied were cultured and exposed to two substances that mimic molecular patterns of different pathogens, i.e., Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (bacterial) and Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (POLY I:C). Subsequently, we determined the mRNA expression profiles of the TLR-1, TLR-8, IgM, TLR-5, and MHC II genes. Head kidney primary cell cultures from the three species grown in vitro responded differently to POLY I:C and LPS. This is the first study to demonstrate and characterize the expression of immune genes in head kidney primary cell culture isolated from three salmonid species. It also indicates their potential role in developing immune responses as defense response agents and targets of immunoregulatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela P Nualart
- Fish Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Marine and Limnological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Ph.D. Program in Aquaculture Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, BASE, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Francisco Dann
- Fish Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Marine and Limnological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Ricardo Oyarzún-Salazar
- Laboratorio Institucional, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Francisco J Morera
- Applied Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Integrative Biology Group, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Fish Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Marine and Limnological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, BASE, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Integrative Biology Group, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
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15
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Mugetti D, Pastorino P, Beltramo C, Audino T, Arillo A, Esposito G, Prearo M, Bertoli M, Pizzul E, Bozzetta E, Acutis PL, Peletto S. The Gut Microbiota of Farmed and Wild Brook Trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis): Evaluation of Feed-Related Differences Using 16S rRNA Gene Metabarcoding. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1636. [PMID: 37512808 PMCID: PMC10386504 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has become a topic of increasing importance in various fields, including aquaculture. Several fish species have been the subject of investigations concerning the intestinal microbiota, which have compared different variables, including the intestinal portions, the environment, and diet. In this study, the microbiota of farmed and wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were analyzed, in which the wall and content of the medial portion of the intestine were considered separately. A total of 66 fish (age class 2+) were sampled, of which 46 were wild and 20 were farmed brook trout, in two different years. Microbiota data were obtained using a 16S metabarcoding approach by analyzing the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the corresponding 16S rRNA. The data showed that the core microbiota of these species consist of Proteobacteria (Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria), Actinobacteria, Firmicutes (Bacilli and Clostridia), and, only for farmed animals, Fusobacteria. The latter taxon's presence is likely related to the fishmeal-based diet administered to farmed brook trout. Indeed, alpha and beta diversity analysis showed differences between wild and farmed fish. Finally, statistically significant differences in the microbiota composition were observed between the intestinal walls and contents of wild fish, while no differences were detected in reared animals. Our work represents the first study on the intestinal microbiota of brook trout with respect to both farmed and wild specimens. Future studies might focus on the comparison of our data with those pertaining to other fish species and on the study of other portions of the brook trout intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mugetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
- Centro di Referenza Regionale per la Biodiversità degli Ambienti Acquatici (BioAqua), Via L. Maritano 22, 10051 Avigliana, Italy
| | - Chiara Beltramo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Tania Audino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Arillo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
- Centro di Referenza Regionale per la Biodiversità degli Ambienti Acquatici (BioAqua), Via L. Maritano 22, 10051 Avigliana, Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
- Centro di Referenza Regionale per la Biodiversità degli Ambienti Acquatici (BioAqua), Via L. Maritano 22, 10051 Avigliana, Italy
| | - Marco Bertoli
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pizzul
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Peletto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
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16
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Chen F, Wang D, Lu T, Li S. Identification of a novel type II-C Cas9 from the fish pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1181303. [PMID: 37396349 PMCID: PMC10309648 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1181303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome and bacterial cold-water disease in salmonid fish worldwide. As an important fish pathogen, F. psychrophilum is frequently exposed to multiple invading genetic elements in natural environments. Endonuclease Cas9 provides bacteria with adaptive interference against invading genetic elements. Previous studies revealed that several F. psychrophilum strains harbored a type II-C Cas9 called Fp1Cas9, but little is known about the potential role of this endonuclease against invading genetic elements. In this work, we identified a gene encoding a novel type II-C Cas9 called Fp2Cas9 from F. psychrophilum strain CN46. Through bacterial RNA sequencing, we demonstrated active transcription of both Fp2Cas9 and pre-crRNAs in strain CN46. Bioinformatics analysis further revealed that the transcription of Fp2Cas9 and pre-crRNAs was driven by a newly integrated promoter sequence and a promoter element embedded within each CRISPR repeat, respectively. To formally demonstrate that Fp2Cas9 and associated crRNAs yielded functional interference in strain CN46, a plasmid interference assay was performed, resulting in adaptive immunity to target DNA sequences in Flavobacterium bacteriophages. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that Fp2Cas9 was present only in several F. psychrophilum isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this novel endonuclease was probably acquired through horizontal gene transfer from the CRISPR-Cas9 system in an unidentified Flavobacterium species. Comparative genomics analysis further showed that the Fp2Cas9 was integrated into the type II-C CRISPR-Cas locus in strain CN38 instead of the original Fp1Cas9. Taken together, our results shed light on the origin and evolution of Fp2Cas9 gene and demonstrated that this novel endonuclease provided adaptive interference against bacteriophage infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuguang Chen
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Tongyan Lu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Shaowu Li
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
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17
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Lusardi RA, Dahlgren R, Van Nieuwenhuyse E, Whitman G, Jeffres C, Johnson R. Does fine-scale habitat diversity promote meaningful phenotypic diversity within a watershed network? Ecology 2023:e4107. [PMID: 37212476 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Lusardi
- Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Randy Dahlgren
- Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - George Whitman
- Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carson Jeffres
- Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Johnson
- Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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18
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Saldarriaga-Córdoba M, Araya-León H, Irgang R, Avendaño-Herrera R. Development of a PCR assay for the specific identification of the fish pathogen Tenacibaculum piscium. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:517-526. [PMID: 36727560 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tenacibaculosis is an emerging disease that severely affects salmonid farming in Chile, producing high mortalities and causing great economic losses. This work describes a novel PCR assay for the specific detection of Tenacibaculum piscium, a species recently described and identified in tenacibaculosis outbreaks in Norway and Chile. The designed primers amplified a 678-bp fragment of the peptidase gene (peptidase M23 family) from T. piscium. This method is specific for T. piscium; no other chromosomal DNA amplification products were obtained for other Tenacibaculum species. In pure cultures, the PCR assay detected up to 500 pg of DNA, or the equivalent of 2.44 ± 0.06 × 104 CFU/ml. For seeded fish samples (i.e., gills, liver, kidney, and mucus), the sensitivity limit was 4.88 ± 0.11 × 106 CFU/g, sufficient to detect T. piscium in acute infections in fish. Notably, this sensitivity level was 100-fold lower for DNA extracted from mucus samples. As compared to other existing methodologies (e.g., gene sequencing), the PCR approach described in this work allowed for the easiest detection of T. piscium in mucus samples obtained from challenged fish, an important outcome considering that the identification of this bacterium is difficult. Our results indicate that the designed specific primers and PCR method provide a rapid and specific diagnosis of T. piscium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Saldarriaga-Córdoba
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Henry Araya-León
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
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19
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Houle C, Gossieaux P, Bernatchez L, Audet C, Garant D. Transgenerational effects on body size and survival in Brook charr ( Salvelinus fontinalis). Evol Appl 2023; 16:1061-1070. [PMID: 37216032 PMCID: PMC10197224 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher temperatures are now observed in several ecosystems and act as new selective agents that shape traits and fitness of individuals. Transgenerational effects may be important in modulating adaptation of future generations and buffering negative impacts of temperature changes. The potential for these effects may be important in freshwater fish species, as temperature is a key abiotic component of their environment. Yet, still, relatively few studies have assessed the presence and importance of transgenerational effects under natural conditions. The purpose of this study was to test how parental thermal conditions influenced offspring growth and survival following stocking in Brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis). To do so, part of the breeders were exposed to a "cold" treatment while others were exposed to a "warm" treatment during the final steps of gonad maturation (constant 2°C difference between treatments along the seasonal temperature decrease). The impact on offspring of a selection treatment targeting production traits of interest (absence of sexual maturation at 1+, combined with increased growth) in breeders was also evaluated. After 7-8 months of growth in captivity, offspring were stocked in natural lakes. Their growth and survival were assessed about a year later. Offspring from "cold" breeders showed lower survival than those from "warm" breeders and the selection treatment had no effect on survival. However, the selection treatment was linked to lower Fulton's condition index, which, in turn, was positively correlated to survival in lakes. This study highlights the importance of working in ecological/industrial context to fully assess the different impacts of transgenerational effects on traits and survival. Our results also have important implications for stocking practices used to support the sport fishing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne Houle
- Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuébecCanada
| | | | - Louis Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS)Université LavalQuébec CityQuébecCanada
| | - Céline Audet
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski (ISMER)Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)RimouskiQuébecCanada
| | - Dany Garant
- Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuébecCanada
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20
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Mo TA, Hansen H, Hytterød S. Occurrence and seasonality of Gyrodactylus salaris and G. salmonis (Monogenea) on Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus (L.)) in the Fustvatnet lake, Northern Norway. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:395-403. [PMID: 36600671 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gyrodactylus spp. (Monogenea) were found on 16.9% (233 out of 1376) Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), sampled from September 2010 to October 2011 in the Fustvatnet lake, Northern Norway. Two species were identified: G. salaris Malmberg, 1957, and G. salmonis Yin & Sproston, 1948. Gyrodactylus salaris was only found on Arctic char larger than 28 cm and only in samples obtained in the autumn (September and October). Gyrodactylus salmonis was found on Arctic char of all sizes (11-47 cm) and throughout the year, with a small peak in abundance in the late autumn (November). Gyrodactylus salaris was found to prefer the tail and dorsal fin. Based on the results, we recommend that surveys of Arctic char for the presence of G. salaris are based on the examination of the fins of large fish sampled during the spawning season (autumn).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor Atle Mo
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Sigurd Hytterød
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
- Norwegian Salmon Rivers, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Smith SA, Newman SJ, Harrison CE, Loch TP. First isolation of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum from farmed Rainbow Trout in Virginia. J Aquat Anim Health 2023; 35:3-10. [PMID: 36408694 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Carnobacterium maltaromaticum is considered an emerging pathogen of salmonids in the United States and around the world. METHODS Bacterial cultures obtained from the posterior kidney and skin of moribund Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss from a commercial aquaculture facility in Virginia, USA, grew C. maltaromaticum, which was confirmed by additional phenotypic and molecular characterization. RESULT A presumptive diagnosis based on the clinical signs, necropsy observations, histopathology, and bacterial cultures was bacterial septicemia due to C. maltaromaticum. CONCLUSION This represents the first documentation of C. maltaromaticum in Rainbow Trout from Virginia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | | | - Courtney E Harrison
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Thomas P Loch
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
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22
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Ratti S, Zarantoniello M, Chemello G, Giammarino M, Palermo FA, Cocci P, Mosconi G, Tignani MV, Pascon G, Cardinaletti G, Pacetti D, Nartea A, Parisi G, Riolo P, Belloni A, Olivotto I. Spirulina-enriched Substrate to Rear Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Prepupae as Alternative Aquafeed Ingredient for Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Diets: Possible Effects on Zootechnical Performances, Gut and Liver Health Status, and Fillet Quality. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13010173. [PMID: 36611781 PMCID: PMC9818012 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, an organic substrate (coffee silverskin) enriched with spirulina (Arthrospira platensis; 15% w/w), as a source of lipids and bioactive molecules, was used to rear the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae. Three grossly isonitrogenous, isoproteic, isolipidic and isoenergetic experimental diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles were then produced: a control diet (HM0) mostly including fish meal and fish oil, and two other test diets named HM3 and HM20, in which 3 or 20% of the marine ingredients were substituted with full fat black soldier fly prepupae meal (HM), respectively. Experimental diets were provided for 6 weeks, and at the end of the trial the physiological responses and marketable traits of the fish were investigated using a multidisciplinary approach. Generally, all test diets were well accepted, and fish growth, gut and liver health status, and marketable characteristics were not impaired by the experimental diets. However, an increased immuno-related gene expression along with a slight reduction of fillet redness and yellowness was evident in fish from the HM20 group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ratti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Zarantoniello
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Chemello
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Miriam Giammarino
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Cocci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Gilberto Mosconi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Tignani
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulia Pascon
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Deborah Pacetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Ancuta Nartea
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessia Belloni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-220-4643
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23
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Amat‐Trigo F, Andreou D, Gillingham PK, Britton JR. Behavioural thermoregulation in cold-water freshwater fish: Innate resilience to climate warming? Fish Fish (Oxf) 2023; 24:187-195. [PMID: 37063475 PMCID: PMC10100141 DOI: 10.1111/faf.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural thermoregulation enables ectotherms to access habitats providing conditions within their temperature optima, especially in periods of extreme thermal conditions, through adjustments to their behaviours that provide a "whole-body" response to temperature changes. Although freshwater fish have been detected as moving in response to temperature changes to access habitats that provide their thermal optima, there is a lack of integrative studies synthesising the extent to which this is driven by behaviour across different species and spatial scales. A quantitative global synthesis of behavioural thermoregulation in freshwater fish revealed that across 77 studies, behavioural thermoregulatory movements by fish were detected both vertically and horizontally, and from warm to cool waters and, occasionally, the converse. When fish moved from warm to cooler habitats, the extent of the temperature difference between these habitats decreased with increasing latitude, with juvenile and non-migratory fishes tolerating greater temperature differences than adult and anadromous individuals. With most studies focused on assessing movements of cold-water salmonids during summer periods, there remains an outstanding need for work on climatically vulnerable, non-salmonid fishes to understand how these innate thermoregulatory behaviours could facilitate population persistence in warming conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Amat‐Trigo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityPooleUK
| | - Demetra Andreou
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityPooleUK
| | - Phillipa K. Gillingham
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityPooleUK
| | - J. Robert Britton
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityPooleUK
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24
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Valenzuela-Aviles P, Torrealba D, Figueroa C, Mercado L, Dixon B, Conejeros P, Gallardo-Matus J. Why vaccines fail against Piscirickettsiosis in farmed salmon and trout and how to avoid it: A review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1019404. [PMID: 36466828 PMCID: PMC9714679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1019404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis is the most severe, persistent, and damaging disease that has affected the Chilean salmon industry since its origins in the 1980s. As a preventive strategy for this disease, different vaccines have been developed and used over the last 30 years. However, vaccinated salmon and trout frequently die in the sea cages and the use of antibiotics is still high demonstrating the low efficiency of the available vaccines. The reasons why the vaccines fail so often are still debated, but it could involve different extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Among the extrinsic factors, mainly associated with chronic stress, we can distinguish: 1) biotic including coinfection with sea lice, sealions attacks or harmful algal blooms; 2) abiotic including low oxygen or high temperature; and 3) farm-management factors including overcrowding or chemical delousing treatments. Among the intrinsic factors, we can distinguish: 1) fish-related factors including host's genetic variability (species, population and individual), sex or age; 2) pathogen-related factors including their variability and ability to evade host immune responses; and 3) vaccine-related factors including low immunogenicity and poor matches with the circulating pathogen strain. Based on the available evidence, in order to improve the development and the efficacy of vaccines against P. salmonis we recommend: a) Do not perform efficacy evaluations by intraperitoneal injection of pathogens because they generate an artificial protective immune response, instead cohabitation or immersion challenges must be used; b) Evaluate the diversity of pathogen strains in the field and ensure a good antigenic match with the vaccines; c) Investigate whether host genetic diversity could be improved, e.g. through selection, in favor of better and longer responses to vaccination; d) To reduce the stressful effects at the cage level, controlling the co-infection of pathogens and avoiding fish overcrowding. To date, we do not know the immunological mechanisms by which the vaccines against P. salmonis may or may not generate protection. More studies are required to identify what type of response, cellular or molecular, is required to develop effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Valenzuela-Aviles
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Débora Torrealba
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carolina Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Instituto de Biología, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Pablo Conejeros
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - José Gallardo-Matus
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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25
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Kennedy RJ, Barry J, Roche W, Rosell R, Allen M. In-river behaviour and freshwater return rates of sea trout, Salmo trutta L., from two coastal river populations. J Fish Biol 2022; 101:1008-1020. [PMID: 35836332 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The effective management of anadromous Salmo trutta resources is challenging because long-term data on life history, phenology and survival are sparse and most stocks across the range are highly diverse and data-limited. The current study employed acoustic telemetry to tag 448 sea trout across three life stages, to describe the phenology, spawning behaviour and return rates of smolts, finnock (0+ sea age) and adult (≥1+ sea age) sea trout in two Irish river systems during 2018-2021. Tagged smolts (n = 206) exhibited river to sea transition rates of 78%-92% and a number of surviving smolts returned to their natal river as 0+ sea age finnock, exhibiting overall smolt to finnock return rates of between 6% and 17%. Short-term vagrancy occurred among smolts, and 14 individuals were detected in adjacent non-natal rivers. Finnock tagged during the late summer (n = 205) exhibited a range of behaviours with a minority (<30%) ascending upstream to spawning areas. Tagged adult sea trout (n = 37) ascended upstream to the spawning grounds and between 50% and 80% successfully returned to sea as kelts after spawning. Subsequent return rates of kelts back to the river in the following year ranged from 9% to 40%. The current study indicated that body size was an influential predictor of behaviour and survival across all three life stages. Increased body size was positively associated with marine transition success in smolts, long-term marine survival in kelts and spawning behaviour in finnock. This work further demonstrates the complexity of sea trout life-history dynamics and provides a comparative perspective across different age classes. An understanding of life-history variation, behaviour and survival is fundamental for the successful management and conservation of sea trout stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard James Kennedy
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems Branch, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - James Barry
- Inland Fisheries Ireland, Citywest Business Campus, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William Roche
- Inland Fisheries Ireland, Citywest Business Campus, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert Rosell
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems Branch, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Michelle Allen
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems Branch, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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26
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Monnet G, Rosenfeld JS, Richards JG. Divergence in digestive and metabolic strategies matches habitat differentiation in juvenile salmonids. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9280. [PMID: 36110883 PMCID: PMC9465201 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Divergent energy acquisition and processing strategies associated with using different microhabitats may allow phenotypes to specialize and coexist at small spatial scales. To understand how ecological specialization affects differentiation in energy acquisition and processing strategies, we examined relationships among digestive physiology, growth, and energetics by performing captive experiments on juveniles of wild coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (O. mykiss) that exploit adjacent habitats along natural low‐to‐high energy flux gradients (i.e., pools versus riffles) in coastal streams. We predicted that: (i) the specialization of steelhead trout to high‐velocity, high‐energy habitats would result in elevated food intake and growth at the cost of lower growth efficiency relative to coho salmon; (ii) the two species would differentiate along a rate‐maximizing (steelhead trout) versus efficiency‐maximizing (coho salmon) axis of digestive strategies matching their ecological lifestyle; and (iii) the higher postprandial metabolic demand (i.e., specific dynamic action, SDA) associated with elevated food intake would occupy a greater fraction of the steelhead trout aerobic budget. Relative to coho salmon, steelhead trout presented a pattern of faster growth and higher food intake but lower growth efficiency, supporting the existence of a major growth versus growth efficiency trade‐off between species. After accounting for differences in ration size between species, steelhead trout also presented higher SDA than coho salmon, but similar intestinal transit time and lower assimilation efficiency. Both species presented similar aerobic budgets since the elevated SDA of steelhead trout was largely compensated by their higher aerobic scope relative to coho salmon. Our results illustrate the key contribution of digestive physiology to the adaptive differentiation of juvenile growth, energetics, and overall performance of taxa with divergent habitat specializations along a natural productivity gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Monnet
- Department of Zoology The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Jordan S Rosenfeld
- British Columbia Ministry of the Environment Vancouver British Columbia Canada.,Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Jeffrey G Richards
- Department of Zoology The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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27
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Kennedy R, Rosell R, Campbell W, Allen M, Del Villar-Guerra D. A comparison of the behaviour and survival of angling vs. trap-sampled Salmo salar smolts. J Fish Biol 2022; 101:745-748. [PMID: 35789484 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was undertaken, using acoustic telemetry, to compare the survival and migratory timing of Salmo salar L. smolts sampled, under optimal conditions, in a traditional fixed Wolf trap against a sample of rod-caught fish captured using a sensitive angling technique. No significant difference was evident in survival with 83% of both samples detected in the river outflow, 67% of the trap and 76% of the rod samples were detected in coastal waters and finally 43% of the trap and 35% of the rod samples were detected on an offshore array c. 50 km from the river outlet. No significant difference was evident in the time taken for trap- and rod-sampled fish to reach either the river outflow, coastal or offshore waters. Angling, if undertaken sensitively, can provide an effective, resource-efficient and ethically justifiable sampling tool for juvenile salmonid age classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kennedy
- Fisheries & Aquatic Ecosystems Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
- River Bush Salmon Station, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Bushmills, UK
| | - Robert Rosell
- Fisheries & Aquatic Ecosystems Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Warren Campbell
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs for Northern Ireland, Belfast, UK
| | - Michelle Allen
- Fisheries & Aquatic Ecosystems Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
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28
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Páez DJ, McKenney D, Purcell MK, Naish KA, Kurath G. Variation in within-host replication kinetics among virus genotypes provides evidence of specialist and generalist infection strategies across three salmonid host species. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac079. [PMID: 36101884 PMCID: PMC9463992 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Theory of the evolution of pathogen specialization suggests that a specialist pathogen gains high fitness in one host, but this comes with fitness loss in other hosts. By contrast, a generalist pathogen does not achieve high fitness in any host, but gains ecological fitness by exploiting different hosts, and has higher fitness than specialists in nonspecialized hosts. As a result, specialist pathogens are predicted to have greater variation in fitness across hosts, and generalists would have lower fitness variation across hosts. We test these hypotheses by measuring pathogen replicative fitness as within-host viral loads from the onset of infection to the beginning of virus clearance, using the rhabdovirus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in salmonid fish. Based on field prevalence and virulence studies, the IHNV subgroups UP, MD, and L are specialists, causing infection and mortality in sockeye salmon, steelhead, and Chinook salmon juveniles, respectively. The UC subgroup evolved naturally from a UP ancestor and is a generalist infecting all three host species but without causing severe disease. We show that the specialist subgroups had the highest peak and mean viral loads in the hosts in which they are specialized, and they had low viral loads in nonspecialized hosts, resulting in large variation in viral load across hosts. Viral kinetics show that the mechanisms of specialization involve the ability to both maximize early virus replication and avoid clearance at later times, with different mechanisms of specialization evident in different host-virus combinations. Additional nuances in the data included different fitness levels for nonspecialist interactions, reflecting different trade-offs for specialist viruses in other hosts. The generalist UC subgroup reached intermediate viral loads in all hosts and showed the smallest variation in fitness across hosts. The evolution of the UC generalist from an ancestral UP sockeye specialist was associated with fitness increases in steelhead and Chinook salmon, but only slight decreases in fitness in sockeye salmon, consistent with low- or no-cost generalism. Our results support major elements of the specialist-generalist theory, providing evidence of a specialist-generalist continuum in a vertebrate pathogen. These results also quantify within-host replicative fitness trade-offs resulting from the natural evolution of specialist and generalist virus lineages in multi-host ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Páez
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, The University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat St, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Marrowstone Marine Field Station, 616 Marrowstone Point Road, Nordland, WA 98358, USA
| | - Douglas McKenney
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Maureen K Purcell
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Kerry A Naish
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, The University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat St, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gael Kurath
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
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29
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Zhu W, Wang Z, Li H, Li P, Ni L, Jiao L, Ren Y, You P. A chromosome-level genome of Brachymystax tsinlingensis provides resources and insights into salmonids evolution. G3 (Bethesda) 2022; 12:jkac162. [PMID: 35758619 PMCID: PMC9339311 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brachymystax tsinlingensis Li, 1966 is an endangered freshwater fish with economic, ecological, and scientific values. Study of the genome of B. tsinlingensis might be particularly insightful given that this is the only Brachymystax species with genome. We present a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly and protein-coding gene annotation for B. tsinlingensis with Illumina short reads, Nanopore long reads, Hi-C sequencing reads, and RNA-seq reads from 5 tissues/organs. The final chromosome-level genome size is 2,031,709,341 bp with 40 chromosomes. We found that the salmonids have a unique GC content and codon usage, have a slower evolutionary rate, and possess specific positively selected genes. We also confirmed the salmonids have undergone a whole-genome duplication event and a burst of transposon-mediated repeat expansion, and lost HoxAbβ Hox cluster, highly expressed genes in muscle may partially explain the migratory habits of B. tsinlingensis. The high-quality B. tsinlingensis assembled genome could provide a valuable reference for the study of other salmonids as well as aid the conservation of this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haorong Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition (CREEFN) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, P. R. China
| | - Lili Ni
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Li Jiao
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Yandong Ren
- Corresponding author: College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710062, P. R. China. ; *Corresponding author: School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, P. R. China.
| | - Ping You
- Corresponding author: College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710062, P. R. China. ; *Corresponding author: School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, P. R. China.
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Ortega-Villaizan MDM, Chico V, Perez L. Fish Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection-An Overview of Five Major Antiviral Genes. Viruses 2022; 14:1546. [PMID: 35891526 DOI: 10.3390/v14071546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish viral diseases represent a constant threat to aquaculture production. Thus, a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in establishing an antiviral state associated with protection against virus replication and pathogenesis is paramount for a sustainable aquaculture industry. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on five selected host innate immune-related genes in response to the most relevant viral pathogens in fish farming. Viruses have been classified as ssRNA, dsRNA, and dsDNA according to their genomes, in order to shed light on what those viruses may share in common and what response may be virus-specific, both in vitro (cell culture) as well as in vivo. Special emphasis has been put on trying to identify markers of resistance to viral pathogenesis. That is, those genes more often associated with protection against viral disease, a key issue bearing in mind potential applications into the aquaculture industry.
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31
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Venney CJ, Wellband KW, Normandeau E, Houle C, Garant D, Audet C, Bernatchez L. Thermal regime during parental sexual maturation, but not during offspring rearing, modulates DNA methylation in brook charr ( Salvelinus fontinalis). Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220670. [PMID: 35506232 PMCID: PMC9065957 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic inheritance can result in plastic responses to changing environments being faithfully transmitted to offspring. However, it remains unclear how epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation can contribute to multigenerational acclimation and adaptation to environmental stressors. Brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis), an economically important salmonid, is highly sensitive to thermal stress and is of conservation concern in the context of climate change. We studied the effects of temperature during parental sexual maturation and offspring rearing on whole-genome DNA methylation in brook charr juveniles (fry). Parents were split between warm and cold temperatures during sexual maturation, mated in controlled breeding designs, then offspring from each family were split between warm (8°C) and cold (5°C) rearing environments. Using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, we found 188 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) due to parental maturation temperature after controlling for family structure. By contrast, offspring rearing temperature had a negligible effect on offspring methylation. Stable intergenerational inheritance of DNA methylation and minimal plasticity in progeny could result in the transmission of acclimatory epigenetic states to offspring, priming them for a warming environment. Our findings have implications pertaining to the role of intergenerational epigenetic inheritance in response to ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare J. Venney
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1 V 0A6
| | - Kyle W. Wellband
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1 V 0A6
| | - Eric Normandeau
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1 V 0A6
| | - Carolyne Houle
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1 K 2R1
| | - Dany Garant
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1 K 2R1
| | - Céline Audet
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), Rimouski, QC, Canada G5 L 2Z9
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1 V 0A6
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Tepox-Vivar N, Stephenson JF, Guevara-Fiore P. Transmission dynamics of ectoparasitic gyrodactylids (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea): An integrative review. Parasitology 2022; 149:1-13. [PMID: 35481457 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Parasite transmission is the ability of pathogens to move between hosts. As a key component of the interaction between hosts and parasites, it has crucial implications for the fitness of both. Here, we review the transmission dynamics of Gyrodactylus species, which are monogenean ectoparasites of teleost fishes and a prominent model for studies of parasite transmission. Particularly, we focus on the most studied host–parasite system within this genus: guppies, Poecilia reticulata, and G. turnbulli/G. bullatarudis. Through an integrative literature examination, we identify the main variables affecting Gyrodactylus spread between hosts, and the potential factors that enhance their transmission. Previous research indicates that Gyrodactylids spread when their current conditions are unsuitable. Transmission depends on abiotic factors like temperature, and biotic variables such as gyrodactylid biology, host heterogeneity, and their interaction. Variation in the degree of social contact between hosts and sexes might also result in distinct dynamics. Our review highlights a lack of mathematical models that could help predict the dynamics of gyrodactylids, and there is also a bias to study only a few species. Future research may usefully focus on how gyrodactylid reproductive traits and host heterogeneity promote transmission and should incorporate the feedbacks between host behaviour and parasite transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tepox-Vivar
- Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla 72592, Mexico
| | - Jessica F Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Palestina Guevara-Fiore
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla 72592, Mexico
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Rozas-Serri M. Why Does Piscirickettsia salmonis Break the Immunological Paradigm in Farmed Salmon? Biological Context to Understand the Relative Control of Piscirickettsiosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856896. [PMID: 35386699 PMCID: PMC8979166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis (SRS) has been the most important infectious disease in Chilean salmon farming since the 1980s. It was one of the first to be described, and to date, it continues to be the main infectious cause of mortality. How can we better understand the epidemiological situation of SRS? The catch-all answer is that the Chilean salmon farming industry must fight year after year against a multifactorial disease, and apparently only the environment in Chile seems to favor the presence and persistence of Piscirickettsia salmonis. This is a fastidious, facultative intracellular bacterium that replicates in the host’s own immune cells and antigen-presenting cells and evades the adaptive cell-mediated immune response, which is why the existing vaccines are not effective in controlling it. Therefore, the Chilean salmon farming industry uses a lot of antibiotics—to control SRS—because otherwise, fish health and welfare would be significantly impaired, and a significantly higher volume of biomass would be lost per year. How can the ever-present risk of negative consequences of antibiotic use in salmon farming be balanced with the productive and economic viability of an animal production industry, as well as with the care of the aquatic environment and public health and with the sustainability of the industry? The answer that is easy, but no less true, is that we must know the enemy and how it interacts with its host. Much knowledge has been generated using this line of inquiry, however it remains insufficient. Considering the state-of-the-art summarized in this review, it can be stated that, from the point of view of fish immunology and vaccinology, we are quite far from reaching an effective and long-term solution for the control of SRS. For this reason, the aim of this critical review is to comprehensively discuss the current knowledge on the interaction between the bacteria and the host to promote the generation of more and better measures for the prevention and control of SRS.
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Yamada T, Urabe H, Nakamura F. Diel migration pattern of pink salmon fry in small streams. J Fish Biol 2022; 100:1088-1092. [PMID: 35129835 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Downstream migration is a critical stage in the anadromous salmonid life cycle, but previous studies have shown different results between rivers or surveys for the diel downstream migration pattern of the fry of the pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. We investigated the diel migration pattern of pink salmon fry in three small streams. Our results showed that pink salmon fry migrate mainly within a few hours after sunset; 89.9% of migration occurred between 18:00 and 23:00. Therefore, the results indicated that sunset time influences the diel migration pattern of pink salmon fry in small streams. This pattern could be a predator-avoidance behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taihei Yamada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Urabe
- Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Organization, Eniwa, Japan
| | - Futoshi Nakamura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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35
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Kennedy RJ, Rosell R, Allen M. Investigating the phenology of juvenile potamodromous brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in two large lake catchments. J Fish Biol 2022; 100:697-704. [PMID: 34932222 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the phenology of juvenile Salmo trutta and evidence of significant downstream migration during the autumn in some anadromous populations. The present study used acoustic telemetry to examine the phenology of potamodromous trout parr across a region encompassing two large lake catchments. One hundred sixty-seven trout parr were tagged in late summer across four lake tributaries between 2018 and 2020. In total, 75 tagged parr migrated into the lakes with 67 (89%) migrating between September and December and 8 (11%) migrating between March and June. Autumn migration was highly prevalent across all the tributaries, with 16%-66% of each tagged sample exhibiting autumn migration, and 0%-15% of each tagged sample exhibiting spring migration. Autumn migrants were significantly longer and heavier than spring migrants, but condition factor was similar. Autumn migrants were associated with higher river discharge levels and lower water temperatures than spring migrants. The management challenges posed by extensive autumn migration behaviour in migratory trout stocks are examined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Kennedy
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, River Bush Salmon Station, Bushmills, UK
| | - Robert Rosell
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, UK
| | - Michelle Allen
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, UK
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36
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Chiu MC, Chang SH, Yen YT, Liao LY, Lin HJ. Timing and magnitude of climatic extremes differentially elevate mortality but enhance recovery in a fish population. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:6117-6128. [PMID: 34520600 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The countervailing effects of disturbances (e.g., high mortality and enhanced recovery) on population dynamics can occur through demographic processes under rapidly increasing climatic extremes. Across an extreme-event gradient, we mechanistically demonstrated how dramatic changes in streamflow have affected the population persistence of endangered salmon in monsoonal Taiwan over a three-decade period. Our modeling indicated that the dynamics of the age-structured population were attributed to demographic processes, in which extensive mortality was characterized as a function of climatic extremes and vulnerability in the young stage of fish. In the stochastic simulations, we found that the extensive mortality and high proportion of large fish resulted from extreme flooding, which caused high values of postimpact population recovery. Our empirical evidence suggests that the magnitudes and timing of disturbance can explain the population persistence when facing climatic extremes and thereby challenges the understanding of the mechanistic drivers of these countervailing phenomena under changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chih Chiu
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsun Chang
- Department of Life Sciences and Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Yen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Yan Liao
- Wuling Station, Shei-Pa National Park, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Juh Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Araujo HA, Duguid WDP, Withler R, Supernault J, Schulze AD, Mckenzie JL, Pellett K, Beacham TD, Jonsen K, Gummer A. Chinook and Coho salmon hybrids linked to habitat and climatic changes on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:16874-16889. [PMID: 34938479 PMCID: PMC8668772 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 2013 and 2019, 63 presumed Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha sampled primarily in the Strait of Georgia (0.63% of total sample) were identified as potential Chinook-Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) hybrids by the presence of anomalous microsatellite genotypes. Their hybrid origin was confirmed by single nucleotide polymorphism amplification of two species-specific amplicons. Mitochondrial DNA indicated that most of these fish resulted from the hybridization of Coho salmon females and Chinook salmon males. Although no diagnostic external features were identified, several individuals displayed an abnormal scale arrangement on the caudal peduncle. One hybrid juvenile examined for meristics exhibited a pyloric caeca count intermediate between published values for Chinook and Coho salmon. Most hybrids originated in the Cowichan River during the 2014 brood year. Their prevalence in the watershed is a naturally occurring event, likely exacerbated by prolonged low water levels which limit habitat and delay Chinook salmon spawning, in addition to the differential abundance of the parental species. This research is the first to document ongoing natural hybridization (Chinook-Coho salmon crosses) and link it to habitat and climatic changes, and includes the identification of eight F1 adults and two juvenile backcross or F2 hybrids. The potential negative impacts of hybridization, particularly in Coho salmon through potential introgression, warrant hybrid identification as an ecosystem monitoring tool within a survey program.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Andres Araujo
- Molecular Genetics LaboratoryPacific Biological StationFisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimoBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | - Ruth Withler
- Molecular Genetics LaboratoryPacific Biological StationFisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimoBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Janine Supernault
- Molecular Genetics LaboratoryPacific Biological StationFisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimoBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Angela D. Schulze
- Molecular Genetics LaboratoryPacific Biological StationFisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimoBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Jessica L. Mckenzie
- Department of ZoologyThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Kevin Pellett
- Ecosystems and Oceans ScienceSouth Coast Stock Assessment, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimoBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Terry D. Beacham
- Molecular Genetics LaboratoryPacific Biological StationFisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimoBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Kim Jonsen
- Molecular Genetics LaboratoryPacific Biological StationFisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimoBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Anna Gummer
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
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Scholz T, Kuchta R, Oros M. Tapeworms as pathogens of fish: A review. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1883-1900. [PMID: 34529835 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tapeworms (Cestoda) represents a species rich (about 5000 species) group of flatworms (Neodermata) parasitizing all groups of vertebrates including humans, with about 1000 species parasitizing elasmobranchs and almost 500 occurring in teleosts as adults. They are common parasites of cultured fish, both as adults and larvae (metacestodes), but only few adult tapeworms are actually pathogenic for their fish hosts. In contrast, cestode larvae can be harmful for fish, especially plerocercoids migrating throughout their tissue and internal organs. Current knowledge of host-parasite relationships, including immune response of fish infected with tapeworms, is still insufficient to enable adequate control of cestodoses, and most data available were obtained several decades ago. Treatment of fish infected with adult tapeworms is effective, especially with praziquantel, whereas the treatment of metacestodes is problematic. Control measures include interruption of the complex life cycle and prevention of transport of uninspected fish to new region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Scholz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Kuchta
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Mikuláš Oros
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
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Shivam S, El-Matbouli M, Kumar G. Kinetics of Parasite-Specific Antibody and B-Cell-Associated Gene Expression in Brown Trout, Salmo trutta during Proliferative Kidney Disease. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:1244. [PMID: 34943159 PMCID: PMC8698486 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, a myxozoan endoparasite often causes chronic infection in brown trout. Antiparasite immunity mediated by antibodies and B cells is known as an important determinant of host survival and parasite proliferation during chronic infections. Accordingly, studying their time course during proliferative kidney disease (PKD) might be helpful in improving our understanding of its chronic nature. Therefore, we conducted this study to examine parasite specific serum antibody and B-cell-mediated response in laboratory-infected brown trout at different time points. Brown trout were exposed to the spores of T. bryosalmonae, derived from infected bryozoans. Samples were collected at different time points and processed for indirect ELISA, histopathology, and qRT-PCR. T. bryosalmonae specific antibody was detected at 4 weeks post exposure (wpe) and it persisted until 17 wpe. Additionally, the expressions of C4A, CD34, CD79A, BLNK, CD74, BCL7, and CD22 were differentially regulated in the important immune organs, kidney and spleen. To our knowledge, this is the first study addressing anti-T. bryosalmonae antibody response in brown trout at different time points. The results from this study provide valuable insights into the processes leading to changes in B cell development, inflammation and antibody production during the course of PKD in brown trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Shivam
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Karwar 581301, India
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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40
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Samad‐zada F, van Poorten BT, Harris S, Godbout L, Russello MA. Genome-wide analysis reveals demographic and life-history patterns associated with habitat modification in landlocked, deep-spawning sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13186-13205. [PMID: 34646462 PMCID: PMC8495803 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-mediated habitat fragmentation in freshwater ecosystems can negatively impact genetic diversity, demography, and life history of native biota, while disrupting the behavior of species that are dependent on spatial connectivity to complete their life cycles. In the Alouette River system (British Columbia, Canada), dam construction in 1928 impacted passage of anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), with the last records of migrants occurring in the 1930s. Since that time, O. nerka persisted as a resident population in Alouette Reservoir until experimental water releases beginning in 2005 created conditions for migration; two years later, returning migrants were observed for the first time in ~70 years, raising important basic and applied questions regarding life-history variation and population structure in this system. Here, we investigated the genetic distinctiveness and population history of Alouette Reservoir O. nerka using genome-wide SNP data (n = 7,709 loci) collected for resident and migrant individuals, as well as for neighboring anadromous sockeye salmon and resident kokanee populations within the Fraser River drainage (n = 312 individuals). Bayesian clustering and principal components analyses based on neutral loci revealed five distinct clusters, largely associated with geography, and clearly demonstrated that Alouette Reservoir resident and migrant individuals are genetically distinct from other O. nerka populations in the Fraser River drainage. At a finer level, there was no clear evidence for differentiation between Alouette Reservoir residents and migrants; although we detected eight high-confidence outlier loci, they all mapped to sex chromosomes suggesting that differences were likely due to uneven sex ratios rather than life history. Taken together, these data suggest that contemporary Alouette Reservoir O. nerka represents a landlocked sockeye salmon population, constituting the first reported instance of deep-water spawning behavior associated with this life-history form. This finding punctuates the need for reassessment of conservation status and supports ongoing fisheries management activities in Alouette Reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett T. van Poorten
- Applied Freshwater Ecology Research UnitBritish Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change StrategyVancouverBCCanada
- School of Resource and Environmental ManagementSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
| | - Shannon Harris
- Applied Freshwater Ecology Research UnitBritish Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change StrategyVancouverBCCanada
| | - Lyse Godbout
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimoBCCanada
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41
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Poppe TT, Reed AK, Hofossaeter M, Wisløff H. Novel myocardial pathology in farmed salmonids. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1657-1660. [PMID: 34214213 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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42
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Hale MC, Campbell MA, McKinney GJ. A candidate chromosome inversion in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) identified by population genetic analysis techniques. G3 (Bethesda) 2021; 11:6329827. [PMID: 34568922 PMCID: PMC8473973 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The "genomics era" has allowed questions to be asked about genome organization and genome architecture of non-model species at a rate not previously seen. Analyses of these genome-wide datasets have documented many examples of novel structural variants (SVs) such as chromosomal inversions, copy number variants, and chromosomal translocations, many of which have been linked to adaptation. The salmonids are a taxonomic group with abundant genome-wide datasets due to their importance in aquaculture and fisheries. However, the number of documented SVs in salmonids is surprisingly low and is most likely due to removing loci in high linkage disequilibrium when analyzing structure and gene flow. Here we re-analyze RAD-seq data from several populations of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and document a novel ∼1.2 MB SV at the distal end of LG12. This variant contains 15 protein-coding genes connected to a wide-range of functions including cell adhesion and signal transduction. Interestingly, we studied the frequency of this polymorphism in four disjointed populations of charr-one each from Nunavut, Newfoundland, Eastern Russia, and Scotland-and found evidence of the variant only in Nunavut, Canada, suggesting the polymorphism is novel and recently evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Hale
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Matthew A Campbell
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Garrett J McKinney
- National Research Council Research Associateship Program, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
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43
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Marsh JE, Lauridsen RB, Riley WD, Simmons OM, Artero C, Scott LJ, Beaumont WRC, Beaumont WA, Davy-Bowker J, Lecointre T, Roberts DE, Gregory SD. Warm winters and cool springs negatively influence recruitment of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in a southern England chalk stream. J Fish Biol 2021; 99:1125-1129. [PMID: 33881168 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous work suggests that juvenile salmon recruitment in rain-fed rivers is negatively influenced by warm and wet winters and cool springs. We tested whether this is generally applicable to a southern England chalk stream characterized by comparatively stable discharges and temperatures. We found that warm spawning and cool emergence temperatures negatively influenced juvenile recruitment between 2015 and 2020. Together these findings suggest an ability to predict juvenile productivity from water temperature records around spawning and fry emergence, thereby allowing time for management interventions in years of unfavourable temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Marsh
- Salmon and Trout Research Centre, Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust, River Laboratory, Dorset, UK
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK
| | - Rasmus B Lauridsen
- Salmon and Trout Research Centre, Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust, River Laboratory, Dorset, UK
| | - William D Riley
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, UK
| | - Olivia M Simmons
- Salmon and Trout Research Centre, Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust, River Laboratory, Dorset, UK
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK
| | - Céline Artero
- Salmon and Trout Research Centre, Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust, River Laboratory, Dorset, UK
| | - Luke J Scott
- Salmon and Trout Research Centre, Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust, River Laboratory, Dorset, UK
| | - William R C Beaumont
- Salmon and Trout Research Centre, Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust, River Laboratory, Dorset, UK
| | - William A Beaumont
- Salmon and Trout Research Centre, Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust, River Laboratory, Dorset, UK
| | - John Davy-Bowker
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK
- Freshwater Biological Association, River Laboratory, Dorset, UK
- Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Thomas Lecointre
- Salmon and Trout Research Centre, Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust, River Laboratory, Dorset, UK
| | - Dylan E Roberts
- Salmon and Trout Research Centre, Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust, River Laboratory, Dorset, UK
| | - Stephen D Gregory
- Salmon and Trout Research Centre, Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust, River Laboratory, Dorset, UK
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44
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Giroux M, Schlenk D. The effects of temperature and salinity on the endocrinology in two life stages of juvenile rainbow/steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Fish Biol 2021; 99:513-523. [PMID: 33786821 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The San Francisco Bay Delta is experiencing seasonally warmer waters and saltwater intrusion into historically freshwater ecosystems due to climate change. Steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are resident in the Bay-Delta from juvenile development through the smoltification process. Due to increases in sea level, premature seawater (SW) acclimation may co-occur with increased temperatures on pre-smolt juveniles. To evaluate the interactive effects of salinity and temperature on juvenile life stages of salmonids, rainbow trout alevin (3 days post-hatching) were exposed to 13, 16.4 and 19°C for 10 days and then challenged for 24 h to 18 parts per thousand SW. Similarly, fry (4 weeks post-hatching) were exposed to 13, 16.4 and 19°C for 2 weeks (14 days) and then challenged to SW. Estradiol-17β (E2 ), cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3 ) and thyroxine (T4 ) were measured in whole animal homogenates and muscle tissue using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Transcripts of gill Na+ /K+ ATPase β (NKAα1b), brain growth hormone I (gh1) and brain gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 (gnrh2) were also measured. Alevin exhibited a significant temperature-dependent decrease in survival, and fry showed a temperature-dependent decrease in condition factor. The gene expression of NKAα1b, gh1 and gnrh2 significantly decreased in all SW-challenged alevin, and a significant decrease in gnrh2 expression was observed in fry with temperature. Alevin T3 and T4 concentrations significantly increased with increasing temperature. There was a temperature-dependent increase in E2 of fry but not of alevin. The results of this study demonstrate that increasing temperature and SW exposure may adversely affect the survival and SW acclimation of alevin and fry stages of salmonids and that the tolerances of younger juvenile stages should be considered when assessing the response of salmonid populations to climate change stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Giroux
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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45
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Shahin K, Veek T, Heckman TI, Littman E, Mukkatira K, Adkison M, Welch TJ, Imai DM, Pastenkos G, Camus A, Soto E. Isolation and characterization of Lactococcus garvieae from rainbow trout, Onchorhyncus mykiss, from California, USA. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2326-2343. [PMID: 34328271 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is an emergent bacterial pathogen of salmonid fish in North America that causes acute infections particularly at water temperatures above 15°C. During 2020, L. garvieae was detected in rainbow trout, Onchorhyncus mykiss, cultured in Southern California and the Eastern Sierras. Infected fish exhibited high mortalities and nonspecific clinical signs of lethargy, erratic swimming, dark skin pigmentation, and exophthalmia. Macroscopic changes included external and internal hemorrhages, mainly in the eyes, liver, coelomic fat, intestine, and brain. Histological examination revealed splenitis, branchitis, panophthalmitis, hepatitis, enteritis, and coelomitis, with variable degrees of tissue damage among evaluated fish. Pure colonies of L. garvieae were isolated from infected trout and specific PCR primers for L. garvieae confirmed the preliminary diagnosis. Multilocus sequence analysis showed that the strains recovered from diseased trout represent a novel genetic group. Isolates were able to form biofilms within 24 h that increased their resistance to disinfection by hydrogen peroxide. Laboratory challenge methods for inducing lactococcosis in steelhead trout, O. mykiss, were evaluated by intracoelomic injection with serial dilutions of L. garvieae. The median lethal dose 21 days post challenge was ∼20 colony-forming units/fish. Experimentally infected trout presented similar clinical signs, gross changes, and microscopic lesions as those with natural disease, fulfilling Koch's postulates and demonstrating the high virulence of the recovered strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Aquatic Animal Diseases Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez, Egypt
| | - Tresa Veek
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Taylor I Heckman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Eric Littman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Mark Adkison
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Timothy J Welch
- National Center for Cool and Coldwater Aquaculture, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Denise M Imai
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Gabrielle Pastenkos
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alvin Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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46
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Abstract
So far, very few sex-determining genes have been identified in vertebrates and most of them, the so-called 'usual suspects', evolved from genes which fulfil essential functions during sexual development and are thus already tightly linked to the process that they now govern. The single exception to this 'usual suspects' rule in vertebrates so far is the conserved salmonid sex-determining gene, sdY (sexually dimorphic on the Y chromosome), that evolved from a gene known to be involved in regulation of the immune response. It is contained in a jumping sex locus that has been transposed or translocated into different ancestral autosomes during the evolution of salmonids. This special feature of sdY, i.e. being inserted in a 'jumping sex locus', could explain how salmonid sex chromosomes remain young and undifferentiated to escape degeneration. Recent knowledge on the mechanism of action of sdY demonstrates that it triggers its sex-determining action by deregulating oestrogen synthesis that is a conserved and crucial pathway for ovarian differentiation in vertebrates. This result suggests that sdY has evolved to cope with a pre-existing sex differentiation regulatory network. Therefore, 'limited options' for the emergence of new master sex-determining genes could be more constrained by their need to tightly interact with a conserved sex differentiation regulatory network rather than by being themselves 'usual suspects', already inside this sex regulatory network. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Bertho
- INRAE, LPGP, 35000 Rennes, France.,Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Amaury Herpin
- INRAE, LPGP, 35000 Rennes, France.,State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081 Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
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47
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Thorbjørnsen SH, Moland E, Villegas‐Ríos D, Bleeker K, Knutsen H, Olsen EM. Selection on fish personality differs between a no-take marine reserve and fished areas. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1807-1815. [PMID: 34295365 PMCID: PMC8288012 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine reserves can protect fish populations by increasing abundance and body size, but less is known about the effect of protection on fish behaviour. We looked for individual consistency in movement behaviours of sea trout in the marine habitat using acoustic telemetry to investigate whether they represent personality traits and if so, do they affect survival in relation to protection offered by a marine reserve. Home range size had a repeatability of 0.21, suggesting that it represents a personality trait, while mean swimming depth, activity and diurnal vertical migration were not repeatable movement behaviours. The effect of home range size on survival differed depending on the proportion of time fish spent in the reserve, where individuals spending more time in the reserve experienced a decrease in survival with larger home ranges while individuals spending little time in the reserve experienced an increase in survival with larger home ranges. We suggest that the diversity of fish home range sizes could be preserved by establishing networks of marine reserves encompassing different habitat types, ensuring both a heterogeneity in environmental conditions and fishing pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Huneide Thorbjørnsen
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
| | - Even Moland
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
| | - David Villegas‐Ríos
- IMEDEAInstituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC‐UIB)Department of Ecology and Marine ResourcesIchthyology GroupEsporlesBalearic IslandsSpain
- IIMInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC)Department of Ecology and Marine ResourcesFisheries Ecology GroupVigoPontevedraSpain
| | - Katinka Bleeker
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
| | - Halvor Knutsen
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
| | - Esben Moland Olsen
- Centre for Coastal ResearchDepartment of Natural SciencesUniversity of AgderKristiansandNorway
- Institute of Marine Research, FlødevigenHisNorway
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48
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Santibañez A, Paine D, Parra M, Muñoz C, Valdes N, Zapata C, Vargas R, Gonzalez A, Tello M. Oral Administration of Lactococcus lactis Producing Interferon Type II, Enhances the Immune Response Against Bacterial Pathogens in Rainbow Trout. Front Immunol 2021; 12:696803. [PMID: 34248997 PMCID: PMC8268009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria are a powerful vehicle for releasing of cytokines and immunostimulant peptides at the gastrointestinal level after oral administration. However, its therapeutic application against pathogens that affect rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon has been little explored. Type II interferon in Atlantic salmon activates the antiviral response, protecting against viral infection, but its role against bacterial infection has not been tested in vivo. In this work, through the design of a recombinant lactic acid bacterium capable of producing Interferon gamma from Atlantic salmon, we explore its role against bacterial infection and the ability to stimulate systemic immune response after oral administration of the recombinant probiotic. Recombinant interferon was active in vitro, mainly stimulating IL-6 expression in SHK-1 cells. In vivo, oral administration of the recombinant probiotic produced an increase in IL-6, IFNγ and IL-12 in the spleen and kidney, in addition to stimulating the activity of lysozyme in serum. The challenge trials indicated that the administration of the IFNγ-producing probiotic doubled the survival in fish infected with F. psychrophilum. In conclusion, our results showed that the oral administration of lactic acid bacteria producing IFNγ managed to stimulate the immune response at a systemic level, conferring protection against pathogens, showing a biotechnological potential for its application in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Santibañez
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Paine
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Mick Parra
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Valdes
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Zapata
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alex Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental y Extremófilos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Mario Tello
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile.,IctioBiotic SpA, Santiago, Chile
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49
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Wynne R, Archer LC, Hutton SA, Harman L, Gargan P, Moran PA, Dillane E, Coughlan J, Cross TF, McGinnity P, Colgan TJ, Reed TE. Alternative migratory tactics in brown trout ( Salmo trutta) are underpinned by divergent regulation of metabolic but not neurological genes. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8347-8362. [PMID: 34188891 PMCID: PMC8216917 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of alternative morphs within populations is common, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Many animals, for example, exhibit facultative migration, where two or more alternative migratory tactics (AMTs) coexist within populations. In certain salmonid species, some individuals remain in natal rivers all their lives, while others (in particular, females) migrate to sea for a period of marine growth. Here, we performed transcriptional profiling ("RNA-seq") of the brain and liver of male and female brown trout to understand the genes and processes that differentiate between migratory and residency morphs (AMT-associated genes) and how they may differ in expression between the sexes. We found tissue-specific differences with a greater number of genes expressed differentially in the liver (n = 867 genes) compared with the brain (n = 10) between the morphs. Genes with increased expression in resident livers were enriched for Gene Ontology terms associated with metabolic processes, highlighting key molecular-genetic pathways underlying the energetic requirements associated with divergent migratory tactics. In contrast, smolt-biased genes were enriched for biological processes such as response to cytokines, suggestive of possible immune function differences between smolts and residents. Finally, we identified evidence of sex-biased gene expression for AMT-associated genes in the liver (n = 12) but not the brain. Collectively, our results provide insights into tissue-specific gene expression underlying the production of alternative life histories within and between the sexes, and point toward a key role for metabolic processes in the liver in mediating divergent physiological trajectories of migrants versus residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wynne
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Louise C. Archer
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Stephen A. Hutton
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Luke Harman
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | | | - Peter A. Moran
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Present address:
Department of Ecological Science – Animal EcologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eileen Dillane
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Jamie Coughlan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Thomas F. Cross
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Philip McGinnity
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Marine InstituteNewportIreland
| | - Thomas J. Colgan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Present address:
Institute of Organismic and Molecular EvolutionJohannes Gutenberg University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Thomas E. Reed
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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50
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Lauringson M, Nousiainen I, Kahar S, Burimski O, Gross R, Kaart T, Vasemägi A. Climate change-driven disease in sympatric hosts: Temporal dynamics of parasite burden and proliferative kidney disease in wild brown trout and Atlantic salmon. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:689-699. [PMID: 33428789 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is altering the abundance and spread of various parasites, which has important consequences not only for host-parasite interactions but also for the relationships between different host species. Here, we focus on the myxozoan endoparasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae that causes temperature-dependent proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in salmonids. We characterized the temporal changes in the parasite load and the severity of PKD signs (renal hyperplasia, haematocrit) in two sympatric populations of wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We found that both the parasite load and disease signs vary considerably between individuals, species, rivers and sampling periods. We showed that Atlantic salmon was able to slow down the initial parasite proliferation rate and subsequently tolerate high parasite burden without obvious disease signs. In contrast, the initial parasite proliferation rate was much higher in brown trout, which was followed by the development of severe PKD signs. Thus, the speed of parasite proliferation, rather than the absolute number of the parasites in the host kidney, may play an important role in interspecific variation in PKD susceptibility. To conclude, this study illustrates the usefulness of temporal perspective for understanding host defence mechanisms and climate change-mediated impacts in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Lauringson
- Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ilkka Nousiainen
- Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Siim Kahar
- Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Oksana Burimski
- Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Riho Gross
- Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Kaart
- Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anti Vasemägi
- Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Drottningholm, Sweden
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