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Jayathilaka EHTT, Edirisinghe SL, De Zoysa M, Nikapitiya C. Exosomes derived from olive flounders infected with Streptococcus parauberis: Proteomic analysis, immunomodulation, and disease resistance capacity. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 2024; 148:109478. [PMID: 38452957 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Streptococcus parauberis causes high fish mortality in aquaculture, necessitating an urgent need for innovative control strategies. This study aimed to develop an immunizing agent against S. parauberis using exosomes isolated from the plasma of olive flounders infected experimentally with S. parauberis (Sp-Exo). Initially, we tested the in vitro immunomodulatory effect of Sp-Exo in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells and compared it to that of exosomes isolated from naïve fish (PBS-Exo-treated). Notably, Sp-Exo treatment significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines (Il1β, Tnfα, and Il10), antimicrobial peptide, defensin isoforms (Def-rs2 and Def-ps1), and antiviral (Ifnβ1 and Isg15) genes. In vivo studies in larval and adult zebrafish revealed similar patterns of immunomodulation. Furthermore, larval and adult zebrafish exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced resistance to S. parauberis infection following treatment with Sp-Exo compared to that with PBS-Exo. Proteomic analysis using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) approach revealed the presence of 77 upregulated and 94 downregulated differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in Sp-Exo, with 22 and 37 significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated and downregulated DEPs, respectively. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins analyses revealed that these genes are associated with key pathways, such as innate immune responses, complement system, acute phase responses, phospholipid efflux, and chylomicron remodeling. In conclusion, Sp-Exo demonstrated superior immunomodulatory activity and significant resistance against S. parauberis infection relative to that on treatment with PBS-Exo. Proteomic analysis further verified that most DEPs in Sp-Exo were associated with immune induction or modulation. These findings highlight the potential of Sp-Exo as a promising vaccine candidate against S. parauberis and other bacterial infections in olive flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H T Thulshan Jayathilaka
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Shan Lakmal Edirisinghe
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahanama De Zoysa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chamilani Nikapitiya
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Erfanmanesh A, Beikzadeh B, Khanzadeh M, Alishahi M. Immuno-protective response of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) to inactivated vaccines against Streptococcus iniae and Vibrio harveyi. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:89. [PMID: 38459562 PMCID: PMC10921715 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the protective immunity and immunogenicity of the monovalent and bivalent Streptococcus iniae and Vibrio harveyi vaccine were evaluated in Asian seabass. To analyze immune responses, 1200 Asian seabass with an average weight of 132.6 ± 25.4 g were divided into eight treatments in triplicates (50 fish per tank) as follows: S. iniae immunized by injection (SI), V. harveyi immunized by injection (VI), bivalent S. iniae and V. harveyi (SVI) immunized by injection, S. iniae immunized by immersion (SIM), V. harveyi (VIM) immunized by immersion, bivalent S. iniae and V. harvei (SVIM) immunized by immersion, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) by injection (PBSI) and control group without vaccine administration (CTRL). Blood and serum samples were taken at the end of the 30th and 60th days. Then the vaccinated groups were challenged with two bacteria (S. iniae) and (V. harveyi) separately and mortality was recorded for 14 days. RESULTS This study reveals that there is no significant difference in the hematological parameters on the 30th and 60th days of the experiment in the vaccine-immunized groups compared to the CTRL group (P > 0.05). Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in the amount of serum albumin level, respiratory burst activity, and serum bactericidal activity in the vaccine-immunized groups compared to the CTRL group on the 30th and 60th days of the experiment (P > 0.05). Total protein on the 60th day (in the VI and SVI groups), globulin on the 30th day (in the VI and SVI groups) and the 60th day (in the VI group) compared to the CTRL and PBSI groups had a significant increase (P < 0.05). Complement activity (in the VI and SVI groups) and lysozyme (in the SI and SVI groups) increased significantly compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Serum antibody titer against S. iniae had a significant increase in the SI, VI, SVI and SVIM groups compared to the CTRL and PBSI groups (P < 0.05). Serum antibody titer against V. harveyi had a significant increase in the groups immunized with the vaccine compared to the CTRL and PBSI groups (P < 0.05). A significant increase in the relative percentage survival (RPS) following challenge with S. iniae in the SVI (86.6%), SI (83.3%,) and VI (73.3%) groups were observed compared to the CTRL (43.3%) and PBSI (40%) groups (P < 0.05). Also, a significant increase in the RPS after challenge with V. harveyi in the SVI group, VI 86.6%, SVI 83.3%, VIM 80% and SVIM 76.6% were observed compared to the CTRL (46.6%) and PBSI (50%) groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Overall, the results demonstrated that the bivalent vaccine of S. iniae and V. harveywas able to produce significant immunogenicity and RPS in Asian seabass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Erfanmanesh
- Animal Biological Product Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Beikzadeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Khanzadeh
- Animal Biological Product Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran Organization, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Alishahi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
- Centre of Excellence for Warm Water Fish Health and Disease, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Hussein MMA, Hassan WH, Yassen HA, Osman AMA. Vaccination with bacterial ghosts of Streptococcus iniae and Lactococcus garvieae originated from outbreak of marine fish streptococcosis, induce potential protection against the disease in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 141:109008. [PMID: 37604267 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcosis is an important bacterial disease affects fresh, brackish and marine fish. The disease caused annual severe economic losses in Egyptian Mari-culture. S. iniae and L. garvieae usually the main causative agents isolated. The presented study conducted to prepare bacterial ghost vaccine (BGV) candidates from isolated strains of marine streptococcosis outbreaks using NaOH chemical approach. Selected strains confirmed as pathogenic for Nile tilapia, therefore the fish selected as an experimental model. In such respect, the re-isolated S. iniae and L. garvieae were used for ghost preparations, BGVs evaluation and fish challenges. Apart of four, three fish groups namely, A, B, C designated for BGVs evaluations, while the fourth one (D) designated as control. Vaccination experiments performed via intra-peritoneal injection with 0.1 mL (1.5 × 108 CFU/mL/fish) of their corresponding BGVs twice with 2 weeks' interval; however, control fish received 0.1 mL of fish saline instead. Blood, serum, and tissue samples collected from all groups at 2 and 4 weeks post immunization (PI) for estimation of hematological, innate, and specific immune parameters. At the end, all remained fish challenged with appropriated pathogen (s) and the relative percentage of survival (RPS) calculated. Three BGVs generated namely, SiG, in addition to, novel contributions of LgG and SiLgG. Ghosts were corresponding to S. iniae, L. garvieae and their both ghost mixtures, respectively. Fish groups immunized with prepared BGVs revealed variable significant increases in PCV, GLB, PP, SOD, CAT, C5, IL-β1, LZM, specific antibody titers and CD4 expression 2 and 4 weeks PI. MDA decreased in all vaccinated groups that was significantly with group C. Expression of MHC-II showed elevations 2 weeks PI, however, it significantly decreased at 4 weeks. The RPS recorded 90, 88.89 and 95.46% in immunized groups A, B and C, respectively. At all levels tested, obtained results proposed SiG, LgG and SiLgG as innovative vaccine candidates, which can protect cultured fish from being attacked by S. iniae, and/or L. garvieae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mortada M A Hussein
- Fish Diseases and Management Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62513, Egypt.
| | - Walid H Hassan
- Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62513, Egypt
| | - Hosam A Yassen
- Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Beni-Suef Branch, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Beni-Suef, 62512, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M A Osman
- Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Port-Said Branch, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Port-Said, 42615, Egypt
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Suwanbumrung D, Wongkhieo S, Keaswejjareansuk W, Dechbumroong P, Kamble MT, Yata T, Kitiyodom S, Rodkhum C, Thompson KD, Namdee K, Pirarat N. Oral delivery of a Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using a novel cationic-based nanoemulsion containing bile salts. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 139:108913. [PMID: 37393062 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is one of Thailand's most important pathogens in tilapia aquaculture. Vaccination is a very effective method for protecting fish against disease in aquaculture. Oral vaccination is an interesting route for vaccine delivery as it mimics the pathogenesis of S. agalactiae and provides convenient administration for mass vaccination of fish. Moreover, gut mucosal immunity is associated with a mucus layer on the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a novel cationic-based nanoemulsion vaccine containing bile salts (NEB) coated by chitosan (CS) and determined its physicochemical characterization, morphology, in vitro mucoadhesive property, permeability, and acid-base tolerance. In addition, the efficacy of NEB-CS as an oral vaccination for Nile tilapia was evaluated in order to investigate the innate immune response and protection against S. agalactiae. The groups of fish consisted of: (1) deionized water as a non-vaccinated control (Control); (2) an inactivated vaccine formulated from formalin-killed bacteria (IB); and (3) a novel cationic-based nanoemulsion vaccine containing bile salts (NEB) coated by chitosan (CS). The control, IB, and NEB-CS were incorporated into commercial feed pellets and fed to Nile tilapia. In addition, we evaluated the serum bactericidal activity (SBA) for 14 days post-vaccination (dpv) and protective efficacy for 10 days post-challenge, respectively. The mucoadhesiveness, permeability, and absorption within the tilapia intestine were also assessed in vivo. The NEB-CS vaccine appeared spherical, with the nanoparticles having a size of 454.37 nm and a positive charge (+47.6 mV). The NEB-CS vaccine had higher levels of mucoadhesiveness and permeability than the NEB (p < 0.05). The relative percentage survival (RPS) of IB and NEB-CS, when administered orally to fish, was 48% and 96%, respectively. Enhanced SBA was noted in the NEB-CS and IB vaccine groups compared to the control group. The results demonstrate that a feed-based NEB-CS can improve the mucoadhesiveness, permeability, and protective efficacy of the vaccine, and appear to be a promising approach to protecting tilapia in aquaculture against streptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharacha Suwanbumrung
- Wildlife, Exotic and Aquatic Animal Pathology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sudthirak Wongkhieo
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wisawat Keaswejjareansuk
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Piroonrat Dechbumroong
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Manoj Tukaram Kamble
- Wildlife, Exotic and Aquatic Animal Pathology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Yata
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirikorn Kitiyodom
- Wildlife, Exotic and Aquatic Animal Pathology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Center of Excellence in Fish Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Katawut Namdee
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Nopadon Pirarat
- Wildlife, Exotic and Aquatic Animal Pathology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Kayansamruaj P, Dinh-Hung N, Srisapoome P, Na-Nakorn U, Chatchaiphan S. Genomics-driven prophylactic measures to increase streptococcosis resistance in tilapia. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:597-610. [PMID: 36708284 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcosis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae and S. iniae is a significant problem that affects the success of tilapia aquaculture industries worldwide. In this critical review, we summarize the applicable practical strategies which may effectively enhance the world tilapia aquaculture development. Recently, the effect of vaccination and selective breeding programmes has been recognized as valuable tools to control the target disease and other consequent negative impacts caused by chemical and drug application. Advances in sequencing and molecular technologies are vital helpful factors with which to develop robust vaccines and increase the selective breeding programme's precision against streptococcosis. The genomic selection for streptococcosis-resistant tilapia strains and crucial genomic application for genomics' contribution to the development of novel Streptococcus vaccine, comparative genomics approach identifying vaccine candidates by reverse vaccinology, and next-generation vaccine design were described. Information from our review is encouraging for practical implementation of the development of vaccination and genomic selection in tilapia for streptococcosis resistance, which may be vital factors to sustain the world tilapia aquaculture industry effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattanapon Kayansamruaj
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nguyen Dinh-Hung
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Uthairat Na-Nakorn
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Satid Chatchaiphan
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kim TH, Don Hwang S, Kim SJ, Kim MS, Choi HS, Han HJ. Efficacy of a recombinant M-like protein, SimA as a subunit vaccine candidate against Streptococcus parauberis infection in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 131:1092-1100. [PMID: 36257554 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus parauberis, a gram-positive cocci, causes bacterial disease in farmed fish. The recent increase in S. parauberis infection in aquatic farms in South Korea has justified the importance of vaccine development for the prevention of this disease. In this study, we evaluated the effect of subunit vaccines prepared from recombinant M-like protein (SimA) and fibrinogen-binding protein (FBP) candidates with an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant against S. parauberis infection in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. For the in vivo experiment, fish (average length, 7.18 cm; average weight, 3.5 g) were injected intraperitoneally with: phosphate buffer saline (PBS, group 1), PBS/aluminum hydroxide (group 2), FBP/aluminum hydroxide (group 3), SimA/aluminum hydroxide (group 4), and SimA/FBP/aluminum hydroxide (group 5). After 3 weeks, the fish in each group were boosted using PBS (group 1 and 2), FBP (group 3), SimA (group 4), and SimA/FBP (group 5) without adjuvant. We found that the relative percent survival of fish after S. parauberis exposure in group 2, 3, 4, and 5 was 6.25%, 18.75%, 50%, and 12.5%, respectively, whereas the mortality in groups 1 was 80%, respectively. We performed Western blot, ELISA, and quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) after vaccination to investigate the further efficacy of the vaccine. Western blot and ELISA of vaccinated fish serum confirmed the production of specific antibodies against SimA and FBP. Furthermore, results of qRT-PCR showed that recombinant protein SimA induced a remarkably specific-antibody response compared with that in FBP or control and increased the expression of various immune response-related genes including interleukin-8 (IL-8), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), CD4-1, and MHC II. Thus, these results indicate that SimA is a potent vaccine candidate for protection against S. parauberis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Ho Kim
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, South Korea
| | - Seong Don Hwang
- Division of Convergence on Marine Science, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, 727 Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Kim
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, South Korea
| | - Myoung-Sug Kim
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, South Korea
| | - Hye-Sung Choi
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Ja Han
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, South Korea.
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Heckman TI, Shahin K, Henderson EE, Griffin MJ, Soto E. Development and efficacy of Streptococcus iniae live-attenuated vaccines in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 121:152-162. [PMID: 34965443 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a re-emerging bacterial pathogen in freshwater and marine aquaculture worldwide. There are no commercial vaccines available for S. iniae in the United States, and autogenous vaccines are restricted to inactivated whole-cell preparations with limited protection against heterogenous strains. Live-attenuated vaccines (LAV) represent an advantageous alternative to these bacterins, as they induce robust cellular and humoral immunity, and may provide longer lasting protection through less stressful routes of administration. We investigated whether accumulation of mutations in S. iniae by serial passage in the presence of rifampin can generate immunogenic LAV conferring protection against challenge with heterologous wild-type (WT) S. iniae strains in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Three lineages of rifampin-resistant S. iniae strains were generated from three genetically distinct parent strains (n = 9) by multiple passages in increments of Rifamycin SV sodium salt. Growth in liquid media, extent of capsulation, antimicrobial susceptibility, survival in Nile tilapia whole blood, and cytotoxicity in an O. mossambicus endothelial cell line were compared between the passaged and WT strains. Nile tilapia challenges were used to assess strain virulence, generation of anti-S. iniae IgM, and the protection conferred by LAV candidates against virulent S. iniae. Rifampin-resistant strains demonstrated changes in growth rate and cytotoxicity in endothelial cells, as well as significant reductions in whole blood survival (p < 0.05). Selected strains also showed attenuated virulence in the Nile tilapia challenge model, and anti-S. iniae IgM generated against these strains demonstrated cross-reactivity against heterologous bacteria. Immunization by intracoelomic injection induced protection against a virulent WT strain of S. iniae, with relative percent survival up to 95.05%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor I Heckman
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Aquatic Animals Diseases Laboratory, Aquaculture Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, P.O. Box 43511, Suez, Egypt
| | - Eileen E Henderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 92408, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Ramos-Espinoza FC, Cueva-Quiroz VA, Yunis-Aguinaga J, Alvarez-Rubio NC, de Mello NP, de Moraes JRE. Testing Novel Inactivation Methods and Adjuvants for Vaccines Against Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2411:241-249. [PMID: 34816409 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1888-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation by hydrogen peroxide and pH manipulation are two novel methods used recently in experimental vaccines against Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia. Here we describe in detail inactivation using novel methods as well as the classical method of inactivation. These vaccines showed similar moderate efficacy when compared to the conventional formaldehyde vaccine. In addition, we describe the inclusion of adjuvants in a hydrogen peroxide vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jefferson Yunis-Aguinaga
- Aquaculture Center of Unesp (Caunesp), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Nicoli Paganoti de Mello
- Aquaculture Center of Unesp (Caunesp), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Unajak S, Pumchan A, Roytrakul S, Sawatdichaikul O, Areechon N. Novel Vaccine Development for Fish Culture Based on the Multiepitope Concept. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2411:219-240. [PMID: 34816408 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1888-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For the past several decades, aquaculture all around the world have been retarded by various disease outbreaks caused by many pathogens including parasites, bacteria, and viruses. Apart from being harmful to human health, the emerging diseases also dramatically affect the farm animals such as livestock and aquatic animals. To cope with this problem, one of the effective prophylactic measures is the application of vaccine. However, the traditional vaccines still have some limitations and several drawbacks; thus there is a need for the development of novel advanced vaccine such as chimeric multiepitope vaccine. Based on the current understanding of genomics and immunoproteomics together with the present bioinformatics tools, the researchers can identify the potential targeted epitopes being recognizable by the immune cells. Additionally, another critical point that should be considered for designing the chimeric multiepitope vaccine is the exposure of all those epitopes to the host organism. Thus, selecting an appropriate linker and joining each identified epitope in a suitable site can create the ideal protein structure protruding all the selected epitopes on its surface. Herein, our study would provide the fundamental platform to develop the multiepitope B-cell vaccine for the prevention and control of the aquatic animal disease starting with the epitope prediction until in vivo testing the multiepitope vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasimanas Unajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Ansaya Pumchan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Orathai Sawatdichaikul
- Institute of Food Research and Product Development, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nontawith Areechon
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Owatari MS, Cardoso L, Pereira SA, Pereira UDP, Tachibana L, Martins ML, Mouriño JLP. Laboratory-controlled challenges of streptococcosis in Nile tilapia using the oral route (infected-feed) for infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 120:295-303. [PMID: 34871760 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the oral infected-feed, intragastric-gavage, and intraperitoneal routes of the Streptococcus agalactiae infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). For this purpose, 270 juveniles of Nile tilapia, with an average weight of 2 g, were distributed in 18 experimental units of 90 L, acclimatized, and raised for 55 days, until reaching 50 g (median weight). The experimental design was entirely randomized in six treatments, three of which were composed by bacterial infection routes: intraperitoneal 100 μL fish-1 [108 CFU], intragastric 100 μL fish-1 [108 CFU], feed inoculum 100 μL g feed-1 [109 CFU], and three respective control groups. Clinical signs were observed, and mortalities monitored until reaching 50% in the infected groups. Then, tissue samples from the spleen, liver, intestine, brain, and blood were collected from 20 fish per treatment for histopathological and hemato-immunological analyses. In addition, a related mortality curve was established at the end of the experimental challenge. The intraperitoneal and intragastric routes were more aggressive than the oral inoculum, causing greater brain damage, acute hemato-immunological response, and early mortality. While the orally fed inoculum, fish presented brain lesions with less intensity, and a chronic haemato-immunological response, the mortalities occurred twice as long as the other routes. The present research demonstrated that the S. agalactiae oral (feed inoculum) administration can be an innovative methodology to future experimental challenges in aquaculture research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Shizuo Owatari
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Cardoso
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Scheila Anelise Pereira
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ulisses de Pádua Pereira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Bacteriology in Fish (LABBEP), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Tachibana
- Fisheries Institute - APTA - SAA, Aquaculture Research Center, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1252, CEP 04014-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maurício Laterça Martins
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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11
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Srisapoome P, Thummabancha K, Wongpanya R. Molecular Characterization and Defense Functions of the Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) DnaJ B9b and DnaJ C3a Genes in Response to Pathogenic Bacteria under High-Temperature Stress Conditions. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101509. [PMID: 34680142 PMCID: PMC8533496 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DnaJ proteins or heat shock protein 40s (HSP40s) form one of the largest heat shock protein families. In this study, 2 cDNAs encoding Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) DnaJ proteins (On-DnaJ B9b and On-DnaJ C3a) were successfully cloned and characterized. The structures and organizations of these two genes are first reported in the present study. On-DnaJ B9b is approximately 2.1 kb long and contains 2 exons and 1 intron, while On-DnaJ C3a is approximately 12 kb long and contains 12 exons and 11 introns. Under normal conditions, On-DnaJ B9b mRNA is highly expressed in gonad and trunk kidney tissues, while On-DnaJ C3a transcripts are abundantly expressed in gills, intestine, liver, and trunk kidney tissues. Following pathogenic infections, the expression of both genes is induced in the liver, spleen and head kidney tissues of Nile tilapia that were infected with two virulent pathogenic bacteria, Streptococcus agalactiae and Flavobacterium columnare. Silencing of these two genes was first carried out, and the results clearly indicated their crucial roles under both heat and bacterial stress conditions. The fundamental knowledge obtained from this study indicates the characteristic basic biofunctions of heat shock proteins in the regulation of intracellular proteins during infection, which involve preventing protein aggregation, promoting protein refolding, and activating unfolded protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapansak Srisapoome
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Center of Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2579-2924
| | - Kubpaphas Thummabancha
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Center of Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ratree Wongpanya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
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12
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Marcusso PF, da Silva Claudiano G, Yunis-Aguinaga J, de Almeida Marinho-Neto F, Eto SF, Fernandes DC, Rosolem MC, Salvador R, Engracia de Moraes JR, Ruas de Moraes F. Immunogenicity in Oreochromis niloticus vaccinated with sonicated antigens against streptococcosis. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 115:134-141. [PMID: 34098067 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcosis causes great economic losses in intensive culture of tilapia. Vaccination is the most effective and safest way to tackle infectious diseases. Thus, this study sought the more effective and safer antigenic fraction after sonication of Streptococcus agalactiae to elaborate a vaccine against streptococcosis in Nile tilapia. For this, twenty-one days after vaccination with different fractions (soluble and insoluble) of S. agalactiae, the fish were challenged with the homologous strain (LD50). Then, samples were taken at zero, 14, 28, 60 and 90 days post-vaccination (DPV, n = 7). Blood and organs (cranial kidney, spleen and liver) were collected from vaccinated and unvaccinated fish. Finally, insoluble fraction vaccine presented the best effect, resulting in a 100% relative percent of survival (RPS) and without clinical manifestations. In view of the results, it was to evaluate the role of the insoluble fraction of the antigen in the protective immunity against streptococcosis. The results indicate that the spleen might be the main organ in the vaccine response in Nile tilapia due to the great morphological and immunological differences in vaccinated fish, evidenced by the greater of melanomacrophage centers (MMC) and IgM + lymphocytes in relation to the non-vaccinated fish. At 60 DPV, it was observed the peak of the protective immunity related to the maximum concentration of proteins, circulating leukocytes, antibody titers in the serum and tissue changes with greater expression of IgM + and MMC number in the spleen and kidney of Oreochromis niloticus. Vaccination with insoluble fraction of S. agalactiae was safe and provided effective protection against streptococcosis with maximum protective response at 60 DPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Fernandes Marcusso
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Israel; Department of Pathology, Theriogenology and One Health, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Unesp, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo da Silva Claudiano
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology and One Health, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Unesp, Brazil; Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará, UFOPA, Pará, Brazil; Postgraduated Program in Aquaculture/Aquaculture Center São Paulo State University (UNESP) Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jefferson Yunis-Aguinaga
- Scientific University of the South, Lima, Peru; Sea Institute of Peru, Callao, Peru; Postgraduated Program in Aquaculture/Aquaculture Center São Paulo State University (UNESP) Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fausto de Almeida Marinho-Neto
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology and One Health, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Unesp, Brazil.
| | - Silas Fernandes Eto
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology and One Health, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Unesp, Brazil; Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), Boa Vista, Brazil.
| | - Dayanne Carla Fernandes
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology and One Health, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Unesp, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Mayara Caroline Rosolem
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology and One Health, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Unesp, Brazil; Veterinary Pathologist Autonomous,.Brazil.
| | | | - Julieta Rodini Engracia de Moraes
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology and One Health, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Unesp, Brazil; Postgraduated Program in Aquaculture/Aquaculture Center São Paulo State University (UNESP) Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Flávio Ruas de Moraes
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology and One Health, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Unesp, Brazil.
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13
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Rizkiantino R, Pasaribu FH, Soejoedono RD, Purnama S, Wibowo DB, Wibawan IWT. Experimental infection of Enterococcus faecalis in red tilapia ( Oreochromis hybrid) revealed low pathogenicity to cause streptococcosis. Open Vet J 2021; 11:309-318. [PMID: 34307089 PMCID: PMC8288741 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Streptococcosis, as a bacterial disease with broad tropism in fish and one of the causes of septicemia. Enterococcus faecalis is one of the causative agents of streptococcosis that can be isolated in tilapia. Aim: This study was undertaken to complete the reporting gap on the pathogenicity profile and clinical symptoms of E. faecalis bacterial infection in red tilapia (Oreochromis hybrid). The study is expected to provide enriching information regarding recognizable clinical signs in the field that can lead to the diagnosis of streptococcosis caused by E. faecalis, especially in the Indonesian aquaculture environment. Methods: The method used in this artificial infection study using red tilapia, which were divided into two types of route groups infection, namely intraperitoneal (IP) and peroral (PO) with bacterial concentrations given for each route of infection to be 2.1 × 108 CFU ml−1; 2.1 × 107 CFU ml−1; and 2.1 × 106 CFU ml−1. One group was given brain heart infusion broth media sterile as a non-infectious control. Clinical symptoms, changes in swimming habits and consuming feed, external and internal organ lesion, and leukocytes profile changes were observed during the observation period along 14 days to evaluate the infectious effect of each treated fish group. The lethal dose 50 (LD50) was estimated with the Spearman–Kärber method. The evaluation of the leukocyte profile was performed to find leukocytosis as the clinical sign of infection. Results: The results showed variations in clinical symptoms inflicted on fish through death or the moribund stage. The highest mortality occurred in the treatment group of 2.1 × 108 CFU ml−1 with the PO route. The bacterial concentration of 2.1 × 107 CFU ml−1 given either as PO or IP can cause mild infection symptoms but did not cause mortality. The LD50 of the PO and IP route was obtained at 1.99 × 108 CFU ml−1 and 0.79 × 108 CFU ml−1, respectively. The total leukocytes in the infected fish group increased significantly (p < 0.05) by twofold when compared with the non-infectious group. The bacteria’s discovery on the blood smear examination was taken from fresh dead fish or moribund fish in the treatment group of 2.1 × 108 CFU ml−1, for both PO and IP. Conclusion: Enterococcus faecalis with low pathogenicity can lead to septicemia, characterized by a total increase in leukocytes, bacteria’s discovery on the blood smear examination, and various clinical symptoms systemically found in the treated fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifky Rizkiantino
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Fachriyan Hasmi Pasaribu
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Retno Damajanti Soejoedono
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Sucitya Purnama
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Danny Bagus Wibowo
- Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - I Wayan Teguh Wibawan
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Bogor, Indonesia
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14
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Heckman TI, Griffin MJ, Camus AC, LaFrentz BR, Morick D, Smirnov R, Ofek T, Soto E. Multilocus sequence analysis of diverse Streptococcus iniae isolates indicates an underlying genetic basis for phenotypic heterogeneity. Dis Aquat Organ 2020; 141:53-69. [PMID: 32940251 DOI: 10.3354/dao03521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a Gram-positive, opportunistically zoonotic bacterium infective to a wide variety of farmed and wild fish species worldwide. Outbreaks in wild fish can have detrimental environmental and cultural impacts, and mortality events in aquaculture can result in significant economic losses. As an emerging or re-emerging pathogen of global significance, understanding the coalescing factors contributing to piscine streptococcosis is crucial for developing strategies to control infections. Intraspecific antigenic and genetic variability of S. iniae has made development of autogenous vaccines a challenge, particularly where the diversity of locally endemic S. iniae strains is unknown. This study genetically and phenotypically characterized 11 S. iniae isolates from diseased wild and farmed fish from North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. A multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) scheme was developed to phylogenetically compare these isolates to 84 other strains of Streptococcus spp. relevant to aquaculture. MLSA generated phylogenies comparable to established genotyping methods, and isolates formed distinct clades related to phenotype and host species. The endothelial Oreochromis mossambicus bulbus arteriosus cell line and whole blood from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, and white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus were used to investigate the persistence and virulence of the 11 isolates using in vitro assays. In vivo challenges using an O. niloticus model were used to evaluate virulence by the intragastric route of infection. Isolates showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in virulence and persistence, with some correlation to genogroup, establishing a basis for further work uncovering genetic factors leading to increased pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor I Heckman
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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15
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Baldissera MD, Souza CF, da Silva AS, Velho MC, Ourique AF, Baldisserotto B. Benefits of nanotechnology: Dietary supplementation with nerolidol-loaded nanospheres increases survival rates, reduces bacterial loads and prevents oxidative damage in brains of Nile tilapia experimentally infected by Streptococcus agalactiae. Microb Pathog 2020; 141:103989. [PMID: 31982567 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rampant and uncontrolled use of antibiotics is a major concern for aquaculture; the practice foments the emergence of resistant strains of Streptococcus agalactiae, among other negative impacts. Constituents of plant essential oils such as nerolidol are being considered as replacements for synthetic drugs to support fish nutrition and health. There is evidence to suggest that nanotechnology may enhance the efficacy of natural bioactive compounds; this is a substantial advance for the development and sustainability of aquaculture. Against the backdrop of this evidence, we aimed determine whether dietary supplementation with free nerolidol and nerolidol-loaded nanospheres would exert bactericidal effects against S. agalactiae, as well as prevent S. agalactiae-induced brain oxidative damage. In Experiment I, we measured the antimicrobial properties of dietary supplementation of nerolidol and nerolidol nanosphere in terms of mortality, longevity and relative percent survival. Fish infected with S. agalactiae fed 0.5 and 1.0 mL nerolidol nanospheres kg/diet demonstrated lower mortality and higher relative percent survival than the control group, while longevity was higher in all infected plus supplementation groups. Experiment II showed significantly lower microbial loads in brains of fish infected with S. agalactiae that were fed 1.0 mL nerolidol nanospheres kg/diet than in the control group. Brain nerolidol levels were significantly higher in uninfected as well as infected fish supplemented with nerolidol nanospheres than in fish supplemented with free nerolidol. Finally, brain reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation levels were higher in infected fish supplemented with basal diet compared to uninfected fish and supplemented with basal diet, and the supplementation with 1.0 mL/kg nerolidol nanospheres prevented this augmentation caused by infection. These data suggest that dietary supplementation with nerolidol nanospheres (1.0 mL/kg diet) has potent bactericidal effects in terms of augmentation of fish longevity and survival, and reduction of brain microbial loads. Also, S. agalactiae-induced brain oxidative damage that contributed to disease pathogenesis, and the dietary supplementation with nerolidol nanospheres (1.0 mL/kg diet) prevented this alteration. In summary, nanotechnology is a compelling approach to enhancing the efficacy of nerolidol, giving rise to reduction of S. agalactiae loads in fish brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus D Baldissera
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Carine F Souza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Maiara C Velho
- Laboratory of Nanoscience, Universidade Franciscana, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline F Ourique
- Laboratory of Nanoscience, Universidade Franciscana, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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16
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Owatari MS, Jesus GFA, Cardoso L, Lehmann NB, Martins ML, Mouriño JLP. Can histology and haematology explain inapparent Streptococcus agalactiae infections and asymptomatic mortalities on Nile tilapia farms? Res Vet Sci 2019; 129:13-20. [PMID: 31901532 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterise possible histopathological and haemato-immunological changes after subclinical infection by S. agalactiae S13 serotype Ib. One hundred juveniles of Nile tilapia with average weight of 45 g were distributed in ten 90 L experimental units. After the acclimation period 25 fish were euthanised, and fragments of liver, spleen and posterior mid-intestine tissue were sampled to verify the integrity of the organs and blood samples taken to check the haematological profile. Fifty animals were used to verify the optimal dosage for the challenge. The remaining 25 fish were infected with S. agalactiae S13. After 96 h, tissue fragments from the liver, spleen and posterior mid-intestine and blood samples were collected. The analyses revealed that, 96 h after contagion, S. agalactiae S13 serotype Ib caused subclinical lesions in the liver and spleen that are not commonly described as pathognomonic, in addition to haematological alterations. These results allow a better understanding of sudden recurrent mortalities in Brazilian tilapia farms, since the serotype Ib of S. agalactiae causes inapparent infections and can remain lodged in internal organs and cause irreversible lesions and haemato-immunological alterations, therefore compromising physiological functions vital for the health of fish without revealing external clinical signs in the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Shizuo Owatari
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Fernandes Alves Jesus
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Lucas Cardoso
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Nicollas Breda Lehmann
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maurício Laterça Martins
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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17
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Erfanmanesh A, Beikzadeh B, Aziz Mohseni F, Nikaein D, Mohajerfar T. Ulcerative dermatitis in barramundi due to coinfection with Streptococcus iniae and Shewanella algae. Dis Aquat Organ 2019; 134:89-97. [PMID: 31020947 DOI: 10.3354/dao03363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a pathogenic bacterium which causes septicaemia, while Shewanella algae is an opportunistic pathogen found in marine environments. In this study, we investigated an uncommon coinfection of these 2 bacterial species which resulted in systemic disease and cutaneous ulcers in a barramundi Lates calcarifer farm in the Persian Gulf, Iran. Culture, molecular and histopathological specimens were taken from different organs. In histopathology, results indicated deep bacterial ulceration of skin and subcutaneous muscles. Haemorrhage and hyperaemia were the most common signs observed in visceral organs. In culture, Gram-positive cocci were grown from visceral organs while Gram-negative bacilli were isolated from ulcers. In molecular examination, Streptococcus iniae and Shewanella algae were identified from visceral and ulcer samples, respectively, by PCR of the 16S rRNA gene. The disk diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated bacteria, with Shewanella algae being resistant to most routinely used antibiotics. In this study, a mixed infection of 2 bacterial species was found; we conclude that systemic streptococcosis could act as a predisposing factor for Shewanella penetration into skin and subsequent ulcer formation. Coinfections are very common in mammals; however, this subject has received little attention in other species, such as fish, and particularly in aquaculture. This study highlights the potential significance of coinfections in barramundi, the effect on the severity of the disease and the potential for new opportunistic pathogens arising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Erfanmanesh
- Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran Organization, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Bianchi MV, Ehlers LP, Vargas TP, Lopes BC, Taunde PA, de Cecco BS, Henker LC, Vielmo A, Lorenzett MP, Riboldi CI, Lopes CE, de Amorim DB, Diaz-Delgado J, Snel GGM, Siqueira FM, Sonne L. Omphalitis, urachocystitis and septicemia by Streptococcus dysgalactiae in a southern right whale calf Eubalaena australis, Brazil. Dis Aquat Organ 2018; 131:227-232. [PMID: 30459294 DOI: 10.3354/dao03293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Southern right whales Eubalaena australis (SRW) use the southern coast of Brazil as a wintering and calving ground. Other than anthropogenic threats, there is limited knowledge on health and disease aspects for this species. We report the gross and microscopic findings and microbiological identification of streptococcal septicemia in a SRW calf. Main gross findings included fibrinosuppurative omphalitis and urachocystitis, suppurative cystitis, valvular endocarditis and myocarditis, embolic pneumonia, suppurative myositis and osteoarthritis, and lymphadenomegaly. Histological examination confirmed the above inflammatory processes and indicated disseminated Gram-positive coccoid septicemia. PCR analysis, based on the 16S rRNA gene from bacteria isolated on blood agar, identified Streptococcus dysgalactiae. Pathologic and microbiologic analysis indicated that β-hemolytic S. dysgalactiae septicemia, presumably initiated as ascending omphalic infection, was responsible for stranding and death in this individual. These results further confirm pathogenicity of streptococci in cetaceans and add to the limited health and disease related pathology knowledge for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus V Bianchi
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (RS) 91540-000, Brazil
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19
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Owatari MS, Alves Jesus GF, Brum A, Pereira SA, Lehmann NB, de Pádua Pereira U, Martins ML, Pedreira Mouriño JL. Sylimarin as hepatic protector and immunomodulator in Nile tilapia during Streptococcus agalactiae infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 82:565-572. [PMID: 30176337 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the use of silymarin, an extract obtained from the milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and its effects as a possible hepatoprotector in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Silymarin was used as feed additive to the diet at a concentration of 0.1% (1 kg per ton of dry ration) with the commercial product named Di-Heptarine S® (16% silymarin phosphatide). A total of 90 juvenile tilapia with approximately 45 days old and mean weight of 0.72 ± 0.04 g were distributed in two groups, one fed with a diet with the hepatoprotector and the other without the additive. At the end of the assay (55 days after feeding), samples of blood were collected for hematological, immunological, histological (liver, spleen and intestine) and enzymatic analysis such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). After 55 days all fish were challenged with Streptococcus agalactiae serotype Ib to verify the sylimarin effects on the immunological parameters and its protection effect while challenged. During the challenge period another biological material sample was collected for hematological, immunological and histopathological analysis (liver, spleen and intestine). Before the challenge, an increase on the count of thrombocyte was found in the supplemented fish. In the liver, dilation of the sinusoids was observed in unsupplemented fish while supplemented fish the alteration was less severe. No significant alteration was found in SOD, CAT and GST between the groups. Histological changes after the challenge were provoked by bacterial toxins as a result of inflammatory processes. Periacinar degeneration was less intense in unsupplemented fish when compared to supplemented fish. On the other hand, eosinophilic and lymphocytic infiltrate did occur in unsupplemented fish differently from supplemented fish which did not show the alteration. The survival was 28% higher in silymarin supplemented fish when compared to unsupplemented fish that presented no survival. Silymarin supplementation in the diet provided a hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effect on Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Shizuo Owatari
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Fernandes Alves Jesus
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Aline Brum
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Scheila Anelise Pereira
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Nicollas Breda Lehmann
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ulisses de Pádua Pereira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Bacteriology in Fish (LABBEP), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Maurício Laterça Martins
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (CCA, UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Sirimanapong W, Thompson KD, Shinn AP, Adams A, Withyachumnarnkul B. Streptococcus agalactiae infection kills red tilapia with chronic Francisella noatunensis infection more rapidly than the fish without the infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 81:221-232. [PMID: 30017930 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study we examined the effect that a Francisella noatunensis (Fno) infection had on hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis mossambicus) subsquently infected with Streptococcus agalactiae. A variety of hemato-immunological parameters (haematocrit, total red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, total white blood and differential cell counts, total plasma protein, plasma lysozyme and plasma peroxidase activities, and respiratory burst and phagocytic activities of head-kidney macrophages) were measured in hybrid red tilapia that had been previously exposed to an Fno outbreak in a tilapia grow-out farm. The head-kidneys of these apparently healthy survivors, when checked by PCR were found to be Fno-positive with hemato-immunological parameters that were similar to fish without an a priori infection. The only exception was the percentage lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood, which was slightly, but significantly, lower in the Fno-infected fish, compared to those without the infection. When experimentally infected with S. agalactiae, the Fno-infected fish died more rapidly and at a significantly higher rate than fish without the infection. During the challenge, the hemato-immunological parameters of both groups of fish were very similar, although the Fno-infected fish, challanged with S. agalactiae expressed significantly higher plasma lysozyme and peroxidase activities, and their head kidney macrophages had significantly higher respiratory burst activity compared to non-Fno-infected fish challanged with S. agalactiae. The only two parameters for which Fno-infected fish showed significantly lower expressions than that of their non-infected counterparts were haematocrit and total red blood cell count. The cause of the rapidity and higher rates of mortality observed in the Fno-infected fish when challenged with S. agalactiae is unknown; but it may be due to a reduced erythropoiesis capability within the head-kidney because of the presence of Fno.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanna Sirimanapong
- Veterinary Aquatic Animal Research Health Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon-pathom, 73170, Thailand.
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew P Shinn
- Fish Vet Group Asia Limited, 21/359 Premjairard Road, Saensook, Muang Chonburi, Chonburi, 20130, Thailand
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Boonsirm Withyachumnarnkul
- AquaAcademy Farm, Tha Chana, Surat Thani, 84170, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkla, 90112, Thailand
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Souza CF, Baldissera MD, Moreira KLS, da Rocha MIUM, da Veiga ML, Santos RCV, Baldisserotto B. Involvement of xanthine oxidase activity with oxidative and inflammatory renal damage in silver catfish experimentally infected with Streptococcus agalactiae: Interplay with reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:1-5. [PMID: 28804017 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a final enzyme of purine metabolism linked with initiation and progression of infectious diseases, since is considered an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), developing a pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory profile in some infectious diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of XO activity in the renal oxidative and inflammatory damage, as well as the interplay with ROS and metabolites of nitric oxide (NOx) levels in silver catfish experimentally infected with Streptococcus agalactiae. Xanthine oxidase activity, and uric acid, ROS and NOx levels increased in renal tissue of infected animals compared to uninfected animals. Moreover, the histopathological analyses revealed the presence of necrosis, generalized edema and nuclear degeneration of renal tubules. Based on these evidences, the upregulation on renal XO activity exerts a pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory profile in kidney of fish infected with S. agalactiae. The excessive uric acid levels induced the release of oxidative and inflammatory mediators, such as ROS and NOx, that directly contribute to renal oxidative and inflammatory damage. In summary, the upregulation on XO activity may be considered a pathway involved in the renal injury during S. agalactiae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine F Souza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Matheus D Baldissera
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Karen L S Moreira
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo L da Veiga
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberto C V Santos
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Chong SM, Wong WK, Lee WY, Tan ZB, Tay YH, Teo XH, Chee LD, Fernandez CJ. Streptococcus agalactiae outbreaks in cultured golden pomfret, Trachinotus blochii (Lacépède), in Singapore. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:971-974. [PMID: 28000924 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Chong
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratories Group, Animal & Plant Health Centre, The Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - W K Wong
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratories Group, Animal & Plant Health Centre, The Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - W Y Lee
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratories Group, Animal & Plant Health Centre, The Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Z B Tan
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratories Group, Animal & Plant Health Centre, The Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Y H Tay
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratories Group, Animal & Plant Health Centre, The Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - X H Teo
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratories Group, Animal & Plant Health Centre, The Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - L D Chee
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratories Group, Animal & Plant Health Centre, The Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - C J Fernandez
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratories Group, Animal & Plant Health Centre, The Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA), Singapore City, Singapore
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Ismail MS, Syafiq MR, Siti-Zahrah A, Fahmi S, Shahidan H, Hanan Y, Amal MNA, Zamri Saad M. The effect of feed-based vaccination on tilapia farm endemic for streptococcosis. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 60:21-24. [PMID: 27864157 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A tilapia farm experiencing endemic streptococcosis was selected to study the effect of vaccination with a feed-based vaccine on naturally ocurring streptococcosis. A total of 9000 red tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis mossambicus of 100 ± 20 g were divided into 9 cages. Fish of Group 1 in cages 1, 2 and 3 were not vaccinated. Group 2 in cages 4, 5 and 6 were vaccinated on days 0 and 14 (single booster) while Group 3 in cages 7, 8 and 9 were vaccinated on days 0, 14 and 42 (double booster). Vaccination was done by oral administration of the feed-based bacterin vaccine at 4% bodyweight. Samples of serum for antibody study and the brain, eyes and kidney for bacterial isolation were collected at 14-day intervals. The study was carried out during the critical months between April and June. Following vaccination and booster, there was significant (p < 0.05) increase in the antibody levels in all vaccinated groups from week 1 that reached the peak at week 3 before declining gradually until week 6. However, second booster on week 6 significantly (p < 0.05) increased the antibody level that remained high until the end of the 16-week study period (double booster). Streptococcus agalactiae was isolated at the start of the experiment (day 0) at an average of 10 ± 5.0% of the sampled fish. In week 4, the isolation rate was 13 ± 5.7% but increased to 18 ± 7.6% in week 8, to 25 ± 10.0% in week 10, to 28 ± 5.8% in week 12 and 25 ± 7.3% in week 14. The average isolation rate was 28 ± 7.2%, 18 ± 7.1% and 13 ± 8.2% of the fish sampled from unvaccinated, single booster and double booster groups, respectively. At the end of the study period, the survival rate was 45.2 ± 2.45% for unvaccinated, 65.3 ± 4.8% for single booster and 75.1 ± 2.1% for double booster groups. Vaccinating fish in endemic farm might not eliminate the disease but was able to significantly improve the survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Ismail
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - M R Syafiq
- National Fish Health Research Centre, Batu Maung, 11960 Penang, Malaysia
| | - A Siti-Zahrah
- National Fish Health Research Centre, Batu Maung, 11960 Penang, Malaysia
| | - S Fahmi
- National Fish Health Research Centre, Batu Maung, 11960 Penang, Malaysia
| | - H Shahidan
- National Fish Health Research Centre, Batu Maung, 11960 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Y Hanan
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, FRI Glami Lemi, 71650 Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - M N A Amal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - M Zamri Saad
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
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Schrader KK, Hamann MT, McChesney JD, Rodenburg DL, Ibrahim MA. Antibacterial Activities of Metabolites from Platanus occidentalis (American sycamore) against Fish Pathogenic Bacteria. J Aquac Res Dev 2016; 6. [PMID: 27790379 PMCID: PMC5079432 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9546.1000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
One approach to the management of common fish diseases in aquaculture is the use of antibiotic-laden feed. However, there are public concerns about the use of antibiotics in agriculture and the potential development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Therefore, the discovery of other environmentally safe natural compounds as alternatives to antibiotics would benefit the aquaculture industries. Four natural compounds, commonly called platanosides, [kaempferol 3-O-α-L-(2″,3″-di-E-p-coumaroyl)rhamnoside (1), kaempferol 3-O-α-L-(2″-E-p-coumaroyl-3″-Z-p-coumaroyl)rhamnoside (2), kaempferol 3-O-α-L-(2″-Z-p-coumaroyl-3″-E-p-coumaroyl)rhamnoside (3), and kaempferol 3-O-α-L-(2″,3″-di-Z-p-coumaroyl)rhamnoside (4)] isolated from the leaves of the American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) tree were evaluated using a rapid bioassay for their antibacterial activities against common fish pathogenic bacteria including Flavobacterium columnare, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Streptococcus iniae. The four isomers and a mixture of all four isomers were strongly antibacterial against isolates of F. columnare and S. iniae. Against F. columnare ALM-00-173, 3 and 4 showed the strongest antibacterial activities, with 24-h 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) values of 2.13 ± 0.11 and 2.62 ± 0.23 mg/L, respectively. Against S. iniae LA94-426, 4 had the strongest antibacterial activity, with 24-h IC50 of 1.87 ± 0.23 mg/L. Neither a mixture of the isomers nor any of the individual isomers were antibacterial against isolates of E. ictaluri and A. hydrophila at the test concentrations used in the study. Several of the isomers appear promising for the potential management of columnaris disease and streptococcosis in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Schrader
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, National Center for Natural Products Research, Post Office Box 1848, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Mark T Hamann
- Departments of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA; Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - James D McChesney
- Ironstone Separations, Inc., 147 County Road 245, Etta, Mississippi 38627, USA
| | - Douglas L Rodenburg
- Ironstone Separations, Inc., 147 County Road 245, Etta, Mississippi 38627, USA
| | - Mohamed A Ibrahim
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, National Center for Natural Products Research, Post Office Box 1848, Mississippi 38677, USA; Departments of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA; Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, National Research Center, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt
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25
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Ismail MS, Siti-Zahrah A, Syafiq MRM, Amal MNA, Firdaus-Nawi M, Zamri-Saad M. Feed-based vaccination regime against streptococcosis in red tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis mossambicus. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:194. [PMID: 27608936 PMCID: PMC5016990 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcosis is an important disease of tilapia throughout the world. In Malaysia, streptococcosis outbreak was commonly reported during the 3-month period of high water temperature between April and July. This study describes the duration of protection following single and double booster dose regimes against streptococcosis in tilapia using a feed-based vaccine containing formalin-killed Streptococcus agalactiae. A total of 510 tilapias of 120 ± 10 g were selected and divided into 3 groups. Fish of Group 1 were vaccinated at weeks 0 and 2 (single booster group) while fish of Group 2 were vaccinated at weeks 0, 2 and 6 (double booster group) with a feed-based vaccine against streptococcosis. Fish of Group 3 was not vaccinated. Serum samples were collected weekly to determine the antibody level while samples of eye, brain and kidney were collected for bacterial isolation. At week 10, all fish were challenged with live S. agalactiae and the survival rate was determined. RESULTS Both vaccinated groups showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in the antibody levels following the first booster dose, which lasted until week 6. Group 2 showed consistent high level of antibody following the second booster dose at week 6 and remained high until week 12. Challenge trial at week 10 resulted in 45 %, 70 % and 0 % rate of survival for Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. CONCLUSION Double booster regime is most suitable to be applied for feed-based vaccination against streptococcosis prior to the start of the hot season.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Ismail
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - A Siti-Zahrah
- National Fish Research and Disease Diagnosis, Fisheries Research Institute, 11960, Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M R M Syafiq
- National Fish Research and Disease Diagnosis, Fisheries Research Institute, 11960, Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M N A Amal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - M Firdaus-Nawi
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - M Zamri-Saad
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia. .,Present address: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
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Chu C, Huang PY, Chen HM, Wang YH, Tsai IA, Lu CC, Chen CC. Genetic and pathogenic difference between Streptococcus agalactiae serotype Ia fish and human isolates. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:175. [PMID: 27484120 PMCID: PMC4971743 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is a common pathogen to infect newborn, woman, the elderly, and immuno-compromised human and fish. 37 fish isolates and 554 human isolates of the GBS in 2007–2012 were investigated in serotypes, antibiotic susceptibility, genetic difference and pathogenicity to tilapia. Results PCR serotyping determined serotype Ia for all fish GBS isolates and only in 3.2 % (3–4.2 %) human isolates. For fish isolates, all consisted a plasmid less than 6 kb and belonged to ST7 type, which includes mainly pulsotypes I and Ia, with a difference in a deletion at the largest DNA fragment. These fish isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested in 2007 and increased in non-susceptibility to penicillin, and resistance to clindamycin and ceftriaxone in 2011. Differing in pulsotype and lacking plasmid from fish isolates, human serotype Ia isolates were separated into eight pulsotypes II–IX. Main clone ST23 included pulsotypes II and IIa (50 %) and ST483 consisted of pulsotype III. Human serotype Ia isolates were all susceptible to ceftriaxone and penicillin and few were resistant to erythromycin, azithromycin, clindamycin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacine with the resistant rate of 20 % or less. Using tilapia to analyze the pathogenesis, fish isolates could cause more severe symptoms, including hemorrhage of the pectoral fin, hemorrhage of the gill, and viscous black and common scites, and mortality (>95 % for pulsotype I) than the human isolates (<30 %); however, the fish pulostype Ia isolate 912 with deletion caused less symptoms and the lowest mortality (<50 %) than pulsotype I isolates. Conclusion Genetic, pathogenic, and antimicrobial differences demonstrate diverse origin of human and fish serotype Ia isolates. The pulsotype Ia of fish serotype Ia isolates may be used as vaccine strains to prevent the GBS infection in fish. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0794-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chishih Chu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biopharmaceutics, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Yu Huang
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Ming Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Hsiang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-An Tsai
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Cheng Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biopharmaceutics, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Che-Chun Chen
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC.
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Kim D, Beck BR, Lee SM, Jeon J, Lee DW, Lee JI, Song SK. Pellet feed adsorbed with the recombinant Lactococcus lactis BFE920 expressing SiMA antigen induced strong recall vaccine effects against Streptococcus iniae infection in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 55:374-383. [PMID: 27302864 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a fish feed vaccine that provides effective disease prevention and convenient application. A lactic acid bacterium (LAB), Lactococcus lactis BFE920, was modified to express the SiMA antigen, a membrane protein of Streptococcus iniae. The antigen was engineered to be expressed under the nisin promoter, which is induced by nisin produced naturally by the host LAB. Various sizes (40 ± 3.5 g, 80 ± 2.1 g, and 221 ± 2.4 g) of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) were vaccinated by feeding the extruded pellet feed, onto which the SiMA-expressing L. lactis BFE920 (1.0 × 10(7) CFU/g) was adsorbed. Vaccine-treated feed was administered twice a day for 1 week, and priming and boosting were performed with a 1-week interval in between. The vaccinated fish had significantly elevated levels of antigen-specific serum antibodies and T cell marker mRNAs: CD4-1, CD4-2, and CD8a. In addition, the feed vaccine significantly induced T cell effector functions, such as the production of IFN-γ and activation of the transcription factor that induces its expression, T-bet. When the flounder were challenged by intraperitoneal infection and bath immersion with S. iniae, the vaccinated fish showed 84% and 82% relative percent survival (RPS), respectively. Furthermore, similar protective effects were confirmed even 3 months after vaccination in a field study (n = 4800), indicating that this feed vaccine elicited prolonged duration of immunopotency. In addition, the vaccinated flounder gained 21% more weight and required 16% less feed to gain a unit of body weight compared to the control group. The data clearly demonstrate that the L. lactis BFE920-SiMA feed vaccine has strong protective effects, induces prolonged vaccine efficacy, and has probiotic effects. In addition, this LAB-based fish feed vaccine can be easily used to target many different pathogens of diverse fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong University, Pohang 791-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ram Beck
- School of Life Science, Handong University, Pohang 791-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Min Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsu Jeon
- New Business Development Dept., Medytox Inc, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Lee
- GyeongSangbuk-Do Fisheries Technology Center, Pohang 791-941, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kyu Song
- School of Life Science, Handong University, Pohang 791-708, Republic of Korea.
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Zhao XL, Han Y, Ren ST, Ma YM, Li H, Peng XX. L-proline increases survival of tilapias infected by Streptococcus agalactiae in higher water temperature. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 44:33-42. [PMID: 25659229 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcosis causes massive tilapia kills, which results in heavy economic losses of tilapia farming industry. Out of the Streptococcosis, Streptococcus agalactiae is the major pathogen. The bacterium causes higher mortality of tilapias in higher than lower temperatures. However, effect of temperature on metabolic regulation which is related to the mortality is largely unknown. The present study showed 50% and 70% mortality of tilapias cultured in 25 °C and 30 °C, respectively, in comparison with no death in 20 °C following infection caused by S. agalactiae. Then, GC/MS based metabolomics was used to investigate a global metabolic response of tilapia liver to the two higher water temperatures compared to 20 °C. Thirty-six and forty-five varied abundance of metabolites were identified in livers of tilapias cultured at 25 °C and 30 °C, respectively. More decreasing abundance of amino acids and increasing abundance of carbohydrates were detected in 30 °C than 25 °C groups. On the other hand, out of the pathways enriched, the first five biggest impact pathways belong to amino acid metabolism. Decreasing abundance of l-proline was identified as a crucial biomarker for indexing higher water temperature and a potential modulator to reduce the high death. This was validated by engineering injection or oral addition of l-proline. Exogenous l-proline led to elevated amino acid metabolism, which contributes to the elevated survivals. Our findings provide a potential metabolic modulator for controlling the disease, and shed some light on host metabolic prevention to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Liang Zhao
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, MOE Key Lab Aquat Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Han
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, MOE Key Lab Aquat Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Tong Ren
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, MOE Key Lab Aquat Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Mei Ma
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, MOE Key Lab Aquat Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, MOE Key Lab Aquat Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Xian Peng
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, MOE Key Lab Aquat Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
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Anshary H, Kurniawan RA, Sriwulan S, Ramli R, Baxa DV. Isolation and molecular identification of the etiological agents of streptococcosis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in net cages in Lake Sentani, Papua, Indonesia. Springerplus 2014; 3:627. [PMID: 25392797 PMCID: PMC4216822 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Infections with Streptococcus spp. were observed in Nile tilapia cultured in net cages in Lake Sentani, Papua, Indonesia. Clinical signs included exophthalmia, erratic swimming, ascites in abdominal cavity, and external hemorrhages. Four types of bacterial colonies (SK, K10, P20, and M12) were isolated from the brain, kidney, and eyes. Based on phenotypic and genetic (16S rDNA sequencing) characteristics, the isolates were identified as Streptococcus iniae (SK), Streptococcus agalactiae (K10 and P20) and Lactococcus garvieae (M12). The latter species has not been previously isolated or reported from fish streptococcosis in Indonesia. Intraperitoneal injection of healthy tilapia with the bacterial species caused significant morbidity (70%) within 3 days and 100% mortality at 6 days post injection. Experimental infections and reisolation of the bacteria from morbid and dead fish suggest they are the causative agents of streptococcosis, which rendered high mortality among cage cultured Nile tilapia in Lake Sentani. Our results suggest the need for developing diagnostic tools for accurate identification of the agents of streptococcosis. As tilapia aquaculture continues to expand as a means of food production and livelihood in Indonesia, it becomes crucial to ensure that fish resources are monitored and protected from the adverse effects of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Anshary
- Laboratory of Fish Parasites and Diseases, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Rio A Kurniawan
- Fish Quarantine and Inspection Agency Regional Jayapura, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jakarta, Republic of Indonesia
| | - Sriwulan Sriwulan
- Laboratory of Fish Parasites and Diseases, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Ramli Ramli
- Fish Quarantine and Inspection Agency Regional Jayapura, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jakarta, Republic of Indonesia
| | - Dolores V Baxa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Haghighi Karsidani S, Soltani M, Nikbakhat-Brojeni G, Ghasemi M, Skall HF. Molecular epidemiology of zoonotic streptococcosis/lactococcosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture in Iran. Iran J Microbiol 2010; 2:198-209. [PMID: 22347573 PMCID: PMC3279792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Streptococcosis/lactococcosis is a hyperacute systemic disease that can occur in marine and fresh waters of many species of fish. The aim of this work was to study the disease outbreak in the major rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) production of Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS 108 Gram positive cocci isolates were obtained from diseased trout in seven provinces with major trout production during 2008 till 2009. These bacterial isolates were characterized using phenotypic and molecular studies. The isolates were also analysed phylogeneticaly and compared with the available data. RESULTS 49 samples (45.37%) were identified as Streptococcus iniae, 37 samples (35.2%) matched with Lactococcus garvieae; and 22 samples (19.43%) were identified as members of Streptooccus genus by culture-based and biochemical tests of API 50 CH, API 20 STREP and rapid 32 STREP systems. Using universal primers for differentiation of Streptococcus sp. and Enterococcus sp, all 108 samples were identified as Streptococcus sp. with a target region of 500 bp. Single specific PCR resulted in identification of 64 (59.2%) isolates as S. iniae and 44 (40.8%) isolates as L. garvieae. The phylogenetic analysis of the S. iniae isolates resulted in maximal similarity to some strains reported from Taiwan and to all Brazilian strains. Also, one strain showed less sequence similarity values with other tested strains although this strain has high similarity with ATCC 29178 strain, all reported Chinese, and some Taiwanian strains. Also, analysis of S. iniae LctO gene sequence showed that this isolate clustered within the S. iniae group. The sequence analysis of L. garvieae strains also showed that they have maximum similarity to all Japanese and Chinese strains, but one strain has lower sequence similarity values with all other recorded strains. CONCLUSION [corrected] The results of this study clearly show that trout farming in Iran is severely affected by both species of S. Iniae and L. garvieae and requires serious preventive criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haghighi Karsidani
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran
| | - M Soltani
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran.,Corresponding author: Dr. Mehdi Soltani Address: Department of aquatic animal health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran. E-mail:
| | - G Nikbakhat-Brojeni
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran
| | - M Ghasemi
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Inland Water Aquaculture Institute, Bandar Anzali, Iran
| | - HF Skall
- Technical University of Denmark Hangøvej 28200, Århus N, Denmark
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