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Yang Q, Wang X, Schwarz S, Zhu Y, Zhang W. Identification of ISVlu1-derived translocatable units containing optrA and/or fexA genes generated by homologous or illegitimate recombination in Lactococcus garvieae of porcine origin. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110048. [PMID: 38479301 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The optrA gene encodes an ABC-F protein which confers cross-resistance to oxazolidinones and phenicols. Insertion sequence ISVlu1, a novel ISL3-family member, was recently reported to be involved in the transmission of optrA in Vagococcus lutrae. However, the role of ISVlu1 in mobilizing resistance genes has not yet fully explored. In this study, two complete and three truncated copies of ISVlu1 were found on plasmid pBN62-optrA from Lactococcus garvieae. Analysis of the genetic context showed that both optrA and the phenicols resistance gene fexA were flanked by the complete or truncated ISVlu1 copies. Moreover, three different-sized ISVlu1-based translocatable units (TUs) carrying optrA and/or fexA, were detected from pBN62-optrA. Sequence analysis revealed that the TU-optrA was generated by homologous recombination while TU-fexA and TU-optrA+fexA were the products of illegitimate recombinations. Importantly, conjugation assays confirmed that pBN62-optrA was able to successfully transfer into the recipient Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2. To our knowledge, this is the first report about an optrA-carrying plasmid in L. garvieae which could horizontally transfer into other species. More importantly, the ISVlu1-flanked genetic structures containing optrA and/or fexA were also observed in bacteria of different species, which underlines that ISVlu1 is highly active and plays a vital role in the transfer of some important resistance genes, such as optrA and fexA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany; Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - Yao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Wanjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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Alexa EA, Cobo-Díaz JF, Renes E, O Callaghan TF, Kilcawley K, Mannion D, Skibinska I, Ruiz L, Margolles A, Fernández-Gómez P, Alvarez-Molina A, Puente-Gómez P, Crispie F, López M, Prieto M, Cotter PD, Alvarez-Ordóñez A. The detailed analysis of the microbiome and resistome of artisanal blue-veined cheeses provides evidence on sources and patterns of succession linked with quality and safety traits. Microbiome 2024; 12:78. [PMID: 38678226 PMCID: PMC11055350 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artisanal cheeses usually contain a highly diverse microbial community which can significantly impact their quality and safety. Here, we describe a detailed longitudinal study assessing the impact of ripening in three natural caves on the microbiome and resistome succession across three different producers of Cabrales blue-veined cheese. RESULTS Both the producer and cave in which cheeses were ripened significantly influenced the cheese microbiome. Lactococcus and the former Lactobacillus genus, among other taxa, showed high abundance in cheeses at initial stages of ripening, either coming from the raw material, starter culture used, and/or the environment of processing plants. Along cheese ripening in caves, these taxa were displaced by other bacteria, such as Tetragenococcus, Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, Yaniella, and Staphylococcus, predominantly originating from cave environments (mainly food contact surfaces), as demonstrated by source-tracking analysis, strain analysis at read level, and the characterization of 613 metagenome-assembled genomes. The high abundance of Tetragenococcus koreensis and Tetragenococcus halophilus detected in cheese has not been found previously in cheese metagenomes. Furthermore, Tetragenococcus showed a high level of horizontal gene transfer with other members of the cheese microbiome, mainly with Lactococcus and Staphylococcus, involving genes related to carbohydrate metabolism functions. The resistome analysis revealed that raw milk and the associated processing environments are a rich reservoir of antimicrobial resistance determinants, mainly associated with resistance to aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and β-lactam antibiotics and harbored by aerobic gram-negative bacteria of high relevance from a safety point of view, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Acinetobacter, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and that the displacement of most raw milk-associated taxa by cave-associated taxa during ripening gave rise to a significant decrease in the load of ARGs and, therefore, to a safer end product. CONCLUSION Overall, the cave environments represented an important source of non-starter microorganisms which may play a relevant role in the quality and safety of the end products. Among them, we have identified novel taxa and taxa not previously regarded as being dominant components of the cheese microbiome (Tetragenococcus spp.), providing very valuable information for the authentication of this protected designation of origin artisanal cheese. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Alexa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - José F Cobo-Díaz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Erica Renes
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Tom F O Callaghan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, T12 Y337, Ireland
| | | | - David Mannion
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co., Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Lorena Ruiz
- Dairy Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-CSIC, Villaviciosa, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes (MicroHealth) Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Dairy Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-CSIC, Villaviciosa, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes (MicroHealth) Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | | | | | - Paula Puente-Gómez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Fiona Crispie
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co., Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mercedes López
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Miguel Prieto
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co., Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk, Cork, Ireland
| | - Avelino Alvarez-Ordóñez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain.
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain.
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Khalifa A, Ibrahim HIM, Sheikh A, Khalil HE. Attenuation of Immunogenicity in MOG-Induced Oligodendrocytes by the Probiotic Bacterium Lactococcus Sp. PO3. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023; 59:1731. [PMID: 37893449 PMCID: PMC10608413 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59101731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Milk is healthy and includes several vital nutrients and microbiomes. Probiotics in milk and their derivatives modulate the immune system, fight inflammation, and protect against numerous diseases. The present study aimed to isolate novel bacterial species with probiotic potential for neuroinflammation. Materials and Methods: Six milk samples were collected from lactating dairy cows. Bacterial isolates were obtained using standard methods and were evaluated based on probiotic characteristics such as the catalase test, hemolysis, acid/bile tolerance, cell adhesion, and hydrophobicity, as well as in vitro screening. Results: Nine morphologically diverse bacterial isolates were found in six different types of cow's milk. Among the isolates, PO3 displayed probiotic characteristics. PO3 was a Gram-positive rod cell that grew in an acidic (pH-2) salty medium containing bile salt and salinity (8% NaCl). PO3 also exhibited substantial hydrophobicity and cell adhesion. The sequencing comparison of the 16S rRNA genes revealed that PO3 was Lactococcus raffinolactis with a similarity score of 99.3%. Furthermore, PO3 was assessed for its neuroanti-inflammatory activity on human oligodendrocyte (HOG) cell lines using four different neuroimmune markers: signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT-3), myelin basic protein (MBP), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and GLAC in HOG cell lines induced by MOG. Unlike the rest of the evaluated neuroimmune markers, STAT-3 levels were elevated in the MOG-treated HOG cell lines compared to the untreated ones. The expression level of STAT-3 was attenuated in both PO3-MOG-treated and only PO3-treated cell lines. On the contrary, in PO3-treated cell lines, MBP, GFAP, and GLAC were significantly expressed at higher levels when compared with the MOG-treated cell lines. Conclusions: The findings reported in this article are to be used as a foundation for further in vivo research in order to pave the way for the possible use of probiotics in the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Khalifa
- Biological Science Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Hairul-Islam Mohamed Ibrahim
- Biological Science Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular Biology Division, Pondicherry Centre for Biological Sciences and Educational Trust, Pondicherry 605004, India
| | - Abdullah Sheikh
- Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany Ezzat Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
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Abraham T, Yazdi Z, Littman E, Shahin K, Heckman TI, Quijano Cardé EM, Nguyen DT, Hu R, Adkison M, Veek T, Mukkatira K, Richey C, Kwak K, Mohammed HH, Ortega C, Avendaño-Herrera R, Keleher W, LePage V, Gardner I, Welch TJ, Soto E. Detection and virulence of Lactococcus garvieae and L. petauri from four lakes in southern California. J Aquat Anim Health 2023; 35:187-198. [PMID: 37749801 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The first objective of the study aimed to detect the presence of Lactococcus petauri, L. garvieae, and L. formosensis in fish (n = 359) and environmental (n = 161) samples from four lakes near an affected fish farm in California during an outbreak in 2020. The second objective was to compare the virulence of the Lactococcus spp. in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides. METHODS Standard bacterial culture methods were used to isolate Lactococcus spp. from brain and posterior kidney of sampled fish from the four lakes. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was utilized to detect Lactococcus spp. DNA in fish tissues and environmental samples from the four lakes. Laboratory controlled challenges were conducted by injecting fish intracoelomically with representative isolates of L. petauri (n = 17), L. garvieae (n = 2), or L. formosensis (n = 4), and monitored for 14 days postchallenge (dpc). RESULT Lactococcus garvieae was isolated from the brains of two Largemouth Bass in one of the lakes. Lactococcus spp. were detected in 14 fish (8 Bluegills Lepomis macrochirus and 6 Largemouth Bass) from 3 out of the 4 lakes using a qPCR assay. Of the collected environmental samples, all 4 lakes tested positive for Lactococcus spp. in the soil samples, while 2 of the 4 lakes tested positive in the water samples through qPCR. Challenged Largemouth Bass did not show any signs of infection postinjection throughout the challenge period. Rainbow Trout infected with L. petauri showed clinical signs within 3 dpc and presented a significantly higher cumulative mortality (62.4%; p < 0.0001) at 14 dpc when compared to L. garvieae (0%) and L. formosensis (7.5%) treatments. CONCLUSION The study suggests that qPCR can be used for environmental DNA monitoring of Lactococcus spp. and demonstrates virulence diversity between the etiological agents of piscine lactococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Abraham
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Zeinab Yazdi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Eric Littman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Khalid Shahin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Aquatic Animals Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez, Egypt
| | - Taylor I Heckman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Diem Thu Nguyen
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ruixue Hu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mark Adkison
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Tresa Veek
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Kavery Mukkatira
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Christine Richey
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Kevin Kwak
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Haitham H Mohammed
- Department of Rangeland, Wildlife and Fisheries Management, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Cesar Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello and Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación en Acuicultura Sustentable, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | | | | | - Ian Gardner
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Timothy J Welch
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Cool and Coldwater Aquaculture, Leetown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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5
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Dawadi P, Odari R, Poudel RC, Pokhrel LR, Bhatt LR. Isolation of Lactococcus garvieae NEP21 from raw cow (Bos indicus) milk in Nepal. Sci Total Environ 2023; 861:160641. [PMID: 36470377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is an emerging zoonotic pathogen impacting both humans and animals. Infection of this bacterium is known to cause mastitis in cattle, and endocarditis, osteomyelitis, liver abscess, and gastrointestinal problems are reported in immunocompromised and elderly people that regularly consume or handle raw meat, milk, dairy products, and seafood. This study aimed at investigating and detecting lactic acid bacteria in raw cow (Bos indicus) milk samples from a smallholder farm in Nepal. Based on the plate culture, biochemical tests, and molecular sequencing of 16 s ribosomal RNA coding nuclear DNA region followed by phenotypic and genotypic analyses, L. garvieae NEP21 was detected and identified for the first time in Nepal in raw cow milk samples. This finding suggests the prevalence of L. garvieae NEP21 in raw cow milk and recommends further research and surveillance for understanding the extent of its presence in Nepal and globally for informed management of its infection in cattle and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabin Dawadi
- Biological Resource Unit, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Ranjeeta Odari
- Molecular Biotechnology Unit, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Ram Chandra Poudel
- Molecular Biotechnology Unit, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Lok R Pokhrel
- Department of Public Health, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - Lok Ranjan Bhatt
- Biological Resource Unit, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal.
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Do H, Yoo W, Wang Y, Nam Y, Shin SC, Kim HW, Kim KK, Lee JH. Crystal structure and biochemical analysis of acetylesterase (LgEstI) from Lactococcus garvieae. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280988. [PMID: 36745644 PMCID: PMC9901739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esterase, a member of the serine hydrolase family, catalyzes the cleavage and formation of ester bonds with high regio- and stereospecificity, making them attractive biocatalysts for the synthesis of optically pure molecules. In this study, we performed an in-depth biochemical and structural characterization of a novel microbial acetylesterase, LgEstI, from the bacterial fish pathogen Lactococcus garvieae. The dimeric LgEstI displayed substrate preference for the short acyl chain of p-nitrophenyl esters and exhibited increased activity with F207A mutation. Comparative analysis with other esterases indicated that LgEstI has a narrow and shallow active site that may exhibit substrate specificity to short acyl chains. Unlike other esterases, LgEstI contains bulky residues such as Trp89, Phe194, and Trp217, which block the acyl chain channel. Furthermore, immobilized LgEstI retained approximately 90% of its initial activity, indicating its potential in industrial applications. This study expands our understanding of LgEstI and proposes novel ideas for improving its catalytic efficiency and substrate specificity for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hackwon Do
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon, Korea
| | - Wanki Yoo
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of General Studies, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yewon Nam
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seung Chul Shin
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea
| | - Han-Woo Kim
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kyeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon, Korea
- * E-mail:
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7
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Altinok I, Ozturk RC, Ture M. NGS analysis revealed that Lactococcus garvieae Lg-Per was Lactococcus petauri in Türkiye. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:1839-1843. [PMID: 36349908 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae Lg-per was originally isolated from rainbow trout cultured in cages located on the Turkish coast of the Black Sea in 2011. A whole genome sequence of Lg-per was performed in the present study. The complete genome of Lg-per mapped to the reference genomes of L. garvieae (GCF_000269925.1) and Lactococcus petauri (GCF_014830225.1) had a total of 1,694,407 and 1,945,297 base pairs, respectively. Lg-per had 1955 protein-coding genes and 4 rRNA, 46 tRNA and 1 tmRNA operons. The orthoANI value was 98.30% between Lg-per and L. petauri (GCF_014830225.1) and 93.1% between Lg-per and L. garvieae (GCF_000269925.1). A phylogenetic tree generated from the whole genome sequences (WGS) of several Lactococcus species found that L. petauri (GCA 002154895) was closely related to the Lg-per strain with 98% similarity. Although L. garvieae Lg-per was confirmed as L. garvieae based on phenotypical, biochemical and 16S rRNA sequence, WGS of the Lg-per strain revealed that Lg-per was L. petauri. Using a 16S rRNA-based PCR detection approach, Lg-per was misdiagnosed as L. garvieae since its 16S rRNA gene was 99.9% similar to that of L. garvieae strains. Consequently, the 16S rRNA-based PCR detection approach may not be adequate for the identification of the Lactococcus genus. This is the first study to document the presence of L. petauri in Türkiye. L. garvieae isolates should be analysed using WGS since the same issue might occur in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhan Altinok
- Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkiye
| | - Rafet Cagri Ozturk
- Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkiye
| | - Mustafa Ture
- Fish Health Department, Central Fisheries Research Institute, Trabzon, Turkiye
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Rao S, Chen MY, Sudpraseart C, Lin P, Yoshida T, Wang PC, Chen SC. Genotyping and phenotyping of Lactococcus garvieae isolates from fish by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and electron microscopy indicate geographical and capsular variations. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:771-781. [PMID: 35235703 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is the etiological agent of Lactococcosis, an evolving disease affecting many fish species and causing significant economic losses worldwide. Assessing pathogen relatedness and bacterial population structure is critical for determining the epidemiology of L. garvieae infections and in establishing effective pathogen management methods. The previously published morphological and genetic studies point to a clonal population structure, as seen in other fish bacteria. In the present study, the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method was utilized to define a population of 41 Taiwanese isolates from outbreaks with comparisons to four well-characterized non-Taiwanese isolates previously published. Two restriction enzymes (ApaI and SmaI) were utilized individually for PFGE analysis (cut-off value = 90.0%), revealing genetic heterogeneity across L. garvieae isolates, with ApaI and SmaI yielding 12 and seven distinct PFGE band patterns, respectively. The phylogenic analysis using internal transcribed spacer region clustered all L. garvieae isolates in the same clad. Furthermore, the electron microscopic results confirmed the absence of capsular gene cluster (CGC) in previously characterized Taiwanese vaccine strain (S3) from grey mullet. Overall, our findings emphasize the importance of analysing the morphological and genetic diversity in L. garvieae being correlated for proper taxonomic classification in vaccine strain selection and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreesha Rao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yun Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chiranan Sudpraseart
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Peiry Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Terutoyo Yoshida
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Shahin K, Mukkatira K, Yazdi Z, Richey C, Kwak K, Heckman TI, Mohammed HH, Ortega C, Avendaño-Herrera R, Keleher B, Hyatt MW, Drennan JD, Adkison M, Griffin MJ, Soto E. Development of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of the aetiological agents of piscine lactococcosis. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:847-859. [PMID: 35306674 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Piscine lactococcosis is an emergent bacterial disease that is associated with high economic losses in many farmed and wild aquatic species worldwide. Early and accurate detection of the causative agent of piscine lactococcosis is essential for management of the disease in fish farms. In this study, a TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting the 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer region was developed and validated. Validation of the qPCR was performed with DNA of previously typed L. petauri and L. garvieae recovered from different aquatic hosts from distinct geographical locations, closely related bacterial species and common pathogens in trout aquaculture. Further diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was investigated by screening of fish, water and faecal samples. The developed qPCR assay showed high specificity, sensitivity and accuracy in detection of L. petauri and L. garvieae with lack of signals from non-target pathogens, and in screening of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) posterior kidney and environmental samples. The detection limit of the qPCR was four amplicon copies. Moreover, the sensitivity of the qPCR assay was not affected by presence of non-target DNA from either fish or environmental samples. The robustness, specificity and sensitivity of the developed qPCR will facilitate fast and accurate diagnosis of piscine lactococcosis to establish appropriate control measures in fish farms and aquaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Aquatic Animal Diseases Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez, Egypt
| | | | - Zeinab Yazdi
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christine Richey
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Kevin Kwak
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Taylor I Heckman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Haitham H Mohammed
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Cesar Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal (CIESA), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM), Toluca, Mexico
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad Andrés Bello and Centro FONDAP INCAR, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Bill Keleher
- Kennebec River Biosciences, Richmond, Maine, USA
| | - Michael W Hyatt
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York Aquarium, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | | | - Mark Adkison
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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10
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Nam Y, Kim J, Baek J, Kim W. Improvement of Cutaneous Wound Healing via Topical Application of Heat-Killed Lactococcus chungangensis CAU 1447 on Diabetic Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082666. [PMID: 34444827 PMCID: PMC8401197 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing comprises a complex systemic network. Probiotics, naturally extracted substances, medicine, and chemical compounds have been used for wound healing, but the application of postbiotics as therapeutic agents has yet to be explored. Our study shows potential beneficial effects of heat-killed Lactococcus chungangensis CAU 1447 on type 1 diabetic mice. The postbiotic strain significantly decreased the skin wound size. The activity of myeloperoxidase secreted from neutrophils also decreased. The molecular mechanism of wound healing was adjusted by important mediators, growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines. These elements regulated the anti-inflammatory activity and accelerated wound healing. To determine the role of the postbiotic in wound repair, we showed a similar taxonomic pattern as compared to the diabetic mice using skin microbiome analysis. These findings demonstrated that heat-killed Lactococcus chungangensis CAU 1447 had beneficial effects on wound healing and can be utilized as postbiotic therapeutic agents.
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11
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Thiry D, Billen F, Boyen F, Duprez JN, Quenault H, Touzain F, Blanchard Y, Clercx C, Mainil JG. Genomic relatedness of a canine Lactococcus garvieae to human, animal and environmental isolates. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:170-173. [PMID: 33991889 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus (L.) garvieae is a zoonotic fish pathogen that can also cause bacteraemia and endocarditis in humans and has been isolated from healthy or diseased domestic animals. Nevertheless L. garvieae is more an opportunistic, than a primary pathogen since most affected humans have predisposing conditions and comorbidities. L. garvieae is also present in other animal species, most frequently cattle, but also sheep, goats, water buffaloes, and pigs, and much more rarely dogs, cats, horses, camel, turtle, snake and crocodile. The purpose of this study was to genomically (i) confirm the identification by MALDI-TOF MS® of a L. garvieae from the nasal discharge of a dog with chronic respiratory disorders and (ii) compare this canine isolate with human and animal L. garvieae isolates. According to the BLAST analysis after Whole Genome Sequencing, this canine isolate was more than 99% identical to 3 L. garvieae and belonged to a new Multi-Locus Sequence Type (ST45). MLST and whole genomes-based phylogenetic analysis were performed on the canine isolate and the 40 genomes available in Genbank. The canine L. garvieae was most closely related to an Australian camel and an Indian fish L. garvieae and more distantly to human L. garvieae. Twenty-five of the 29 putative virulence-associated genes searched for were detected, but not the 16 capsule-encoding genes. The heterogeneity of the L. garvieae species is reflected by the diversity of the MLSTypes and virulotypes identified and by the phylogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Thiry
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Frédéric Billen
- Internal Medicine, Companion Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH (Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health) centre, Campus du Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jean-Noël Duprez
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Hélène Quenault
- Viral Genetics and Bio-security Unit, Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Fabrice Touzain
- Viral Genetics and Bio-security Unit, Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Viral Genetics and Bio-security Unit, Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Cécile Clercx
- Internal Medicine, Companion Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH (Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health) centre, Campus du Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jacques G Mainil
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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12
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Cai J, Chen J, Schwarz S, Wang Y, Zhang R. Detection of the plasmid-borne oxazolidinone/phenicol resistance gene optrA in Lactococcus garvieae isolated from faecal samples. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:1358-1359. [PMID: 33933564 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiachang Cai
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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13
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Ladin ZS, Ferrell B, Dums JT, Moore RM, Levia DF, Shriver WG, D'Amico V, Trammell TLE, Setubal JC, Wommack KE. Assessing the efficacy of eDNA metabarcoding for measuring microbial biodiversity within forest ecosystems. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1629. [PMID: 33452291 PMCID: PMC7811025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the nascent application and efficacy of sampling and sequencing environmental DNA (eDNA) in terrestrial environments using rainwater that filters through the forest canopy and understory vegetation (i.e., throughfall). We demonstrate the utility and potential of this method for measuring microbial communities and forest biodiversity. We collected pure rainwater (open sky) and throughfall, successfully extracted DNA, and generated over 5000 unique amplicon sequence variants. We found that several taxa including Mycoplasma sp., Spirosoma sp., Roseomonas sp., and Lactococcus sp. were present only in throughfall samples. Spiroplasma sp., Methylobacterium sp., Massilia sp., Pantoea sp., and Sphingomonas sp. were found in both types of samples, but more abundantly in throughfall than in rainwater. Throughfall samples contained Gammaproteobacteria that have been previously found to be plant-associated, and may contribute to important functional roles. We illustrate how this novel method can be used for measuring microbial biodiversity in forest ecosystems, foreshadowing the utility for quantifying both prokaryotic and eukaryotic lifeforms. Leveraging these methods will enhance our ability to detect extant species, describe new species, and improve our overall understanding of ecological community dynamics in forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Ladin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, 264 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Barbra Ferrell
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Jacob T Dums
- Biotechnology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Ryan M Moore
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Delphis F Levia
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, 250 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - W Gregory Shriver
- Departments of Geography and Spatial Sciences and Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, 216C Pearson Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Vincent D'Amico
- US Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Tara L E Trammell
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, 264 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - João Carlos Setubal
- Instituto de Química, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - K Eric Wommack
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, 264 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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14
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Wang Z, Mi J, Wang Y, Wang T, Qi X, Li K, Pan Q, Gao Y, Gao L, Liu C, Zhang Y, Wang X, Cui H. Recombinant Lactococcus Expressing a Novel Variant of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus VP2 Protein Can Induce Unique Specific Neutralizing Antibodies in Chickens and Provide Complete Protection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121350. [PMID: 33255742 PMCID: PMC7760868 DOI: 10.3390/v12121350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infections in China, Japan, and North America have indicated the presence of variant, and the current conventional IBDV vaccine cannot completely protect against variant IBDV. In this study, we constructed recombinant Lactococcus lactis (r-L. lactis) expressing a novel variant of IBDV VP2 (avVP2) protein along with the Salmonella resistance to complement killing (RCK) protein, and Western blotting analysis confirmed that r-L. lactis successfully expressed avVP2-RCK fusion protein. We immunized chickens with this vaccine and subsequently challenged them with the very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) and a novel variant wild IBDV (avIBDV) to evaluate the immune effect of the vaccine. The results show that the r-L. lactis-avVP2-RCK-immunized group exhibited a 100% protection rate when challenged with avIBDV and 100% survival rate to vvIBDV. Furthermore, this immunization resulted in the production of unique neutralizing antibodies that cannot be detected by conventional ELISA. These results indicate that r-L. lactis-avVP2-RCK is a promising candidate vaccine against IBDV infections, which can produce unique neutralizing antibodies that cannot be produced by other vaccines and protect against IBDV infection, especially against the variant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaomei Wang
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (H.C.); Tel.: +86-0451-5105-1693 (H.C.)
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (H.C.); Tel.: +86-0451-5105-1693 (H.C.)
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15
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Pakwan C, Chitov T, Chantawannakul P, Manasam M, Bovonsombut S, Disayathanoowat T. Bacterial compositions of indigenous Lanna (Northern Thai) fermented foods and their potential functional properties. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242560. [PMID: 33206720 PMCID: PMC7673563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Many indigenous fermented foods of Northern Thailand and neighbouring regions have traditionally been known for their health benefits. In this study, we explored the communities of bacteria in selected fermented foods which are commonly consumed among ethnic groups around Northern Thailand, for which information on their microbial compositions or their functional properties is still limited. The selected food groups included Thua Nao (alkaline fermented soybean product), Nham (fermented pork sausage/loaf), Nam phak (fermented Chinese cabbage) and Miang (fermented leaves from Miang Tea trees). Bacteria in these fermented foods were isolated and enumerated. Bacterial communities were determined using a culture-independent (pyrosequencing) approach. Lactic acid bacteria were recovered from all of these fermented food samples, with levels ranging from 3.1 to 7.5 log CFU/g throughout the fermentation processes. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene from the fermented food samples using 454-pyrosequencing resulted in 113,844 sequences after quality evaluation. Lactic acid bacteria were found in high proportions in Nham, Nam phak and Miang. Bacillus was predominant in Thua nao, in which significant proportions of Lactic acid bacteria of the family Leuconostocaceae were also found. Groups of lactic acid bacteria found varied among different food samples, but three genera were predominant: Lactococcus, Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc, of which many members are recognised as probiotics. The results showed that these traditional Thai fermented food products are rich sources of beneficial bacteria and can potentially be functional/probiotic foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonthicha Pakwan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thararat Chitov
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Environmental Science Research Center (ESRC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Environmental Science Research Center (ESRC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Manop Manasam
- Department of Thai Art, Faculty of Fine Art, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sakunnee Bovonsombut
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Environmental Science Research Center (ESRC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Terd Disayathanoowat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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16
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Lin YS, Kweh KH, Koh TH, Lau QC, Abdul Rahman NB. Genomic analysis of Lactococcus garvieae isolates. Pathology 2020; 52:700-707. [PMID: 32829891 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is a well-known fish pathogen, and in recent years, a human pathogen of increasing clinical significance. However, not much is known about the variances in characteristics of strains isolated locally and overseas. This study aims at conducting comparative genomic analysis on local and overseas L. garvieae isolates, to further understand the phylogenetic and virulence variances between the two groups. The genomic DNA of 11 local L. garvieae isolates (fish 6, human 5) were sequenced, annotated and typed using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). A total of six novel sequence types (STs) were found in the local isolates. Genotypic overlapping of the STs was observed between local fish and human isolates with overseas fish, food and human clinical isolates. Thereby, suggesting a possible transmission between fish or food and humans. Virulence genes (putative internalin and putative mucus adhesin) were found to be specific to genomic clusters (GC), GC2 and GC3. A higher incidence of resistance genes was also observed in local isolates (n=8, 72.72%) when compared to the overseas isolates (n=7, 41.18%). This study represents the first evidence of genetic variances amongst local and overseas isolates, and virulence characteristics specific to the phylogeny of L. garvieae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunni Snow Lin
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Life Science and Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - Kah Hao Kweh
- School of Life Science and Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - Tse Hsien Koh
- Department of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Quek Choon Lau
- School of Life Science and Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore
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17
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Karvonen AM, Kirjavainen PV, Täubel M, Jayaprakash B, Adams RI, Sordillo JE, Gold DR, Hyvärinen A, Remes S, von Mutius E, Pekkanen J. Indoor bacterial microbiota and development of asthma by 10.5 years of age. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1402-1410. [PMID: 31415782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life indoor bacterial exposure is associated with the risk of asthma, but the roles of specific bacterial genera are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether individual bacterial genera in indoor microbiota predict the development of asthma. METHODS Dust samples from living rooms were collected at 2 months of age. The dust microbiota was characterized by using Illumina MiSeq sequencing amplicons of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Children (n = 373) were followed up for ever asthma until the age of 10.5 years. RESULTS Richness was inversely associated with asthma after adjustments (P = .03). The phylogenetic microbiota composition in asthmatics patients' homes was characteristically different from that in nonasthmatic subjects' homes (P = .02, weighted UniFrac, adjusted association, permutational multivariate analysis of variance, PERMANOVA-S). The first 2 axis scores of principal coordinate analysis of the weighted UniFrac distance matrix were inversely associated with asthma. Of 658 genera detected in the dust samples, the relative abundances of 41 genera correlated (r > |0.4|) with one of these axes. Lactococcus genus was a risk factor for asthma (adjusted odds ratio, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.13-1.63] per interquartile range change). The abundance of 12 bacterial genera (mostly from the Actinomycetales order) was associated with lower asthma risk (P < .10), although not independently of each other. The sum relative abundance of these 12 intercorrelated genera was significantly protective and explained the majority of the association of richness with less asthma. CONCLUSION Our data confirm that phylogenetic differences in the microbiota of infants' homes are associated with subsequent asthma risk and suggest that communities of selected bacteria are more strongly linked to asthma protection than individual bacterial taxa or mere richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Karvonen
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Pirkka V Kirjavainen
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Martin Täubel
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Rachel I Adams
- Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Calif; California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, Richmond, Calif
| | - Joanne E Sordillo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, Mass
| | - Diane R Gold
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Anne Hyvärinen
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Remes
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Erika von Mutius
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany; Institute for Asthma and Allergy Prevention (IAP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Juha Pekkanen
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Meyburgh CM, Bragg RR, Boucher CE. Detection of virulence factors of South African Lactococcus garvieae isolated from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2018; 85:e1-e9. [PMID: 30326716 PMCID: PMC6324078 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v85i1.1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes mortalities in freshwater and marine fish worldwide and therefore results in severe economic losses in the aquaculture industry. Apart from the apparent integral role of the exopolysaccharide (EPS) capsule in pathogenesis, factors associated with virulence of this bacterium are poorly understood. However, recent studies have indicated that the ability of L. garvieae to cause disease does not depend on the presence of the EPS capsule. Lack of knowledge of virulence factors, pathogenesis and serology of L. garvieae is an impediment to the development of effective typing methods and control measures. This study, therefore, aimed to detect the presence of EPS capsules and other putative virulence factors in South African L. garvieae fish pathogenic isolates and a non-virulent isolate, and to identify possible candidates for subunit vaccine development. No indication of the presence of the EPS capsule was detected by negative staining or amplification of the EPS biosynthesis gene cluster in the virulent isolates or the avirulent strain, discrediting the notion that the EPS capsule is the sole determinant of virulence. However, a set of putative virulence factor genes was detected in all isolates, and candidates for subunit vaccine development (enolase, lactate dehydrogenase phosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphotransferase) were identified by identification of extracellular proteins of virulent strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M Meyburgh
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State.
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19
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Ioannidis AG, Kerckhof FM, Riahi Drif Y, Vanderroost M, Boon N, Ragaert P, De Meulenaer B, Devlieghere F. Characterization of spoilage markers in modified atmosphere packaged iceberg lettuce. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 279:1-13. [PMID: 29715602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fresh cut iceberg lettuce spoilage was studied considering the microbial and biochemical activity, the formation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and consumer acceptability. Lettuce was packaged under three different packaging conditions and stored at 4 °C for 10 days: anaerobic packaging (ANAER), equilibrium modified atmosphere packaging with 3% O2 (EMAP) and perforated packages (AIR). Results indicated a clear distinction between packaging conditions. EMAP and AIR resulted in a short shelf life (≤5.6 days) which was limited due to browning, leading to consumer rejection as assessed via the Weibull hazard analysis method, while no off-odors were detected. Culture- independent 16 s rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed Pseudomonas spp. as the dominating species. In contrast, under ANAER conditions, lactic acid bacteria dominated with genera of Leuconostoc spp. and Lactococcus spp. proliferating, while also oligotypes of Pseudomonas spp. were found. Spoilage under ANAER occurred after 6.6 days and it was related to strong fermentative-like off-odors that were present by the end of storage. As revealed by selective ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS), these odors were associated with several VOCs such as: ethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2,3-butanediol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, hexanal, acetic acid, ethyl acetate and dimethyl sulfide. Panelists rejected the iceberg lettuce due to the formation of off-odors while the overall appearance remained good throughout the study. Hence a sensor based technology incorporated in the packaging, detecting VOCs and in particular ethanol as dominant compound, could serve as a spoilage indicator for ANAER packed lettuce, which proved to have the longest shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos-Gerasimos Ioannidis
- LFMFP, Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Partner in Food2Know, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; nutriFOODchem, Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Partner in Food2Know, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | - Yasmine Riahi Drif
- LFMFP, Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Partner in Food2Know, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mike Vanderroost
- LFMFP, Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Partner in Food2Know, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Ragaert
- LFMFP, Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Partner in Food2Know, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- nutriFOODchem, Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Partner in Food2Know, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Devlieghere
- LFMFP, Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Partner in Food2Know, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Sinnathamby G, Henderson G, Umair S, Janssen P, Bland R, Simpson H. The bacterial community associated with the sheep gastrointestinal nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192164. [PMID: 29420571 PMCID: PMC5805237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture-independent methods were used to study the microbiota of adult worms, third-stage larvae and eggs, both in faeces and laid in vitro, of Haemonchus contortus, a nematode parasite of the abomasa of ruminants which is a major cause of production losses and ill-health. Bacteria were identified in eggs, the female reproductive tract and the gut of adult and third-stage larvae (L3). PCR amplification of 16S rRNA sequences, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and clone libraries were used to compare the composition of the microbial communities of the different life-cycle stages of the parasites, as well as parasites and their natural environments. The microbiomes of adult worms and L3 were different from those in the abomasum or faeces respectively. The H. contortus microbiota was mainly comprised of members of the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Bacteria were localised in the gut, inside eggs and within the uterus of adult female worms using the universal FISH Eub338 probe, which targets most bacteria, and were also seen in these tissues by light and transmission electron microscopy. Streptococcus/Lactococcus sp. were identified within the distal uterus with the probe Strc493. Sequences from the genera Weissella and Leuconostoc were found in all life-cycle stages, except eggs collected from faeces, in which most sequences belonged to Clostridium sp. Bacteria affiliated with Weissella/Leuconostoc were identified in both PCR-DGGE short sequences and clone libraries of nearly full length 16S rRNA bacterial sequences in all life-cycle stages and subsequently visualised in eggs by fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) with group-specific probes. This strongly suggests they are vertically transmitted endosymbionts. As this study was carried out on a parasite strain which has been maintained in the laboratory, other field isolates will need to be examined to establish whether these bacteria are more widely dispersed and have potential as targets to control H. contortus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajenathirin Sinnathamby
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Saleh Umair
- AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Ross Bland
- AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Heather Simpson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is the causative agent of lactococcosis and has been isolated from a wide variety of animals. In the present study, 34 strains of L. garvieae isolated from fish from different sources and locations were tested for the presence or absence of the following putative virulence genes: a capsule gene cluster (CGC), hemolysins 1, 2, and 3 (hly1, -2, -3), NADH oxidase, superoxide dismutase (sod), phosphoglucomutase (pgm), adhesin Pav (adhPav), adhesin PsaA (adhPsaA), enolase (eno), LPxTG-containing surface proteins 1, 2, 3, and 4 (LPxTG-1, LPxTG-2, LPxTG-3, LPxTG-4; where LPxTG means Leu-Pro-any-Thr-Gly), adhesin clusters 1 and 2 (adhCI, adhCII), and adhesin (adh). To determine the presence of the CGC, we developed a multiplex PCR. All strains of L. garvieae had the hly1, -2, -3, NADH oxidase, pgm, adhPav, LPxTG-2, LPxTG-3, sod, eno, adhPsaA, adhCII, and adhCII genes, while only the Lg2 strain contained the CGC. The virulent Lg2 strain contained all 17 virulent genes. All Turkish, Spanish, Italian, and French strains did not contain the CGC. The multiplex PCR assay was useful for the detection of the CGC genes. In conclusion, the CGC is not the only virulent factor in L. garvieae because strains that lack the CGC are virulent to rainbow trout. Single genes also might not be responsible for the virulence of L. garvieae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ture
- Fish Health Department, Central Fisheries Research Institute, 61250 Yomra, Trabzon, Turkey
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Liu J, Yang F, Wang X, Liu J, Yuan X, Cui Z. [Composition diversity and metabolic characters of lactic acid bacteria community SGL]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2015; 55:1475-1484. [PMID: 26915229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to select a stable lactic acid bacteria community from switchgrass silage, that was efficient in lactic acid production. METHODS We obtained the community by continuous restricted subcultivation in MRS broth, and analysed the composition diversity and stability of the community by 16S rRNA gene-based pyrosequencing and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), respectively. In addition, we studied the effect of different nitrogen sources on growth and lactic acid production of the community, through adding different concentrations of yeast extraction, different nitrogen sources [yeast extract, peptone, urea and (NH4) 2SO4] and different proportions of (NH4)2SO4 and yeast extract leveled with elemental nitrogen 1.8 g/L. RESULTS The microbial composition of SGL became stable from the 8th generation according to the results of DGGE. The pH value of the MRS inoculated with SGL dropped to 3.7, and the concentration of lactic acid reached 26 g/L after 24 h cultivation. The result of the pyrosequencing showed that the major composition of SGL were Lactobacillus nantensis (78.78%), Lactobacillus plantarum (7.92%), Lactobacillus pantheris (5.27%), Bacillus coagulans (4.41%) and Lactococcus lactics (3.31%). The best supplementation of yeast extraction for SGL was 20 g/L. When the elemental nitrogen ratio of (NH4) 2SO4 to yeast extract was 1:4, the growth and lactic acid production were no significant difference with 0:5 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION SGL had a great potential of application, as an efficient inoculant for ensilage or lactic acid production. This study would offer theoretical basis for cultivate and application of SGL in production.
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Zhang B, Hao L, Tian C, Yuan S, Feng C, Ni J, Borthwick AGL. Microbial reduction and precipitation of vanadium (V) in groundwater by immobilized mixed anaerobic culture. Bioresour Technol 2015; 192:410-417. [PMID: 26067477 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium is an important contaminant impacted by natural and industrial activities. Vanadium (V) reduction efficiency as high as 87.0% was achieved by employing immobilized mixed anaerobic sludge as inoculated seed within 12h operation, while V(IV) was the main reduction product which precipitated instantly. Increasing initial V(V) concentration resulted in the decrease of V(V) removal efficiency, while this index increased first and then decreased with the increase of initial COD concentration, pH and conductivity. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing analysis indicated the decreased microbial diversity. V(V) reduction was realized through dissimilatory reduction process by significantly enhanced Lactococcus and Enterobacter with oxidation of lactic and acetic acids from fermentative microorganisms such as the enriched Paludibacter and the newly appeared Acetobacterium, Oscillibacter. This study is helpful to detect new functional species for V(V) reduction and constitutes a step ahead in developing in situ bioremediations of vanadium contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baogang Zhang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences Beijing, Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution (China University of Geosciences Beijing), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Liting Hao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences Beijing, Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution (China University of Geosciences Beijing), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Caixing Tian
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences Beijing, Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution (China University of Geosciences Beijing), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Songhu Yuan
- State Key Lab of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chuanping Feng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences Beijing, Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution (China University of Geosciences Beijing), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinren Ni
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Alistair G L Borthwick
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
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Flórez AB, Mayo B. The Plasmid Complement of the Cheese Isolate Lactococcus garvieae IPLA 31405 Revealed Adaptation to the Dairy Environment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126101. [PMID: 25942497 PMCID: PMC4420470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is a lactic acid bacterium found in raw-milk dairy products as well as a range of aquatic and terrestrial environments. The plasmids in L. garvieae have received little attention compared to those of dairy Lactococcus lactis, in which the genes carried by these extrachromosomal elements are considered of adaptive value. The present work reports the sequencing and analysis of the plasmid complement of L. garvieae IPLA 31405, a strain isolated from a traditional, Spanish, starter-free cheese made from raw-milk. It consists of pLG9 and pLG42, of 9,124 and 42,240 nucleotides, respectively. Based on sequence and structural homology in the putative origin of replication (ori) region, pLG9 and pLG42 are predicted to replicate via a theta mechanism. Real-time, quantitative PCR showed the number of copies per chromosome equivalent of pLG9 and pLG42 to be around two and five, respectively. Sequence analysis identified eight complete open reading frames (orfs) in pLG9 and 36 in pLG42; these were organized into functional modules or cassettes containing different numbers of genes. These modules were flanked by complete or interrupted insertion sequence (IS)-like elements. Among the modules of pLG42 was a gene cluster encoding specific components of a phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphotransferase (PEP-PTS) system, including a phospho-β-galacosidase. The cluster showed a complete nucleotide identity respect to that in plasmids of L. lactis. Loss of pLG42 showed this to be involved in lactose assimilation. In the same plasmid, an operon encoding a type I restriction/modification (R/M) system was also identified. The specificity of this R/M system might be broadened by different R/M specificity subunits detected in pLG9 and in the bacterial chromosome. However, challenges of L. garvieae IPLA 31405 against L. lactis phages proved that the R/M system was not involved in phage resistance. Together, these results support the hypothesis that, as in L. lactis, pLG42 contribute towards the adaptation of L. garvieae to the dairy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Flórez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Carretera de Infiesto, s/n, 33300-Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Baltasar Mayo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Carretera de Infiesto, s/n, 33300-Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Sautron E, Mayerhofer H, Giustini C, Pro D, Crouzy S, Ravaud S, Pebay-Peyroula E, Rolland N, Catty P, Seigneurin-Berny D. HMA6 and HMA8 are two chloroplast Cu+-ATPases with different enzymatic properties. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:e00201. [PMID: 26182363 PMCID: PMC4613667 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) plays a key role in the photosynthetic process as cofactor of the plastocyanin (PC), an essential component of the chloroplast photosynthetic electron transfer chain. Encoded by the nuclear genome, PC is translocated in its apo-form into the chloroplast and the lumen of thylakoids where it is processed to its mature form and acquires Cu. In Arabidopsis, Cu delivery into the thylakoids involves two transporters of the PIB-1 ATPases family, heavy metal associated protein 6 (HMA6) located at the chloroplast envelope and HMA8 at the thylakoid membrane. To gain further insight into the way Cu is delivered to PC, we analysed the enzymatic properties of HMA8 and compared them with HMA6 ones using in vitro phosphorylation assays and phenotypic tests in yeast. These experiments reveal that HMA6 and HMA8 display different enzymatic properties: HMA8 has a higher apparent affinity for Cu(+) but a slower dephosphorylation kinetics than HMA6. Modelling experiments suggest that these differences could be explained by the electrostatic properties of the Cu(+) releasing cavities of the two transporters and/or by the different nature of their cognate Cu(+) acceptors (metallochaperone/PC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Sautron
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- INRA, LPCV, USC1359, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Hubert Mayerhofer
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR5075, 71, avenue des Martyrs, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Cécile Giustini
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- INRA, LPCV, USC1359, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Danièle Pro
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- INRA, LPCV, USC1359, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Serge Crouzy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- *CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, UMR 5249, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphanie Ravaud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR5075, 71, avenue des Martyrs, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Eva Pebay-Peyroula
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR5075, 71, avenue des Martyrs, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Norbert Rolland
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- INRA, LPCV, USC1359, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice Catty
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- *CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, UMR 5249, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Daphné Seigneurin-Berny
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- INRA, LPCV, USC1359, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France
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Ture M, Altinok I, Capkin E. Comparison of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR and biochemical tests to characterize Lactococcus garvieae. J Fish Dis 2015; 38:37-47. [PMID: 25664362 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical test, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence PCR (ERIC-PCR) were used to compare 42 strains of Lactococcus garvieae isolated from different regions of Turkey, Italy, France and Spain. Twenty biotypes of L. garvieae were formed based on 54 biochemical tests. ERIC-PCR of genomic DNA from different L. garvieae strains resulted in amplification of multiple fragments of DNA in sizes ranging between 200 and 5000 bp with various band intensities. After cutting DNA with ApaI restriction enzyme and running on the PFGE, 11–22 resolvable bands ranging from 2 to 194 kb were observed. Turkish isolates were grouped into two clusters, and only A58 (Italy) strain was connected with Turkish isolates. Similarities between Turkish, Spanish, Italian and French isolates were <50% except 216-6 Rize strain. In Turkey, first lactococcosis occurred in Mugla, and then, it has been spread all over the country. Based on ERIC-PCR, Spanish and Italian strains of L. garvieae were related to Mugla strains. Therefore, after comparing PFGE profiles, ERIC-PCR profiles and phenotypic characteristics of 42 strains of L. garvieae, there were no relationships found between these three typing methods. PFGE method was more discriminative than the other methods.
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Sequeiros C, Garcés ME, Vallejo M, Marguet ER, Olivera NL. Potential aquaculture probiont Lactococcus lactis TW34 produces nisin Z and inhibits the fish pathogen Lactococcus garvieae. Arch Microbiol 2014; 197:449-58. [PMID: 25549984 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-014-1076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriocin-producing Lactococcus lactis TW34 was isolated from marine fish. TW34 bacteriocin inhibited the growth of the fish pathogen Lactococcus garvieae at 5 AU/ml (minimum inhibitory concentration), whereas the minimum bactericidal concentration was 10 AU/ml. Addition of TW34 bacteriocin to L. garvieae cultures resulted in a decrease of six orders of magnitude of viable cells counts demonstrating a bactericidal mode of action. The direct detection of the bacteriocin activity by Tricine-SDS-PAGE showed an active peptide with a molecular mass ca. 4.5 kDa. The analysis by MALDI-TOF-MS detected a strong signal at m/z 2,351.2 that corresponded to the nisin leader peptide mass without the initiating methionine, whose sequence STKDFNLDLVSVSKKDSGASPR was confirmed by MS/MS. Sequence analysis of nisin structural gene confirmed that L. lactis TW34 was a nisin Z producer. This nisin Z-producing strain with probiotic properties might be considered as an alternative in the prevention of lactococcosis, a global disease in aquaculture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Sequeiros
- Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT-CONICET), Blvd. Brown Nº 2915, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina,
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Ferrario C, Ricci G, Milani C, Lugli GA, Ventura M, Eraclio G, Borgo F, Fortina MG. Lactococcus garvieae: where is it from? A first approach to explore the evolutionary history of this emerging pathogen. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84796. [PMID: 24391975 PMCID: PMC3877359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The population structure and diversity of Lactococcus garvieae, an emerging pathogen of increasing clinical significance, was determined at both gene and genome level. Selected lactococcal isolates of various origins were analyzed by a multi locus sequence typing (MLST). This gene-based analysis was compared to genomic characteristics, estimated through the complete genome sequences available in database. The MLST identified two branches containing the majority of the strains and two branches bearing one strain each. One strain was particularly differentiated from the other L. garvieae strains, showing a significant genetic distance. The genomic characteristics, correlated to the MLST-based phylogeny, indicated that this “separated strain” appeared first and could be considered the evolutionary intermediate between Lactococcus lactis and L. garvieae main clusters. A preliminary genome analysis of L. garvieae indicated a pan-genome constituted of about 4100 genes, which included 1341 core genes and 2760 genes belonging to the dispensable genome. A total of 1491 Clusters of Orthologous Genes (COGs) were found to be specific to the 11 L. garvieae genomes, with the genome of the “separated strain” showing the highest presence of unique genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ferrario
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) - Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ricci
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) - Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Milani
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Andrea Lugli
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Ventura
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Eraclio
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) - Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Borgo
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) - Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Fortina
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) - Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Desfossés-Foucault É, LaPointe G, Roy D. Dynamics and rRNA transcriptional activity of lactococci and lactobacilli during Cheddar cheese ripening. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 166:117-24. [PMID: 23850855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cheddar cheese is a complex ecosystem where both the bacterial population and the cheese making process contribute to flavor and texture development. The aim of this study was to use molecular methods to evaluate the impact of milk heat treatment and ripening temperature on starter lactococci and non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) throughout ripening of Cheddar cheese. Eight Cheddar cheese batches were manufactured (four with thermized and four with pasteurized milk) and ripened at 4, 7 and 12°C to analyze the bacterial composition and rRNA transcriptional activity reflecting the ability of lactococci and lactobacilli to synthesize proteins. Abundance and rRNA transcription of lactococci and lactobacilli were quantified after DNA and RNA extraction by using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) targeting the 16S rRNA gene, respectively. Results showed that lactococci remained dominant throughout ripening, although 16S rRNA genome and cDNA copies/g of cheese decreased by four and two log copy numbers, respectively. Abundance and rRNA transcription of Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus buchneri/parabuchneri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus brevis, and Lactobacillus coryniformis as well as total lactobacilli were also estimated using specific 16S rRNA primers. L. paracasei and L. buchneri/parabuchneri concomitantly grew in cheese made from thermized milk at 7 and 12°C, although L. paracasei displayed the most rRNA transcription among Lactobacillus species. This work showed that rRNA transcriptional activity of lactococci decreased throughout ripening and supports the usefulness of RNA analysis to assess which bacterial species have the ability to synthesize proteins during ripening, and could thereby contribute to cheese quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émilie Desfossés-Foucault
- Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Département des Sciences des Aliments et de Nutrition, Université Laval, G1V 0A6 QC, Canada
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von Ossowski I, Pietilä TE, Rintahaka J, Nummenmaa E, Mäkinen VM, Reunanen J, Satokari R, de Vos WM, Palva I, Palva A. Using recombinant Lactococci as an approach to dissect the immunomodulating capacity of surface piliation in probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64416. [PMID: 23691212 PMCID: PMC3653913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Primarily arising from their well understood beneficial health effects, many lactobacilli strains are considered good candidates for use as probiotics in humans and animals. Lactobacillar probiosis can itself be best typified by the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strain, which, with its well-documented clinical benefits, has emerged as one of the most widely used probiotics in the food and health-supplement industries. Even so, many facets of its molecular mechanisms and limitations as a beneficial commensal bacterium still remain to be thoroughly explored and dissected. Because L. rhamnosus GG is one of only a few such strains exhibiting surface piliation (called SpaCBA), we sought to examine whether this particular type of cell-surface appendage has a discernible immunomodulating capacity and is able to trigger targeted responses in human immune-related cells. Thus, presented herein for this study, we recombinantly engineered Lactococcus lactis to produce native (and pilin-deleted) SpaCBA pili that were assembled in a structurally authentic form and anchored to the cell surface, and which had retained mucus-binding functionality. By using these recombinant lactococcal constructs, we were able to demonstrate that the SpaCBA pilus can be a contributory factor in the activation of Toll-like receptor 2-dependent signaling in HEK cells as well as in the modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12) production in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. From these data, we suggest that the recombinant-expressed and surface-anchored SpaCBA pilus, given its projected functioning in the gut environment, might be viewed as a new microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-like modulator of innate immunity. Accordingly, our study has brought some new insight to the molecular immunogenicity of the SpaCBA pilus, thus opening the way to a better understanding of its possible role in the multifaceted nature of L. rhamnosus GG probiosis within the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingemar von Ossowski
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (IvO); (AP)
| | - Taija E. Pietilä
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Rintahaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Nummenmaa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Mäkinen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Justus Reunanen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reetta Satokari
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Willem M. de Vos
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Palva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Airi Palva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (IvO); (AP)
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Dang HT, Park HK, Myung SC, Kim W. Development of a novel PCR assay based on the 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer region for the detection of Lactococcus garvieae. J Fish Dis 2012; 35:481-487. [PMID: 22607639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is recognized as an emerging pathogen in fish. Several PCR-based methods have been developed for the detection and identification of L. garvieae; however, the sensitivity of these methods is still in question regarding the discrimination of this organism from other closely related species. Two primers, ITSLg30F and ITSLg319R, were designed from the sequence in the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and used for the specific detection of L. garvieae. L. garvieae strains including fish isolates were positive by this method. In contrast, previously developed PCR methods showed false-positive results with non-L. garvieae species. Our results indicate that a PCR method using the newly designed ITS primer set provides a sensitive and efficient tool for the detection of L. garvieae in fish and aquaculture environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Dang
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Chang CH, Chen YS, Yanagida F. Isolation and characterisation of lactic acid bacteria from yan-jiang (fermented ginger), a traditional fermented food in Taiwan. J Sci Food Agric 2011; 91:1746-50. [PMID: 21445893 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yan-jiang (fermented ginger) is a popular traditional fermented food in Taiwan. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) microflora in yan-jiang has not been studied in detail. In this study, LAB from yan-jiang were isolated, characterised and identified. RESULTS A total of 176 LAB were isolated; 160 cultures were isolated from yan-jiang samples and 16 cultures were isolated from raw ginger. These isolates were characterised phenotypically and then divided into nine groups (A to I) by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA. Lactobacillus sakei and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis were the major LAB found in the initial 2 days of fermentation without pickled plums; these species were mostly replaced by Weissella cibaria and L. plantarum after 3 days of fermentation. In the fermentation bucket with added pickled plums, W. cibaria was the most abundant LAB found during fermentation. The antibacterial activities of the isolates were determined. Twenty-four Lc. lactis subsp. lactis and 19 W. cibaria strains showed inhibitory activity against the indicator strain L. sakei JCM 1157(T) . CONCLUSION Results demonstrate that various LAB species were more numerous when fermentation was carried out without pickled plums. LAB also had effects on the aroma and flavour of yan-jiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-huan Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, No. 5 De-Ming Road, Gui-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Morita H, Toh H, Oshima K, Yoshizaki M, Kawanishi M, Nakaya K, Suzuki T, Miyauchi E, Ishii Y, Tanabe S, Murakami M, Hattori M. Complete genome sequence and comparative analysis of the fish pathogen Lactococcus garvieae. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23184. [PMID: 21829716 PMCID: PMC3150408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae causes fatal haemorrhagic septicaemia in fish such as yellowtail. The comparative analysis of genomes of a virulent strain Lg2 and a non-virulent strain ATCC 49156 of L. garvieae revealed that the two strains shared a high degree of sequence identity, but Lg2 had a 16.5-kb capsule gene cluster that is absent in ATCC 49156. The capsule gene cluster was composed of 15 genes, of which eight genes are highly conserved with those in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis gene cluster often found in Lactococcus lactis strains. Sequence analysis of the capsule gene cluster in the less virulent strain L. garvieae Lg2-S, Lg2-derived strain, showed that two conserved genes were disrupted by a single base pair deletion, respectively. These results strongly suggest that the capsule is crucial for virulence of Lg2. The capsule gene cluster of Lg2 may be a genomic island from several features such as the presence of insertion sequences flanked on both ends, different GC content from the chromosomal average, integration into the locus syntenic to other lactococcal genome sequences, and distribution in human gut microbiomes. The analysis also predicted other potential virulence factors such as haemolysin. The present study provides new insights into understanding of the virulence mechanisms of L. garvieae in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Morita
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Reimundo P, Pignatelli M, Alcaraz LD, D'Auria G, Moya A, Guijarro JA. Genome sequence of Lactococcus garvieae UNIUD074, isolated in Italy from a lactococcosis outbreak. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:3684-5. [PMID: 21602331 PMCID: PMC3133331 DOI: 10.1128/jb.05210-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is the etiological agent of lactococcosis disease, affecting many cultured fish species worldwide. In addition, this bacterium is currently considered a potential zoonotic microorganism since it is known to cause several opportunistic human infections. Here we present the draft genome sequence of the L. garvieae strain UNIUD074.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Reimundo
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, IUBA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
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Madinabeitia I, Ohtsuka S, Okuda J, Iwamoto E, Yoshida T, Furukawa M, Nakaoka N, Nakai T. Homogeneity among Lactococcus garvieae isolates from striped jack, Pseudocaranx dentex (Bloch & Schneider), and its ectoparasites. J Fish Dis 2009; 32:901-905. [PMID: 19500211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Madinabeitia
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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Maki T, Santos MD, Kondo H, Hirono I, Aoki T. A transferable 20-kilobase multiple drug resistance-conferring R plasmid (pKL0018) from a fish pathogen (Lactococcus garvieae) is highly homologous to a conjugative multiple drug resistance-conferring enterococcal plasmid. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3370-2. [PMID: 19218406 PMCID: PMC2681645 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00039-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae, the causative agent of lactococcosis, has evolved strains that are highly resistant to antibiotics. Here, the 20,034-bp sequence of L. garvieae conjugative plasmid pKL0018 was determined. It contained two ermB genes and one tetS gene and a backbone more than 96% identical to that of pRE25, an Enterococcus faecalis plasmid from dry sausage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Maki
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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Le Bourgeois P, Bugarel M, Campo N, Daveran-Mingot ML, Labonté J, Lanfranchi D, Lautier T, Pagès C, Ritzenthaler P. The unconventional Xer recombination machinery of Streptococci/Lactococci. PLoS Genet 2008; 3:e117. [PMID: 17630835 PMCID: PMC1914069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination between circular sister chromosomes during DNA replication in bacteria can generate chromosome dimers that must be resolved into monomers prior to cell division. In Escherichia coli, dimer resolution is achieved by site-specific recombination, Xer recombination, involving two paralogous tyrosine recombinases, XerC and XerD, and a 28-bp recombination site (dif) located at the junction of the two replication arms. Xer recombination is tightly controlled by the septal protein FtsK. XerCD recombinases and FtsK are found on most sequenced eubacterial genomes, suggesting that the Xer recombination system as described in E. coli is highly conserved among prokaryotes. We show here that Streptococci and Lactococci carry an alternative Xer recombination machinery, organized in a single recombination module. This corresponds to an atypical 31-bp recombination site (difSL) associated with a dedicated tyrosine recombinase (XerS). In contrast to the E. coli Xer system, only a single recombinase is required to recombine difSL, suggesting a different mechanism in the recombination process. Despite this important difference, XerS can only perform efficient recombination when difSL sites are located on chromosome dimers. Moreover, the XerS/difSL recombination requires the streptococcal protein FtsKSL, probably without the need for direct protein-protein interaction, which we demonstrated to be located at the division septum of Lactococcus lactis. Acquisition of the XerS recombination module can be considered as a landmark of the separation of Streptococci/Lactococci from other firmicutes and support the view that Xer recombination is a conserved cellular function in bacteria, but that can be achieved by functional analogs. In bacteria, genetic information is mainly carried by a single circular chromosome. The replication of this circular molecule sometimes leads to the formation of a chromosome dimer unable to segregate in the daughter cells during the division process. In the bacterial model E. coli, chromosome dimers are resolved in monomers by site-specific recombination: two recombinases (XerC and XerD) cooperatively catalyze the recombination at a chromosomal site (dif), located at the junction of the two replication arms. This recombination is intimately coupled to cell division by the control of the septal protein FtsK. Xer recombination machinery as described in E. coli appears highly conserved among bacterial species. We show by comparative genomics and genetic studies that Streptococci use an alternative Xer recombination system, renamed XerS/difSL, which is composed of a single recombinase phylogenetically unrelated to XerCD proteins and a noncanonical dif site. We also demonstrate that the streptococcal FtsK protein localizes at the division septum and operates the XerS/difSL recombination. This is the first identification of an alternative Xer recombination system in prokaryotes to out knowledge, which might indicate that other unusual chromosome dimer resolution systems could exist in bacterial phyla where a canonical dif site is not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Le Bourgeois
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Microbienne, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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Abstract
The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 15 chemotherapeutic agents were tested against 146 Lactococcus garvieae strains isolated from 1999 to 2006 in Japan. The agents used included chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin (EM), enoxacin, fleroxacin, florfenicol, kanamycin, lincomycin (LCM), norfloxacin, oxolinic acid, orbifloxacin, ofloxacin, benzylpenicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline (TC). Of the tested strains, 46 showed high levels of resistance to EM, LCM and TC. Twelve of these strains were detected to be carrying transferable R-plasmids using a conjugation experiment and, using Southern hybridization, were shown to have the same structure as the R-plasmid. The remaining 34 resistant strains had a similar DNA structure to that of the R-plasmid as confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers designed from sites in the transferable R-plasmid. The EM and TC resistance genes were classified into the ermB and tetS groups using PCR. We also detected gyrA and/or parC mutants that are highly resistant to old and new generation quinolones. This study revealed that transferable R-plasmids encoding EM, LCM and TC are widely distributed and are conserved regardless of the area and/or time of collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Maki
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Yang XQ, Wu JB, Jiang B, Zhao YG, Chen XQ. [PCR-based assembly of the DNA sequence coding for tetanus toxin C fragment]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2008; 28:363-365. [PMID: 18359691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a PCR-based method for gene assembly of tetanus toxin C fragment (TETC) DNA sequence from a large number of oligodeoxyribonucleotides (oligos). METHODS To allow for its cloning and expression in Lactococcus lactis, the TETC gene sequence was designed according to the known TETC gene sequence (GenBank accession number M12739, 367-1719) and the amino acid coding in Lactococcus lactis. The sequence contained 1383 nucleotides (nt) with Sal I site added to its 5' end and Xho I and Hind III sites to its 3' end. There were 209 synonymous codon substitutions in the designed gene sequence as compared with the sequence reported in GenBank for amino acid coding in Lactococcus lactis and elimination of the restriction site of EcoR I and Kpn I. The 1380 nt of the sequence was divided into 68 oligos designated as TETC 1 to TETC 68, each containing 40 nt. A 16 nt oligos designated as TETC 69 was designed as the downstream primer. The TETC 1-24 fragment was acquired using the oligos TETC 1 to TETC 24 by PCR-based gene assembly method, and the TETC 23-46 and TETC45-68 fragments were assembled similarly. The full-length TETC gene was assembled using TETC 1 and TETC 69 as the primers when the 3 fragments were mixed. The target gene was gel-purified and digested with Sal I and Hind III, followed by ligation to the pBluescript II SK(+) and digestion with the same enzymes. The positive clones were confirmed by restriction enzyme excision and sequencing. RESULTS Three 500-bp fragments were acquired by PCR-based gene assembly, and the full-length TETC gene was obtained from the 3 fragment mixed at a equal concentration by a second PCR-based gene assembly using TETC 1 and TETC 69 as the primers. The target gene was cloned to pBluescript II SK(+) vector, and sequence analysis of the positive clones indicated that the assembled sequence was identical to the designed coding sequence of TETC gene. CONCLUSION PCR-based assembly of the synthesized constitutive gene fragments into the complete sequence can be an effective strategy for synthesis of long DNA sequences in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-qiang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Guangzhou 510010, China
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Kawanishi M, Yoshida T, Kijima M, Yagyu K, Nakai T, Okada S, Endo A, Murakami M, Suzuki S, Morita H. Characterization of Lactococcus garvieae isolated from radish and broccoli sprouts that exhibited a KG+ phenotype, lack of virulence and absence of a capsule. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 44:481-7. [PMID: 17451513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify Lactococcus garvieae isolates from radish and broccoli sprouts and compare them with virulent and less virulent mutant strains obtained from yellowtails with regard to KG phenotype, presence of a capsule and virulence towards yellowtails and mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of six isolates obtained from radish and broccoli sprouts indicated that they were L. garvieae (similarity >99%). They were compared with KG9502, Lg2 and ATCC49156 strains obtained from yellowtails. A less virulent mutant strain Lg2-S was obtained by Lg2 subculture. Biochemical characterization of the six strains resembled that of KG9502, Lg2, ATCC49156 and Lg2-S, except for saccharose and tagatose acidification and the presence of hippuricase. These six strains were nonpathogenic towards yellowtails and mice, nonsusceptible to bacteriophages and demonstrated heterogeneity on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. Using transmission electron microscopy, a capsule was observed in KG9502 and Lg2 but not in ATCC49156 and Lg2-S. CONCLUSIONS We isolated L. garvieae strains that lacked pathogenicity towards yellowtails and mice from radish and broccoli sprouts; these were noncapsulated and exhibited KG(+) phenotype. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first documentation of L. garvieae isolated from terrestrial plants. These isolates exhibited genetic diversity; however, they were noncapsulated and nonpathogenic towards yellowtails and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawanishi
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kokubunji, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is considered an emergent pathogen in aquaculture and it is also associated with mastitis in domestic animals as well as human endocarditis and septicaemia. In spite of this, the pathogenic mechanisms of this bacterium are poorly understood. Signature-tagged mutagenesis was used to identify virulence factors and to establish the basis of pathogen-host interactions. A library of 1250 L. garvieae UNIUD074-tagged Tn917 mutants in 25 pools was screened for the ability to grow in fish. Among them, 29 mutants (approx. 2.4 %) were identified which could not be recovered from rainbow trout following infection. Sequence analysis of the tagged Tn917-interrupted genes in these mutants indicated the participation in pathogenesis of the transcriptional regulatory proteins homologous to GidA and MerR; the metabolic enzymes asparagine synthetase A and alpha-acetolactate synthase; the ABC transport system of glutamine and a calcium-transporting ATPase; the dltA locus involved in alanylation of teichoic acids; and hypothetical proteins containing EAL and Eis domains, among others. Competence index experiments in several of the selected mutants confirmed the relevance of the Tn917-interrupted genes in the development of the infection process. The results suggested some of the metabolic routes and enzymic systems necessary for the complete virulence of this bacterium. This work is believed to represent the first report of a genome-wide scan for virulence factors in L. garvieae. The identified genes will further our understanding of the pathogenesis of L. garvieae infections and may provide targets for intervention or lead to the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Menéndez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, IUBA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Lucia Fernández
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, IUBA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Pilar Reimundo
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, IUBA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - José A Guijarro
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, IUBA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Martín-Platero AM, Valdivia E, Maqueda M, Martínez-Bueno M. Fast, convenient, and economical method for isolating genomic DNA from lactic acid bacteria using a modification of the protein “salting-out” procedure. Anal Biochem 2007; 366:102-4. [PMID: 17434438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Martín-Platero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Saubusse M, Millet L, Delbès C, Callon C, Montel MC. Application of Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism — PCR method for distinguishing cheese bacterial communities that inhibit Listeria monocytogenes. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 116:126-35. [PMID: 17306399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the microbial communities of different cheeses where Listeria monocytogenes either grew or did not grow. For this purpose, (i) isolates from the most inhibitory cheese ecosystem were identified and their ability to produce anti-Listeria substances was determined, (ii) bacterial communities of cheeses with and without L. monocytogenes growth were compared using the Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism method. The study showed SSCP to be an effective tool for differentiating between the bacterial communities of different cheeses manufactured with the same technology. All the cheeses with the lowest L. monocytogenes counts on day 8 were distinguished by the dominance in their SSCP profiles, after amplification of the V2 region of the 16S rRNA gene, of 3 peaks whose nucleotide sequences comigrated with Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus saccharominimus, Chryseobacterium sp and Corynebacterium flavescens, Lactococcus garvieae and Lactococcus lactis respectively. However, no anti-Listeria compounds were produced under our experimental conditions. These six bacterial species were inoculated, separately or together, into pasteurised milk and their anti-listerial activity in cheese was evaluated. The area of inhibition between the control and trial curves confirmed that L. monocytogenes is inhibited by E. saccharominimus, C. flavescens, L. lactis, L. garvieae and the mixture of all six bacterial strains. Further studies should be performed to determine the metabolites involved in L. monocytogenes inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saubusse
- Unité de Recherches Fromagères URF 545, INRA, F-15000 Aurillac, France
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Shin GW, Palaksha KJ, Kim YR, Nho SW, Cho JH, Heo NE, Heo GJ, Park SC, Jung TS. Immunoproteomic analysis of capsulate and non-capsulate strains of Lactococcus garvieae. Vet Microbiol 2007; 119:205-12. [PMID: 16997511 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A comparative immunoproteomic study was carried out to investigate the immunogenicity of capsulate (KG9408) and non-capsulate (NSS9310) strains of Lactococcus garvieae. Immunoblot assays, following two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) for L. garvieae strains, revealed a significant difference between anti-capsulate and anti-non-capsulate rabbit sera with respect to the number and antigenicity of antigenic spots. Anti-capsulate and anti-non-capsulate rabbit sera reacted with an average of 72 and 127 antigenic spots, respectively. The strong reaction of anti-non-capsulate sera with elongation factor (EF)-G and -Tu, and GMP synthase, of the L. garvieae strains identifies these as specific major antigens. This study clearly demonstrates the differences in 2-DE immunoblot profiles between the capsulate and non-capsulate strains of L. garvieae. These differences may be the reason for variations in immunogenicity between capsulate and non-capsulate strains. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, arginine deaminase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase were identified from the 2-DE immunoblot profiles of both strains. Therefore, these common antigens are potential markers for the development of vaccines against L. garvieae, irrespective of strain. Immunoproteomics, a powerful tool for studying antigens at the proteomic level, allowed a comparative investigation of the immunogenicity of capsulate and non-capsulate strains of L. garvieae for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Shin
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
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Turner MS, Waldherr F, Loessner MJ, Giffard PM. Antimicrobial activity of lysostaphin and a Listeria monocytogenes bacteriophage endolysin produced and secreted by lactic acid bacteria. Syst Appl Microbiol 2007; 30:58-67. [PMID: 16490333 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2006.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The expression and secretion signals of the Sep protein from Lactobacillus fermentum BR11 were used to direct export of two peptidoglycan hydrolases by Lb. fermentum BR11, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917 and Lactococcus lactis MG1363. The production levels, hydrolytic and bacteriocidal activities of the Listeria monocytogenes bacteriophage N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase endolysin Ply511 and the glycylglycine endopeptidase lysostaphin were examined. Buffering of the growth media to a neutral pH allowed detection of Ply511 and lysostaphin peptidoglycan hydrolytic activity from all lactic acid bacteria. It was found that purified Ply511 has a pH activity range similar to that of lysostaphin with both enzymes functioning optimally under alkaline conditions. Supernatants from lactobacilli expressing lysostaphin reduced viability of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by approximately 8 log(10) CFU/ml compared to controls. However, supernatants containing Ply511 were unable to control L. monocytogenes growth. In coculture experiments, both Lb. plantarum and Lb. fermentum synthesizing lysostaphin were able to effectively reduce MRSA cell numbers by >7.4 and 1.7 log(10)CFU/ml, respectively, while lactic acid bacteria secreting Ply511 were unable to significantly inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes. Our results demonstrate that lysostaphin and Ply511 can be expressed in an active form from different lactic acid bacteria and lysostaphin showed superior killing activity. Lactobacilli producing lysostaphin may have potential for in situ biopreservation in foodstuffs or for prevention of S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Turner
- Infectious Diseases Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, G.P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.
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Treimo J, Vegarud G, Langsrud T, Rudi K. Use of DNA quantification to measure growth and autolysis of Lactococcus and Propionibacterium spp. in mixed populations. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:6174-82. [PMID: 16957244 PMCID: PMC1563649 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00515-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autolysis is self-degradation of the bacterial cell wall that results in the release of enzymes and DNA. Autolysis of starter bacteria, such as lactococci and propionibacteria, is essential for cheese ripening, but our understanding of this important process is limited. This is mainly because the current tools for measuring autolysis cannot readily be used for analysis of bacteria in mixed populations. We have now addressed this problem by species-specific detection and quantification of free DNA released during autolysis. This was done by use of 16S rRNA gene single-nucleotide extension probes in combination with competitive PCR. We analyzed pure and mixed populations of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and three different species of Propionibacterium. Results showed that L. lactis subsp. lactis INF L2 autolyzed first, followed by Propionibacterium acidipropionici ATCC 4965, Propionibacterium freudenreichii ISU P59, and then Propionibacterium jensenii INF P303. We also investigated the autolytic effect of rennet (commonly used in cheese production). We found that the effect was highly strain specific, with all the strains responding differently. Finally, autolysis of L. lactis subsp. lactis INF L2 and P. freudenreichii ISU P59 was analyzed in a liquid cheese model. Autolysis was detected later in this cheese model system than in broth media. A challenge with DNA, however, is DNA degradation. We addressed this challenge by using a DNA degradation marker. We obtained a good correlation between the degradation of the marker and the target in a model experiment. We conclude that our DNA approach will be a valuable tool for use in future analyses and for understanding autolysis in mixed bacterial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Treimo
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 As, Norway.
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Flórez AB, de Los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Wind A, Mayo B, Margolles A. Ubiquity and diversity of multidrug resistance genes inLactococcus lactisstrains isolated between 1936 and 1995. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 263:21-5. [PMID: 16958846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence and the nucleotide sequence of four multidrug resistance genes, lmrA, lmrP, lmrC, and lmrD, were investigated in 13 strains of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis, four strains of Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris, two strains of Lactococcus plantarum, and two strains of Lactococcus raffinolactis. Multidrug resistance genes were present in all L. lactis isolates tested. However, none of them could be detected in the strains belonging to the species L. raffinolactis and L. plantarum, suggesting a different set of multidrug resistance genes in these species. The analysis of the four deduced amino acid sequences established two different variants depending on the subspecies of L. lactis. Either lmrA, or lmrP, or both were found naturally disrupted in five strains, while full-length lmrD was present in all strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Flórez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
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Abstract
AIMS We describe a novel DNA-micro-array-based method that targets 16S rDNA to quantify changes in both the total bacterial DNA and the species-specific DNA composition. METHODS AND RESULTS Quantifications were achieved by combining competitive PCR for quantifying total bacterial DNA with quantification of species-specific DNA composition based on signature 16S rDNA sequences. We constructed 11 different probes, which were evaluated on 21 different strains, in addition to complex samples. The signals obtained with sequence-specific labelling of the probes corresponded well with what should be expected based on 16S rDNA phylogenetic reconstruction. The quantification of species-specific DNA composition showed that the micro-array approach could be used to accurately determine differential growth of bacteria in mixed samples. We analysed samples containing mixtures of Lactococcus lactis and different species of propionibacteria during a 2-week incubation period. Lactococcus lactis grew fast, reaching a maximum after 12 h, Propionibacterium acidipropionici and Propionibacterium freudenreichii reached a maximum after 48 h, whereas Propionibacterium jensenii showed a slow increase during the whole growth period. The 16S rDNA total bacterial DNA quantification was compared with real-time PCR, absorbance measurements (ABS600) and colony forming units (CFU). CONCLUSION The accuracy of the array approach was in the same range or better than the alternative techniques. The potential of the 16S rDNA micro-array method was further demonstrated using a liquid cheese model. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is to our knowledge the first time quantification of the total bacterial DNA and the species-specific DNA compositions of mixed populations have been achieved in the same assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Treimo
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway.
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Burne RA, Bessen DE, Broadbent JR, Claverys JP. The Seventh International Conference on the Genetics of Streptococci, Lactococci, and Enterococci. J Bacteriol 2006; 189:1209-18. [PMID: 17012391 PMCID: PMC1797339 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01363-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Burne
- Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA.
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Vinh DC, Nichol KA, Rand F, Embil JM. Native-valve bacterial endocarditis caused by Lactococcus garvieae. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 56:91-4. [PMID: 16650958 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of definite Lactococcus garvieae native-valve endocarditis. The diagnosis was suspected in a patient presenting with congestive heart failure and found to have Enterococcus hirae bacteremia, with a history of L. garvieae bacteremia 1 month prior. Diagnosis was confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the 2 isolates and the demonstration of aortic valve vegetations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Vinh
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E OW3
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