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Chang RK, Miller MA, Tekedar HC, Rose D, García JC, LaFrentz BR, Older CE, Waldbieser GC, Pomaranski E, Shahin K, Camus AC, Batac F, Byrne BA, Murray MJ, Griffin MJ, Soto E. Pathology, microbiology, and genetic diversity associated with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and novel Erysipelothrix spp. infections in southern sea otters ( Enhydra lutris nereis). Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1303235. [PMID: 38361579 PMCID: PMC10867225 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1303235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Erysipelothrix spp., including E. rhusiopathiae, are zoonotic bacterial pathogens that can cause morbidity and mortality in mammals, fish, reptiles, birds, and humans. The southern sea otter (SSO; Enhydra lutris nereis) is a federally-listed threatened species for which infectious disease is a major cause of mortality. We estimated the frequency of detection of these opportunistic pathogens in dead SSOs, described pathology associated with Erysipelothrix infections in SSOs, characterized the genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of SSO isolates, and evaluated the virulence of two novel Erysipelothrix isolates from SSOs using an in vivo fish model. From 1998 to 2021 Erysipelothrix spp. were isolated from six of >500 necropsied SSOs. Erysipelothrix spp. were isolated in pure culture from three cases, while the other three were mixed cultures. Bacterial septicemia was a primary or contributing cause of death in five of the six cases. Other pathology observed included suppurative lymphadenopathy, fibrinosuppurative arteritis with thrombosis and infarction, bilateral uveitis and endophthalmitis, hypopyon, petechia and ecchymoses, mucosal infarction, and suppurative meningoencephalitis and ventriculitis. Short to long slender Gram-positive or Gram-variable bacterial rods were identified within lesions, alone or with other opportunistic bacteria. All six SSO isolates had the spaA genotype-four isolates clustered with spaA E. rhusiopathiae strains from various terrestrial and marine animal hosts. Two isolates did not cluster with any known Erysipelothrix spp.; whole genome sequencing revealed a novel Erysipelothrix species and a novel E. rhusiopathiae subspecies. We propose the names Erysipelothrix enhydrae sp. nov. and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae ohloneorum ssp. nov. respectively. The type strains are E. enhydrae UCD-4322-04 and E. rhusiopathiae ohloneorum UCD-4724-06, respectively. Experimental injection of tiger barbs (Puntigrus tetrazona) resulted in infection and mortality from the two novel Erysipelothrix spp. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Erysipelothrix isolates from SSOs shows similar susceptibility profiles to isolates from other terrestrial and aquatic animals. This is the first description of the pathology, microbial characteristics, and genetic diversity of Erysipelothrix isolates recovered from diseased SSOs. Methods presented here can facilitate case recognition, aid characterization of Erysipelothrix isolates, and illustrate assessment of virulence using fish models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri K. Chang
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA, United States
| | - Melissa A. Miller
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
- Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Hasan C. Tekedar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Divya Rose
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Julio C. García
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Benjamin R. LaFrentz
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Caitlin E. Older
- USDA-ARS, Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | | | - Eric Pomaranski
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Aquatic Animal Diseases Laboratory, Aquaculture Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez, Egypt
| | - Alvin C. Camus
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Francesca Batac
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Barbara A. Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Matt J. Griffin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Sheehy A, Shahin K, Camus A, Francis-Floyd R, Yanong R, Fogelson S, Soto E. Diagnosis of piscine francisellosis in Largemouth Bass from a public display exhibit in north-central Florida, USA. J Aquat Anim Health 2023; 35:201-210. [PMID: 37965692 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides is an important freshwater fish that is native to the southeastern United States and is cultured for conservation, food, and for the sports fishing industry. Francisella orientalis is a globally distributed bacterial pathogen of warmwater fish species and is associated with granulomatous inflammation and high mortalities. Outbreaks of piscine francisellosis in the United States have been reported in only a few fish species. This study describes three case presentations of francisellosis in Largemouth Bass from a public display system in north-central Florida. Additionally, laboratory-controlled immersion challenges using an F. orientalis isolate from tilapia Oreochromis spp. evaluate susceptibility of Largemouth Bass fingerlings to F. orientalis infection and mortality through this exposure route. METHODS Necropsy, histologic examination, immunohistochemistry, bacterial recovery and culture, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used as diagnostic tools to evaluate both the affected display fish and the immersion-challenged fingerlings. RESULT Although the display fish and immersion-challenged fingerlings presented with nonspecific clinical signs, gross and histological changes were indicative of granulomatous disease. Immunohistochemical and molecular testing methods confirmed F. orientalis infection in affected fish. CONCLUSION The three case presentations described here mark the first reporting of naturally occurring piscine francisellosis in Largemouth Bass that were held in a public display exhibit. Additionally, causality was proven in the Largemouth Bass fingerlings through the immersion challenges. These findings demonstrate susceptibility through immersion-based exposure and assert that francisellosis should be considered among the list of differential diagnoses for Largemouth Bass with granulomatous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sheehy
- Aquatic Animal Health Program, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Khalid Shahin
- Aquatic Animal Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Alvin Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ruth Francis-Floyd
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Roy Yanong
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, Florida, USA
| | | | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, USA
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Alper BS, Dehnbostel J, Shahin K, Ojha N, Khanna G, Tignanelli CJ. Striking a match between FHIR-based patient data and FHIR-based eligibility criteria. Learn Health Syst 2023; 7:e10368. [PMID: 37860063 PMCID: PMC10582208 DOI: 10.1002/lrh2.10368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inputs and Outputs The Strike-a-Match Function, written in JavaScript version ES6+, accepts the input of two datasets (one dataset defining eligibility criteria for research studies or clinical decision support, and one dataset defining characteristics for an individual patient). It returns an output signaling whether the patient characteristics are a match for the eligibility criteria. Purpose Ultimately, such a system will play a "matchmaker" role in facilitating point-of-care recognition of patient-specific clinical decision support. Specifications The eligibility criteria are defined in HL7 FHIR (version R5) EvidenceVariable Resource JSON structure. The patient characteristics are provided in an FHIR Bundle Resource JSON including one Patient Resource and one or more Observation and Condition Resources which could be obtained from the patient's electronic health record. Application The Strike-a-Match Function determines whether or not the patient is a match to the eligibility criteria and an Eligibility Criteria Matching Software Demonstration interface provides a human-readable display of matching results by criteria for the clinician or patient to consider. This is the first software application, serving as proof of principle, that compares patient characteristics and eligibility criteria with all data exchanged using HL7 FHIR JSON. An Eligibility Criteria Matching Software Library at https://fevir.net/110192 provides a method for sharing functions using the same information model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Alper
- Computable Publishing LLCIpswichMassachusettsUSA
- Scientific Knowledge Accelerator FoundationIpswichMassachusettsUSA
| | - Joanne Dehnbostel
- Computable Publishing LLCIpswichMassachusettsUSA
- Scientific Knowledge Accelerator FoundationIpswichMassachusettsUSA
| | - Khalid Shahin
- Computable Publishing LLCIpswichMassachusettsUSA
- Scientific Knowledge Accelerator FoundationIpswichMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Gopal Khanna
- Medical Industry Leadership Institute, Carlson School of ManagementUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Christopher J. Tignanelli
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Program for Clinical Artificial Intelligence, UMN Center for Learning Health Systems ScienceMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- UMN Center for Quality Outcomes, Discovery and EvaluationMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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Abraham T, Yazdi Z, Littman E, Shahin K, Heckman TI, Quijano Cardé EM, Nguyen DT, Hu R, Adkison M, Veek T, Mukkatira K, Richey C, Kwak K, Mohammed HH, Ortega C, Avendaño-Herrera R, Keleher W, LePage V, Gardner I, Welch TJ, Soto E. Detection and virulence of Lactococcus garvieae and L. petauri from four lakes in southern California. J Aquat Anim Health 2023; 35:187-198. [PMID: 37749801 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The first objective of the study aimed to detect the presence of Lactococcus petauri, L. garvieae, and L. formosensis in fish (n = 359) and environmental (n = 161) samples from four lakes near an affected fish farm in California during an outbreak in 2020. The second objective was to compare the virulence of the Lactococcus spp. in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides. METHODS Standard bacterial culture methods were used to isolate Lactococcus spp. from brain and posterior kidney of sampled fish from the four lakes. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was utilized to detect Lactococcus spp. DNA in fish tissues and environmental samples from the four lakes. Laboratory controlled challenges were conducted by injecting fish intracoelomically with representative isolates of L. petauri (n = 17), L. garvieae (n = 2), or L. formosensis (n = 4), and monitored for 14 days postchallenge (dpc). RESULT Lactococcus garvieae was isolated from the brains of two Largemouth Bass in one of the lakes. Lactococcus spp. were detected in 14 fish (8 Bluegills Lepomis macrochirus and 6 Largemouth Bass) from 3 out of the 4 lakes using a qPCR assay. Of the collected environmental samples, all 4 lakes tested positive for Lactococcus spp. in the soil samples, while 2 of the 4 lakes tested positive in the water samples through qPCR. Challenged Largemouth Bass did not show any signs of infection postinjection throughout the challenge period. Rainbow Trout infected with L. petauri showed clinical signs within 3 dpc and presented a significantly higher cumulative mortality (62.4%; p < 0.0001) at 14 dpc when compared to L. garvieae (0%) and L. formosensis (7.5%) treatments. CONCLUSION The study suggests that qPCR can be used for environmental DNA monitoring of Lactococcus spp. and demonstrates virulence diversity between the etiological agents of piscine lactococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Abraham
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Zeinab Yazdi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Eric Littman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Khalid Shahin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Aquatic Animals Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez, Egypt
| | - Taylor I Heckman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Diem Thu Nguyen
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ruixue Hu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mark Adkison
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Tresa Veek
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Kavery Mukkatira
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Christine Richey
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Kevin Kwak
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Haitham H Mohammed
- Department of Rangeland, Wildlife and Fisheries Management, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Cesar Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello and Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación en Acuicultura Sustentable, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | | | | | - Ian Gardner
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Timothy J Welch
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Cool and Coldwater Aquaculture, Leetown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Nguyen TTT, Shahin K, Allan B, Sarfraz M, Wheler C, Gerdts V, Köster W, Dar A. Enhancement of protective efficacy of innate immunostimulant based formulations against yolk sac infection in young chicks. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102119. [PMID: 36087444 PMCID: PMC9468504 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to characterize and compare the protective effects of various innate immune stimulants against yolk sac infection (YSI) caused by an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in young chicks. The immune stimulants were administered alone or in various combinations of unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), and avian antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Routes included in ovo or in ovo followed by a subcutaneous (S/C) injection. CpG alone and in combination with Poly I:C, truncated avian cathelicidin (CATH)-1(6-26), avian beta defensin (AvBD)1, and CATH-1(6-26) + AvBD1, were administered in ovo to 18-day-old embryonated eggs for gene expression and challenge studies. Next, CpG alone and the potentially effective formulation of CpG + Poly I:C, were administrated via the in ovo route using 40 embryonated eggs. At 1 day post-hatch, half of each group also received their respective treatments via the S/C route. Four hours later, all chicks were challenged using E. coli strain EC317 and mortalities were recorded for 14 d. The first challenge study revealed that amongst the single use and combinations of CpG with different innate immune stimulants, a higher protection and a lower clinical score were offered by the combination of CpG + Poly I:C. The second challenge study showed that this combination (CpG + Poly I:C) provides an even higher level of protection when a second dose is administered via the S/C route at 1 day post-hatch. The current research highlights the efficacy of a combination of CpG + Poly I:C administered either in ovo or in ovo along with a S/C injection and its potential use as an alternative to antibiotics against yolk sac infection in young chicks.
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Mahboub HH, Shahin K, Mahmoud SM, Altohamy DE, Husseiny WA, Mansour DA, Shalaby SI, Gaballa MMS, Shaalan M, Alkafafy M, Rahman ANA. Silica nanoparticles are novel aqueous additive mitigating heavy metals toxicity and improving the health of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Aquat Toxicol 2022; 249:106238. [PMID: 35863252 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are among the non-toxic nanoparticles (NPs) that have magnetic capabilities. It is hypothesized that SiNPs may be able to reduce toxic effects exerted by a mixture of lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) in African catfish Clarias gariepinus. The in vitro magnetic potential of SiNPs to absorb Pb and Hg was tested. Fish (N = 240) were divided into four groups in triplicates for 30 days. The first group served as control and the second group (SiNPs) was exposed to 1/10 of 96 h LC50 of SiNPs (14.45 mg/L). The third group (HMM) was exposed to 1/10 of 96-h LC50 of a mixture of mercury chloride (HgCl2) and lead chloride (PbCl2) equal to 0.04 mg/ L and 23.1 mg/L. The fourth group (SiNPs+ HMM) was exposed to a suspension composed of SiNPs, HgCl2, and PbCl2 at the same concentrations as the third group. Results showed that fish exposed to heavy metals revealed the following consequences; a significant decrease in hematological, immunological (complement-3 and nitric oxide), and antioxidants (total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) indices, down-regulation of IL-1β, IL-8, TGF-β, NF-κβ, HSP70, and Hepcidin genes, the highest mortality rate (48.33%), higher values of alkaline phosphatase, alanine, and aspartate aminotransferases, urea, creatinine, and branchial malondialdehyde, marked up-regulation of CC chemokine and CXC chemokines, and high HMs residues levels in muscles. Extensive pathology showed degeneration with diffuse vacuolation of hepatopancreatic cells and hemorrhage in the HMM group. Interestingly, the exposed group to SiNPs and HMM demonstrated a decline of HMs concentration in fish muscles and modulated the abovementioned parameters with the regeneration of histological alterations of liver and gills. Based on the study outcomes, we highlight the importance and the safety of SiNPs as a novel aqueous additive to alleviate HMs toxicity and recommend using SiNPs for enhancing fish performance for sustaining aquaculture without adverting safety of human health by their little accumulation in muscular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba H Mahboub
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt.
| | - Khalid Shahin
- Aquatic Animal Diseases Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, P.O. Box 43511, Suez, Egypt
| | - Shereen M Mahmoud
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, P.O. Box 41522, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Dalia E Altohamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Central Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Husseiny
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, P.O. Box 41522, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Mansour
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Shimaa I Shalaby
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M S Gaballa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, P.O. Box 13736, Qalyobiya, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shaalan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Alkafafy
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf N Abdel Rahman
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt.
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Shahin K, Mukkatira K, Yazdi Z, Richey C, Kwak K, Heckman TI, Mohammed HH, Ortega C, Avendaño-Herrera R, Keleher B, Hyatt MW, Drennan JD, Adkison M, Griffin MJ, Soto E. Development of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of the aetiological agents of piscine lactococcosis. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:847-859. [PMID: 35306674 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Piscine lactococcosis is an emergent bacterial disease that is associated with high economic losses in many farmed and wild aquatic species worldwide. Early and accurate detection of the causative agent of piscine lactococcosis is essential for management of the disease in fish farms. In this study, a TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting the 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer region was developed and validated. Validation of the qPCR was performed with DNA of previously typed L. petauri and L. garvieae recovered from different aquatic hosts from distinct geographical locations, closely related bacterial species and common pathogens in trout aquaculture. Further diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was investigated by screening of fish, water and faecal samples. The developed qPCR assay showed high specificity, sensitivity and accuracy in detection of L. petauri and L. garvieae with lack of signals from non-target pathogens, and in screening of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) posterior kidney and environmental samples. The detection limit of the qPCR was four amplicon copies. Moreover, the sensitivity of the qPCR assay was not affected by presence of non-target DNA from either fish or environmental samples. The robustness, specificity and sensitivity of the developed qPCR will facilitate fast and accurate diagnosis of piscine lactococcosis to establish appropriate control measures in fish farms and aquaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Aquatic Animal Diseases Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez, Egypt
| | | | - Zeinab Yazdi
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christine Richey
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Kevin Kwak
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Taylor I Heckman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Haitham H Mohammed
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Cesar Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal (CIESA), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM), Toluca, Mexico
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad Andrés Bello and Centro FONDAP INCAR, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Bill Keleher
- Kennebec River Biosciences, Richmond, Maine, USA
| | - Michael W Hyatt
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York Aquarium, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | | | - Mark Adkison
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Hoare R, Shahin K, McLean K, Adams A, K. D. Thompson. Skin mucus proteins of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in response to mucosal vaccination and challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:491-495. [PMID: 34905629 PMCID: PMC9299601 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Hoare
- Institute of AquacultureUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
| | - K. Shahin
- Institute of AquacultureUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
- Aquatic Animal Diseases LaboratoryAquaculture DivisionNational Institute of Oceanography and FisheriesSuezEgypt
| | - K. McLean
- Moredun Research InstitutePenicuikUK
| | - A. Adams
- Institute of AquacultureUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
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Heckman TI, Shahin K, Henderson EE, Griffin MJ, Soto E. Development and efficacy of Streptococcus iniae live-attenuated vaccines in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 121:152-162. [PMID: 34965443 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a re-emerging bacterial pathogen in freshwater and marine aquaculture worldwide. There are no commercial vaccines available for S. iniae in the United States, and autogenous vaccines are restricted to inactivated whole-cell preparations with limited protection against heterogenous strains. Live-attenuated vaccines (LAV) represent an advantageous alternative to these bacterins, as they induce robust cellular and humoral immunity, and may provide longer lasting protection through less stressful routes of administration. We investigated whether accumulation of mutations in S. iniae by serial passage in the presence of rifampin can generate immunogenic LAV conferring protection against challenge with heterologous wild-type (WT) S. iniae strains in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Three lineages of rifampin-resistant S. iniae strains were generated from three genetically distinct parent strains (n = 9) by multiple passages in increments of Rifamycin SV sodium salt. Growth in liquid media, extent of capsulation, antimicrobial susceptibility, survival in Nile tilapia whole blood, and cytotoxicity in an O. mossambicus endothelial cell line were compared between the passaged and WT strains. Nile tilapia challenges were used to assess strain virulence, generation of anti-S. iniae IgM, and the protection conferred by LAV candidates against virulent S. iniae. Rifampin-resistant strains demonstrated changes in growth rate and cytotoxicity in endothelial cells, as well as significant reductions in whole blood survival (p < 0.05). Selected strains also showed attenuated virulence in the Nile tilapia challenge model, and anti-S. iniae IgM generated against these strains demonstrated cross-reactivity against heterologous bacteria. Immunization by intracoelomic injection induced protection against a virulent WT strain of S. iniae, with relative percent survival up to 95.05%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor I Heckman
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Aquatic Animals Diseases Laboratory, Aquaculture Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, P.O. Box 43511, Suez, Egypt
| | - Eileen E Henderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 92408, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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10
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Chang EK, Miller M, Shahin K, Batac F, Field CL, Duignan P, Struve C, Byrne BA, Murray MJ, Greenwald K, Smith WA, Ziccardi M, Soto E. Genetics and pathology associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella spp. isolates from North American Pacific coastal marine mammals. Vet Microbiol 2022; 265:109307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Shahin K, Subramaniam K, Camus AC, Yazdi Z, Yun S, Koda SA, Waltzek TB, Pierezan F, Hu R, Soto E. Isolation, Identification and Characterization of a Novel Megalocytivirus from Cultured Tilapia ( Oreochromis spp.) from Southern California, USA. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3524. [PMID: 34944299 PMCID: PMC8697977 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In spring 2019, diseased four-month-old tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) from an aquaculture farm in Southern California, USA were received for diagnostic evaluation with signs of lethargy, anorexia, abnormal swimming, and low-level mortalities. At necropsy, non-specific external lesions were noted including fin erosion, cutaneous melanosis, gill pallor, and coelomic distension. Internal changes included ascites, hepatomegaly, renomegaly, splenomegaly, and multifocal yellow-white nodules in the spleen and kidney. Cultures of spleen and kidney produced bacterial colonies identified as Francisella orientalis. Homogenized samples of gill, brain, liver, spleen, and kidney inoculated onto Mozambique tilapia brain cells (OmB) developed cytopathic effects, characterized by rounding of cells and detaching from the monolayer 6-10 days post-inoculation at 25 °C. Transmission electron microscopy revealed 115.4 ± 5.8 nm icosahedral virions with dense central cores in the cytoplasm of OmB cells. A consensus PCR, targeting the DNA polymerase gene of large double-stranded DNA viruses, performed on cell culture supernatant yielded a sequence consistent with an iridovirus. Phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated full length major capsid protein and DNA polymerase gene sequences supported the tilapia virus as a novel species within the genus Megalocytivirus, most closely related to scale drop disease virus and European chub iridovirus. An intracoelomic injection challenge in Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) fingerlings resulted in 39% mortality after 16 days. Histopathology revealed necrosis of head kidney and splenic hematopoietic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; or (Z.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.H.)
- Aquatic Animal Diseases Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez P.O. Box 43511, Egypt
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (K.S.); (S.A.K.); (T.B.W.)
| | - Alvin C. Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Zeinab Yazdi
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; or (Z.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.H.)
| | - Susan Yun
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; or (Z.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.H.)
| | - Samantha A. Koda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (K.S.); (S.A.K.); (T.B.W.)
| | - Thomas B. Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (K.S.); (S.A.K.); (T.B.W.)
| | - Felipe Pierezan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil;
| | - Ruixue Hu
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; or (Z.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.H.)
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; or (Z.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.H.)
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12
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Shahin K, Veek T, Heckman TI, Littman E, Mukkatira K, Adkison M, Welch TJ, Imai DM, Pastenkos G, Camus A, Soto E. Isolation and characterization of Lactococcus garvieae from rainbow trout, Onchorhyncus mykiss, from California, USA. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2326-2343. [PMID: 34328271 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is an emergent bacterial pathogen of salmonid fish in North America that causes acute infections particularly at water temperatures above 15°C. During 2020, L. garvieae was detected in rainbow trout, Onchorhyncus mykiss, cultured in Southern California and the Eastern Sierras. Infected fish exhibited high mortalities and nonspecific clinical signs of lethargy, erratic swimming, dark skin pigmentation, and exophthalmia. Macroscopic changes included external and internal hemorrhages, mainly in the eyes, liver, coelomic fat, intestine, and brain. Histological examination revealed splenitis, branchitis, panophthalmitis, hepatitis, enteritis, and coelomitis, with variable degrees of tissue damage among evaluated fish. Pure colonies of L. garvieae were isolated from infected trout and specific PCR primers for L. garvieae confirmed the preliminary diagnosis. Multilocus sequence analysis showed that the strains recovered from diseased trout represent a novel genetic group. Isolates were able to form biofilms within 24 h that increased their resistance to disinfection by hydrogen peroxide. Laboratory challenge methods for inducing lactococcosis in steelhead trout, O. mykiss, were evaluated by intracoelomic injection with serial dilutions of L. garvieae. The median lethal dose 21 days post challenge was ∼20 colony-forming units/fish. Experimentally infected trout presented similar clinical signs, gross changes, and microscopic lesions as those with natural disease, fulfilling Koch's postulates and demonstrating the high virulence of the recovered strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Aquatic Animal Diseases Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez, Egypt
| | - Tresa Veek
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Taylor I Heckman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Eric Littman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Mark Adkison
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Timothy J Welch
- National Center for Cool and Coldwater Aquaculture, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Denise M Imai
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Gabrielle Pastenkos
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alvin Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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13
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Yazdi Z, Griffin MJ, Pierezan F, Eetemadi A, Shahin K, Soto E. Quantitative PCR for detection and quantification of Veronaea botryosa in fish and environmental samples. Dis Aquat Organ 2021; 144:175-185. [PMID: 33955855 DOI: 10.3354/dao03582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Systemic phaeohyphomycosis, aka 'fluid belly', is one of the most important emergent diseases in sturgeon Acipenser spp. aquaculture. The etiologic agent is the saprobic, dematiaceous fungus Veronaea botryosa. Effective vaccines and chemotherapeutic treatments are currently unavailable. Additionally, the fungus is a slow-growing organism, taking from 10-15 d for colonies to be observed in agar media. To this end, a specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting the V. botryosa β-tubulin gene was developed and validated. The specificity of the assay to V. botryosa was initially confirmed in silico and in vivo against common fungal fish pathogens, including closely related members of the order Chaetothyriales (Exophiala spp.) and other black pigmented fungi (Alternaria spp. and Cladosporium spp.), as well as tissues from uninfected sturgeon. The assay possessed high clinical specificity (100%) and clinical sensitivity (74%) in detecting V. botryosa DNA in splenic tissues from laboratory-infected sturgeon. Using V. botryosa genomic DNA as a template, the limit of detection was equivalent to 10 conidia, and the method was found suitable for the detection of fungal DNA in fresh and formalin-fixed tissues. In addition, the presence of non-target DNA from white sturgeon did not influence assay sensitivity. The developed qPCR assay is a sensitive, specific, and rapid diagnostic method for the detection and quantification of V. botryosa DNA from white sturgeon tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Yazdi
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, USA
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14
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Sebastião FD, Shahin K, Heckman TI, LaFrentz BR, Griffin MJ, Loch TP, Mukkatira K, Veek T, Richey C, Adkison M, Holt RA, Soto E. Genetic characterization of Flavobacterium columnare isolates from the Pacific Northwest, USA. Dis Aquat Organ 2021; 144:151-158. [PMID: 33955853 DOI: 10.3354/dao03588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium columnare is the causative agent of columnaris disease. Previous work has demonstrated a high degree of genetic variability among F. columnare isolates, identifying 4 genetic groups (GGs) with some host associations. Herein, a total of 49 F. columnare isolates were characterized, the majority of which were collected from 15 different locations throughout the US Pacific Northwest. Most isolates were collected from 2015-2018 and originated from disease outbreaks in salmonid hatcheries and rearing ponds, sturgeon hatcheries and ornamental fish. Other isolates were part of collections recovered from 1980-2018. Initial identification was confirmed by F. columnare species-specific qPCR. Study isolates were further characterized using a multiplex PCR that differentiates between the 4 currently recognized F. columnare GGs. Multiplex PCR results were supported by repetitive sequence-mediated PCR fingerprinting and gyrB sequence analysis. F. columnare GG1 was the most prevalent (83.7%, n = 41/49), represented by isolates from salmonids (n = 32), white sturgeon (n = 2), channel catfish (n = 1), ornamental goldfish (n = 1), koi (n = 3), wild sunfish (n = 1) and 1 unknown host. Six isolates (12.2%, n = 6/49) were identified as GG3, which were cultured from rainbow trout (n = 3) and steelhead trout (n = 3). Two isolates were identified as GG2 (4.1%, n = 2/49) and were from ornamental fish. No GG4 isolates were cultured in this study. The biological significance of this genetic variability remains unclear, but this variation could have significant implications for fish health management. The results from this study provide baseline data for future work developing strategies to ameliorate columnaris-related losses in the US Pacific Northwest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Sebastião
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California 95616, USA
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15
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Alper BS, Dehnbostel J, Afzal M, Subbian V, Soares A, Kunnamo I, Shahin K, McClure RC. Making science computable: Developing code systems for statistics, study design, and risk of bias. J Biomed Inform 2021; 115:103685. [PMID: 33486066 PMCID: PMC9387176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2021.103685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis led a group of scientific and informatics experts to accelerate development of an infrastructure for electronic data exchange for the identification, processing, and reporting of scientific findings. The Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR®) standard which is overcoming the interoperability problems in health information exchange was extended to evidence-based medicine (EBM) knowledge with the EBMonFHIR project. A 13-step Code System Development Protocol was created in September 2020 to support global development of terminologies for exchange of scientific evidence. For Step 1, we assembled expert working groups with 55 people from 26 countries by October 2020. For Step 2, we identified 23 commonly used tools and systems for which the first version of code systems will be developed. For Step 3, a total of 368 non-redundant concepts were drafted to become display terms for four code systems (Statistic Type, Statistic Model, Study Design, Risk of Bias). Steps 4 through 13 will guide ongoing development and maintenance of these terminologies for scientific exchange. When completed, the code systems will facilitate identifying, processing, and reporting research results and the reliability of those results. More efficient and detailed scientific communication will reduce cost and burden and improve health outcomes, quality of life, and patient, caregiver, and healthcare professional satisfaction. We hope the achievements reached thus far will outlive COVID-19 and provide an infrastructure to make science computable for future generations. Anyone may join the effort at https://www.gps.health/covid19_knowledge_accelerator.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Alper
- Computable Publishing LLC, Ipswich, MA, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | - Ilkka Kunnamo
- Duodecim Medical Publications Ltd, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Khalid Shahin
- Computable Publishing LLC, Ipswich, MA, United States.
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16
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Mahboub HH, Shahin K, Zaglool AW, Roushdy EM, Ahmed SAA. Efficacy of nano zinc oxide dietary supplements on growth performance, immunomodulation and disease resistance of African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Dis Aquat Organ 2020; 142:147-160. [PMID: 33331282 DOI: 10.3354/dao03531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an important trace element in fish diets that is required for growth, immunity and antioxidant defense mechanisms. The current study assessed the effects of both organic and nanoparticle zinc oxide (ZnO and ZnO-NPs, respectively) on growth performance, immune response and the antimicrobial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Fish were fed either a control diet or diets supplemented with organic ZnO at concentrations of 20 and 30 mg kg-1 or ZnO-NPs at concentrations of 20 and 30 mg kg-1. After 60 d, a subset of the fish was injected intraperitoneally with 3 × 107 CFU ml-1 of P. aeruginosa. Results showed that body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and specific growth rates were significantly increased in ZnO-NPs20 compared to all other groups. The dietary supplementation with 20 mg kg-1 of ZnO-NPs improved the antioxidant status of fish. Moreover, IgM, lysozyme and nitric oxide showed a significant increase in the fish which received the ZnO-NPs20-supplemented diet. A significant upregulation of growth and stress-related genes was seen in the ZnO-NPs20-supplemented group compared to other groups. However, there was no significant difference in the expression of immune-related genes among ZnO-NPs20, ZnO-NPs30 and ZnO30 groups. These findings highlight the potential use of nano-ZnO for improving growth performance, antioxidant status, immunological status and antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa in African catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba H Mahboub
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, PO Box 44519, Zagazig 4511, Sharkia, Egypt
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17
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Shahin K, Zhang L, Bao H, Hedayatkhah A, Soleimani-Delfan A, Komijani M, He T, Barazandeh M, Mansoorianfar M, Bouzari M, Wang R. An in-vitro study on a novel six-phage cocktail against multi-drug resistant-ESBL Shigella in aquatic environment. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:231-237. [PMID: 33070360 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Shigella spp. are water-borne pathogens responsible for mild to severe cases bacilli dysentery all around the world known as Shigellosis. The progressively increasing of antibiotic resistance among Shigella calls for developing and establishing novel alternative therapeutic methods. The present study aimed to evaluate a novel phage cocktail of lytic phages against extended spectrum beta lactamase isolates of Shigella species in an aquatic environment. The phage cocktail containing six novel Shigella specific phages showed a broad host spectrum. The cocktail was very stable in aquatic environment. The cocktail resulted in about 99% decrease in the bacterial counts in the contaminated water by several species and strains of Shigella such as Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri and Shigella dysenteriae. Achieving such a high efficiency in this in-vitro study demonstrates a high potential for in-vivo and in-situ application of this phage cocktail as a bio-controlling agent against Shigella spp. contamination and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shahin
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - L Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - H Bao
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - A Hedayatkhah
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - A Soleimani-Delfan
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - M Komijani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - T He
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - M Barazandeh
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - M Mansoorianfar
- Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Suzhou, China
| | - M Bouzari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - R Wang
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Shahin K, Pirezan F, Rogge M, LaFrentz BR, Shrestha RP, Hildebrand M, Lu F, HogenEsch H, Soto E. Development of IglC and GroEL recombinant vaccines for francisellosis in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 105:341-349. [PMID: 32712230 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Warm-water piscine francisellosis is a granulomatous bacterial disease caused by Francisella orientalis (Fo). The disease has been detected in a wide range of fish species globally, causing mortalities as high as 90% and significant economic losses. Currently there are no commercially available vaccines and few treatment options exist. In the current study, two novel recombinant vaccines were prepared using diatom-expressed IglC or bacterial-expressed GroEL proteins. The vaccine antigens were emulsified with either nanoparticles or a commercially available oil-based adjuvant. Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fingerlings were immunized intracoelomically with the recombinant IglC or GroEL vaccines, diatoms alone or phosphate buffer saline. Approximately 840-degree days post-vaccination, fish were challenged via immersion with 106 CFU/mL of wild-type Fo. Twenty-one days post challenge (dpc), the highest relative percent survival was recorded in the IglC-Montanide group (75%), compared to 53%, 50%, 22%, 19% and 16% in the IglC-nanoparticles, GroEL-Montanide, GroEL-nanoparticles, diatoms-Montanide and diatoms-nanoparticles groups, respectively. Protection correlated with significantly higher specific antibody responses in the IglC-Montanide group. Moreover, a significantly lower bacterial load was detected in spleen samples from the IglC-Montanide survivor tilapia compared to the other experimental groups. This is the first report of recombinant vaccines against piscine francisellosis in tilapia. The Fo vaccines described in our study may facilitate development of a safe, cost-effective and highly protective vaccine against francisellosis in farmed tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 95616, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Felipe Pirezan
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Matt Rogge
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI, USA
| | | | - Roshan P Shrestha
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Hildebrand
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fangjia Lu
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 95616, Davis, CA, USA.
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19
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Pierezan F, Shahin K, Heckman TI, Ang J, Byrne BA, Soto E. Outbreaks of severe myositis in cultured white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus L.) associated with Streptococcus iniae. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:485-490. [PMID: 32100309 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of an infectious disease affecting cultured white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) were investigated. Clinical signs included erratic swimming, arching of the back and mortality. Necropsy findings included poorly demarcated yellow to dark-red and friable lesions in the epaxial muscle, ulcerative skin lesions and haemorrhages in the swim bladder and coelomic wall. Histological evaluation revealed areas of necrotizing and heterophilic myositis with aggregates of bacterial cocci. The lumen of blood vessels in the dermis, under ulcerated areas, and in the posterior kidney, was occluded by fibrin thrombi. Aggregates of Gram-positive cocci were observed in the muscle lesions and within the fibrin thrombi in the dermis and kidney. Genetically homogeneous Streptococcus iniae strains were recovered from affected fish from different outbreaks. The isolates shared high degree of similarity at gene locus (gyrB) with previously characterized S. iniae from cultured fish in California, confirming the emergence of this particular strain of S. iniae in US aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Pierezan
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Taylor I Heckman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - June Ang
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Barbara A Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Shahin K, Soto E, Martínez-López B, Barnum S. Genetic Diversity of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 from Different Geographical Locations during 1999-2019 in the United States of America. J Aquat Anim Health 2020; 32:50-56. [PMID: 32069378 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3, also known as koi herpesvirus (KHV), is an important pathogen in common and koi carp Cyprinus carpio, varieties. Two main genotypes of KHV have been reported worldwide that are associated with Asian and European origins. In the USA, outbreaks of KHV diseases have been reported in different states since the early 1990s; however, the diversity of KHV is unknown. In the current study, 67 DNA samples that were extracted from clinical cases of koi tissues that were submitted for diagnosis during KHV outbreaks from 10 different states in the USA from 1999 to 2019 were used to investigate their genetic diversity. The thymidine kinase gene was amplified, sequenced, and used for phylogenetic analysis. Our results showed that the KHV isolates that were collected from the different states were clustered in the two known KHV genogroups, where 31 isolates belonged to the Asian genotype branch and 36 to the European genotype branch. The spatiotemporal analysis demonstrated fluctuation of KHV genotypes in the USA, as the main KHV genotype that was detected in koi in the USA from 1999 to 2013 was the European genotype, whereas the Asian KHV genotype appeared to emerge in the USA in 2008, increasing in incidence until 2019. The current study provides evidence on the genetic diversity of KHV in the USA. Future studies that evaluate the virulence of these genetically diverse isolates is warranted to obtain a better understanding of the epidemiology of this re-emerging pathogen. This may provide an improved awareness of the current status of KHV and help to control the disease in the koi population in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Tupper Hall 2108, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Tupper Hall 2108, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Tupper Hall 2108, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Samantha Barnum
- Real-Time PCR Research and Diagnostic Core Facility, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Tupper Hall 2108, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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Ramírez-Paredes JG, Mendoza-Roldan MA, Lopez-Jimena B, Shahin K, Metselaar M, Thompson KD, Penman DJ, Richards RH, Adams A. Whole cell inactivated autogenous vaccine effectively protects red Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against francisellosis via intraperitoneal injection. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:1191-1200. [PMID: 31184398 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis is a pathogen of tilapia and other warm-water fish for which no vaccines are commercially available. In this study, a whole cell formalin-inactivated vaccine was developed for the first time using the highly virulent isolate STIR-GUS-F2f7 and the oil-based adjuvant Montanide™ ISA 763A VG. The efficacy of the vaccine was assessed in red Nile tilapia via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection using homologous experimental infection and correlates of protection such as seral antibody production and bacterial loads in the spleen. For immunization, fish were i.p. injected with 0.1 ml of the vaccine, the adjuvant alone or PBS. At 840 degree days post-vaccination, all fish were i.p. injected with 4.0 × 103 CFU/fish of pathogenic bacteria. The RPS at the end of the trial was 100% in the vaccinated group with significantly higher survival than in the adjuvant and control groups. The RPS in the adjuvant group was 42%, and no significant difference was seen in survival between this and the PBS group. Moreover, significantly higher antibody titres in the serum and significantly lower bacterial loads in the spleen were detected in the vaccinated fish by ELISA and qPCR, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of autogenous vaccines for controlling francisellosis in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin Lopez-Jimena
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Khalid Shahin
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | | | - Kim D Thompson
- Aquaculture Research Group, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Penman
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Randolph H Richards
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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22
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Shahin K, Shinn AP, Metselaar M, Ramirez-Paredes JG, Monaghan SJ, Thompson KD, Hoare R, Adams A. Efficacy of an inactivated whole-cell injection vaccine for nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L), against multiple isolates of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis from diverse geographical regions. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 89:217-227. [PMID: 30951851 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Francisellosis, induced by Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno), is an emerging bacterial disease representing a major threat to the global tilapia industry. There are no commercialised vaccines presently available against francisellosis for use in farmed tilapia, and the only available therapeutic practices used in the field are either the prolonged use of antibiotics or increasing water temperature. Recently, an autogenous whole cell-adjuvanted injectable vaccine was developed that gave 100% relative percent survival (RPS) in tilapia challenged with a homologous isolate of Fno. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of this vaccine against challenge with heterologous Fno isolates. Healthy Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (∼15 g) were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with the vaccine, adjuvant-alone or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) followed by an i.p. challenge with three Fno isolates from geographically distinct locations. The vaccine provided significant protection in all groups of vaccinated tilapia, with a significantly higher RPS of 82.3% obtained against homologous challenge, compared to 69.8% and 65.9% with the heterologous challenges. Protection correlated with significantly higher specific antibody responses, and western blot analysis demonstrated cross-isolate antigenicity with fish sera post-vaccination and post-challenge. Moreover, a significantly lower bacterial burden was detected by qPCR in conjunction with significantly greater expression of IgM, IL-1 β, TNF-α and MHCII, 72 h post-vaccination (hpv) in spleen samples from vaccinated tilapia compared to fish injected with adjuvant-alone and PBS. The Fno vaccine described in this study may provide a starting point for development a broad-spectrum highly protective vaccine against francisellosis in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shahin
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK; Aquatic Animal Diseases Lab, Aquaculture Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), P.O. Box 43511, Suez, Egypt.
| | - Andrew P Shinn
- Fish Vet Group Asia, 21/359 Premjairard Road, Chonburi, 20130, Thailand
| | - Matthijs Metselaar
- Benchmark Animal Health, Bush House, Edinburgh Technopole, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH26 0BB, UK
| | | | - Sean J Monaghan
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Rowena Hoare
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
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Soto E, Shahin K, Talhami JJ, Griffin MJ, Adams A, Ramírez-Paredes JG. Characterization of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis isolated from Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus farmed in Lake Yojoa, Honduras. Dis Aquat Organ 2019; 133:141-145. [PMID: 31019138 DOI: 10.3354/dao03333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) is a Gram-negative, pleomorphic, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen affecting a variety of cultured and wild fish species. Outbreaks of piscine francisellosis in warmwater fish have been documented worldwide; however, reports of Fno from Central America have been limited to a single documented outbreak in cultured tilapia in Costa Rica in 2007. From 2015 to 2017, Fno was consistently recovered from disease outbreaks in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus cultivated in floating cages in Lake Yojoa, Honduras. Mortality rates during these outbreaks ranged from 50 to 85%. Fno was isolated by aerobic culture on selective media and identity confirmed by Fno-specific PCR. Repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR analysis revealed that the case isolates were genetically homogeneous with archived strains recovered from epizootics in cultured tilapia from Costa Rica and Mexico, suggesting the same strain of Fno was responsible for these otherwise unrelated fish kills. The current study provides only the second report of Fno in Central America and characterizes the first Fno outbreak in cultured fish in Honduras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Nghia TLB, Y MN, Morra ME, Vuong NL, Tin NM, Karam D, Refaey MA, Shahin K, Soliman AL, Huy NT. P05.63 The best treatment for Vestibular Schwannoma: Systematic Review of Clinical Trials and Case Series. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy139.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T L B Nghia
- Faculty of Medicine, Vo Truong Toan University, Hau Giang, Viet Nam
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - M N Y
- Faculty of Medicine, Vo Truong Toan University, Hau Giang, Viet Nam
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - M E Morra
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - N L Vuong
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - N M Tin
- Faculty of Medicine, Vo Truong Toan University, Hau Giang, Viet Nam
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - D Karam
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - M A Refaey
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - K Shahin
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - A L Soliman
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - N T Huy
- Department of Clinical Product Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Leading Graduate School Program, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
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Shahin K, Thompson KD, Inglis NF, Mclean K, Ramirez-Paredes JG, Monaghan SJ, Hoare R, Fontaine M, Metselaar M, Adams A. Characterization of the outer membrane proteome of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:686-699. [PMID: 29777634 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of the current study were to characterize the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) STIR-GUS-F2f7, and identify proteins recognized by sera from tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, (L) that survived experimental challenge with Fno. METHODS AND RESULTS The composition of the OMPs of a virulent strain of Fno (STIR-GUS-F2f7), isolated from diseased red Nile tilapia in the United Kingdom, was examined. The sarcosine-insoluble OMPs fraction was screened with tilapia hyperimmune sera by western blot analysis following separation of the proteins by 1D SDS-PAGE. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was used to identify the various proteins present in the OMP profile. Two hundred and thirty-nine proteins were identified, of which 44 were found in the immunogenic band recognized by the tilapia hyperimmune serum. In silico analysis was performed to predict the function and location of the OMPs identified by MS. CONCLUSIONS Using a powerful proteomic-based approach in conjugation with western immunoblotting, proteins comprising the outer membrane fraction of Fno STIR-GUS-F2f7 were identified, catalogued and screened for immune recognition by tilapia sera. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The current study is the first report on the characterization of Fno-OMPs. The findings here provide preliminary data on bacterial surface proteins that exist in direct contact with the host's immune defences during infection and offer an insight into the pathogenesis of Fno.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shahin
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK.,Aquatic Animals Diseases Lab, Aquaculture Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez, Egypt
| | - K D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - N F Inglis
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - K Mclean
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - J G Ramirez-Paredes
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - S J Monaghan
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - R Hoare
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - M Fontaine
- Benchmark Animal Health, Bush House, Edinburgh Technopole, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - M Metselaar
- Benchmark Animal Health, Bush House, Edinburgh Technopole, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - A Adams
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
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Shahin K, Gustavo Ramirez-Paredes J, Harold G, Lopez-Jimena B, Adams A, Weidmann M. Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192979. [PMID: 29444148 PMCID: PMC5812721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) is the causative agent of piscine francisellosis in warm water fish including tilapia. The disease induces chronic granulomatous inflammation with high morbidity and can result in high mortality. Early and accurate detection of Fno is crucial to set appropriate outbreak control measures in tilapia farms. Laboratory detection of Fno mainly depends on bacterial culture and molecular techniques. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a novel isothermal technology that has been widely used for the molecular diagnosis of various infectious diseases. In this study, a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay for rapid detection of Fno was developed and validated. The RPA reaction was performed at a constant temperature of 42°C for 20 min. The RPA assay was performed using a quantitative plasmid standard containing a unique Fno gene sequence. Validation of the assay was performed not only by using DNA from Fno, closely related Francisella species and other common bacterial pathogens in tilapia farms, but also by screening 78 Nile tilapia and 5 water samples. All results were compared with those obtained by previously established real-time qPCR. The developed RPA showed high specificity in detection of Fno with no cross-detection of either the closely related Francisella spp. or the other tested bacteria. The Fno-RPA performance was highly comparable to the published qPCR with detection limits at 15 and 11 DNA molecules detected, respectively. The RPA gave quicker results in approximately 6 min in contrast to the qPCR that needed about 90 min to reach the same detection limit, taking only 2.7–3 min to determine Fno in clinical samples. Moreover, RPA was more tolerant to reaction inhibitors than qPCR when tested with field samples. The fast reaction, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, sensitivity and specificity make the RPA an attractive diagnostic tool that will contribute to controlling the infection through prompt on-site detection of Fno.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shahin
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Aquatic Animal Diseases Lab, Division of Aquaculture, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Jose Gustavo Ramirez-Paredes
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Harold
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Lopez-Jimena
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Weidmann
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Ramírez-Paredes JG, Thompson KD, Metselaar M, Shahin K, Soto E, Richards RH, Penman DJ, Colquhoun DJ, Adams A. A Polyphasic Approach for Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization of the Fastidious Aquatic Pathogen Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2324. [PMID: 29312155 PMCID: PMC5733052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) is the causative agent of piscine francisellosis, an emerging infectious disease in Asia and Latin America. In this study two outbreaks of francisellosis were diagnosed in the UK on the basis of histopathology, electron microscopy, PCR, bacterial isolation and fulfillment of Koch's postulates. Furthermore, a phenotypic fingerprint based on biochemical analyses, metabolic activity, chemotaxonomic composition, and antimicrobial assays was generated for the novel isolates, the Fno type strain Ehime-1 from Asia and other Fno from Latin America. The genetic relatedness between the novel Fno and other Francisellaceae species was investigated by sequencing and comparing the 16SrRNA gene, 8 housekeeping genes (individually and concatenated) and the 16SrRNA-ITS-23SrRNA sequence. The phenotypic profiling indicated a high degree of similarity among the Fno strains as all were able to metabolize dextrin, N-acetyl-D glucosamine, D-fructose, α-D-glucose, D-mannose, methyl pyruvate, acetic acid, α-keto butyric acid, L-alaninamide, L-alanine, L-alanylglycine, L-asparagine, L-glutamic acid, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, inosine, uridine, glycerol, D L-α-glycerol phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, and glucose-6-phosphate. The chemotaxonomic analyses indicated that 24:1 (20.3%), 18:1n-9 (16.9%), 24:0 (13.1%) 14:0 (10.9%), 22:0 (7.8%), 16:0 (7.6%), and 18:0 (5.5%) were the predominant structural fatty acids in Fno. The antimicrobial assays showed little variation between the isolates and high susceptibility to enrofloxacin, gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, nitrofurantoin, tobramycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, florfenicol, oxolinic acid, and streptomycin in all the Fno analyzed. In all the phylogenetic trees the Fno strains clustered together in independent branches confirming a high degree of homogeneity. Interestingly in five of the 11 trees i.e., mutS, putA, rpoB, 16SrRNA-ITS-23SrRNA, and concatenated sequence the two Francisella noatunensis ssp. diverged more from each other than from the closely related Francisella philomiragia (Fp). The phenotypic and genetic characterization confirmed the Fno isolates represent a solid phylo-phenetic taxon that in the current context of the genus seems to be misplaced within the species Fn. We propose the use of the present polyphasic approach in future studies to characterize strains of Fnn and Fp and verify their current taxonomic rank of Fno and other aquatic Francisella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G. Ramírez-Paredes
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Aquaculture Research Group, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Khalid Shahin
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Randolph H. Richards
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Penman
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexandra Adams
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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