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Armwood AR, Cañete-Gibas CF, Dill-Okubo JA, Wiederhold NP, Camus AC. Retrospective study of phaeohyphomycosis in aquarium-housed fish, with first descriptions of Exophiala lecanii-corni and Neodevriesia cladophorae in fish. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1563-1577. [PMID: 34148252 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A broadening fish host range is affected by novel and known pigmented fungal pathogens. A review of 2,250 piscine submissions received by the Aquatic Pathology Service, University of Georgia, revealed 47 phaeohyphomycosis cases (2.1%), representing 34 bony and cartilaginous fish species. The majority involved bony fish (45/47, 95.7%) and were predominantly marine (41/47, 87.2%), with only a few freshwater species (4/47, 8.5%). Cartilaginous fish cases included two zebra sharks (Stegostoma fasciatum) (2/47, 4.3%). Northern seahorses (Hippocampus erectus) had the highest incidence overall (7/47, 14.9%). Culture and sequencing of the internal-transcribed spacer region of the rDNA (ITS), large ribosomal subunit gene D1/D2 domains (LSU) and the DNA polymerase II gene (RPB2) were performed for fungal identification when fresh tissue was obtainable. Exophiala, Ochroconis and Neodevriesia spp. were identified, with Exophiala as the most common fungal genus (8/11, 72.7%). Exophiala lecanii-corni and Neodevriesia cladophorae were described for the first time from fish. Microscopically, lesions were characterized by necrosis, granulomatous inflammation and angioinvasion most frequently affecting the skin/fin, skeletal muscle and kidneys. In this study of diverse aquarium-housed fish species, phaeohyphomycosis cases occurred sporadically and in rare outbreaks with variable pathologic presentations, tissue distributions and severities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Armwood
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Connie F Cañete-Gibas
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Nathan P Wiederhold
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alvin C Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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2
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Waller SB, Ferreira MRA, Gomes ADR, Ripoll MK, Silva AL, Martins ODA, Osorio LDG, Conceição FR, De Faria RO, Meireles MCA. Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to Aureobasidium pullulans infection in a dog. Vet Ital 2021; 57. [PMID: 34971512 DOI: 10.12834/vetit.1821.9620.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis in a dog with an ulcerative lesion on the right limb during a post-operative period of castration was described for the first time. The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the fungal colonies growth on the Sabouraud‑dextrose agar were detailed. The fungus was identified as Aureobasidium pullulans on the basis of the phenotypic analysis, which was confirmed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of rDNA. The patient might have acquired the infection through traumatic inoculation by environmental contact, along with the immunological condition during the stressful period of postoperative. The spontaneous remission of the lesion was observed in five weeks without antifungal treatment. This work highlights the importance of considering the pathogenic potential of this environmental fungus and the need of including it in the differential diagnosis of cutaneous lesions in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Bressan Waller
- Department of Veterinary Preventive, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas/RS, Brasil.
| | | | - Angelita Dos Reis Gomes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia Kutscher Ripoll
- Department of Veterinary Preventive, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
| | - Anna Luiza Silva
- Department of Veterinary Preventive, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
| | - Otávia de Almeida Martins
- Department of Veterinary Preventive, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
| | - Luiza da Gama Osorio
- Department of Veterinary Preventive, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Rochedo Conceição
- Center for Technological Development, Faculty of Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas / RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Osório De Faria
- Department of Veterinary Preventive, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
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3
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Groff JM, Mok MY, Kubiski SV, Michel AO, Cortés-Hinojosa GA, Byrne BA, Wickes BL, Scott Weber E, Campbell LA, Waltzek TB. Phaeohyphomycosis due to Veronaea botryosa in cultured white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson) from California USA during 2006 to 2015. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:793-801. [PMID: 33332625 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Veronaea botryosa can result in rare cutaneous or disseminated, granulomatous to pyogranulomatous phaeohyphomycosis in humans, although disease due to the fungus has also been reported in non-mammalian vertebrates. This report documents disease due to V. botryosa in captive, juvenile to subadult or young adult white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson) from California USA and complements a previous report of the disease in captive Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) from Florida USA. Pathological examinations revealed granulomatous to pyogranulomatous inflammation of multiple organs. Isolates of the fungal agent were phenotypically consistent with V. botryosa, and molecular analyses of the D1/D2 region of the fungal 28S rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region located between the fungal 18S and 28S rRNA genes confirmed the aetiologic agent as V. botryosa. The disease in captive sturgeon results in a considerable economic encumbrance to the producer due to the loss of the cumulative financial resources invested in the production of older subadult to young adult sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Groff
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mai Y Mok
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Steven V Kubiski
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Adam O Michel
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Galaxia A Cortés-Hinojosa
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Barbara A Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian L Wickes
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - E Scott Weber
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lori A Campbell
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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4
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Yazdi Z, Griffin MJ, Pierezan F, Eetemadi A, Shahin K, Soto E. Quantitative PCR for detection and quantification of Veronaea botryosa in fish and environmental samples. Dis Aquat Organ 2021; 144:175-185. [PMID: 33955855 DOI: 10.3354/dao03582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Systemic phaeohyphomycosis, aka 'fluid belly', is one of the most important emergent diseases in sturgeon Acipenser spp. aquaculture. The etiologic agent is the saprobic, dematiaceous fungus Veronaea botryosa. Effective vaccines and chemotherapeutic treatments are currently unavailable. Additionally, the fungus is a slow-growing organism, taking from 10-15 d for colonies to be observed in agar media. To this end, a specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting the V. botryosa β-tubulin gene was developed and validated. The specificity of the assay to V. botryosa was initially confirmed in silico and in vivo against common fungal fish pathogens, including closely related members of the order Chaetothyriales (Exophiala spp.) and other black pigmented fungi (Alternaria spp. and Cladosporium spp.), as well as tissues from uninfected sturgeon. The assay possessed high clinical specificity (100%) and clinical sensitivity (74%) in detecting V. botryosa DNA in splenic tissues from laboratory-infected sturgeon. Using V. botryosa genomic DNA as a template, the limit of detection was equivalent to 10 conidia, and the method was found suitable for the detection of fungal DNA in fresh and formalin-fixed tissues. In addition, the presence of non-target DNA from white sturgeon did not influence assay sensitivity. The developed qPCR assay is a sensitive, specific, and rapid diagnostic method for the detection and quantification of V. botryosa DNA from white sturgeon tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Yazdi
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, USA
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5
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Peel MJ, Adams L, Stevens B, Garner MM, Maguire C. Systemic phaeohyphomycosis in splitnose rockfish (Sebastes diploproa) caused by Devriesia sp. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:639-644. [PMID: 33501653 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel pathogen was documented after two wild-caught, juvenile, splitnose rockfish presented with buphthalmia, grey corneal endothelial plaques and evidence of uveitis. Cytologic evaluation of ocular contents revealed fungal hyphae. Histologic evaluation identified multiple fungal granulomas and granulomatous inflammation in the globes, periocular tissue and heart. Fungi were slender, hyphenated and branched at angles, had parallel cell walls and had brown pigmentation in haematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections. Both fish were diagnosed with phaeohyphomycosis. Culture with nuclear ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) segment identification further classified the fungus as Devriesia sp., which has not been previously documented as a cause of disease in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Peel
- Veterinary Department, Clinic for the Rehabilitation of Wildlife, Sanibel, FL, USA
| | - Lance Adams
- Husbandry Department, Aquarium of the Pacific, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Brittany Stevens
- Husbandry Department, Aquarium of the Pacific, Long Beach, CA, USA
- Veterinary Department, California Science Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Cheryl Maguire
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
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6
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Balducci JJ, Barber RM, McHale BJ, Stanton JB, Ryan CA. Cladophialophora encephalitis in an alpaca. Can Vet J 2020; 61:142-146. [PMID: 32020931 PMCID: PMC6973208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A 4-year-old Huacaya hembra was evaluated for acute neurologic signs including recumbency and a left head tilt. Cranial nerve examination revealed a left ear droop, muzzle deviation to the right, mydriasis of the left eye, an absent menace response, bilateral absent pupillary light reflex when light was directed into the left eye, and bilateral horizontal nystagmus with fast phase to the right. Multifocal intracranial lesions were suspected. Computed tomography revealed an intracranial mass. Postmortem examination, histopathology, and sequencing of a polymerase chain reaction product confirmed a diagnosis of phaeohyphomycotic meningoencephalitis caused by Cladophialophora bantiana. Key clinical message: Advanced diagnostic imaging (computed tomography) was useful in achieving a diagnosis of an intracranial mass in an alpaca with acute neurological signs, later confirmed to be central nervous system (CNS) phaeohyphomycosis. Although uncommon, intracranial fungal infection should be considered as a differential diagnosis in camelid patients exhibiting CNS signs, particularly if they do not respond to initial antimicrobial and anthelmintic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Balducci
- Department of Large Animal Medicine (Balducci, Ryan), Department of Small Animal Medicine (Barber), Department of Pathology (McHale, Stanton), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Renee M Barber
- Department of Large Animal Medicine (Balducci, Ryan), Department of Small Animal Medicine (Barber), Department of Pathology (McHale, Stanton), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Brittany J McHale
- Department of Large Animal Medicine (Balducci, Ryan), Department of Small Animal Medicine (Barber), Department of Pathology (McHale, Stanton), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - James B Stanton
- Department of Large Animal Medicine (Balducci, Ryan), Department of Small Animal Medicine (Barber), Department of Pathology (McHale, Stanton), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Clare A Ryan
- Department of Large Animal Medicine (Balducci, Ryan), Department of Small Animal Medicine (Barber), Department of Pathology (McHale, Stanton), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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7
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Saraiva M, Beckmann MJ, Pflaum S, Pearson M, Carcajona D, Treasurer JW, van West P. Exophiala angulospora infection in hatchery-reared lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) broodstock. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:335-343. [PMID: 30632621 PMCID: PMC6378594 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Samples from moribund lumpfish were collected in a marine hatchery in Scotland in 2015. Black nodules were noted on the skin, and gills and fungal hyphae were extensively distributed in musculature and internal organs. Multifocal chronic inflammatory lesions displaced structures in all affected organs. Mortalities commenced on completion of spawning in May and were evenly distributed over the second year in the temperature range 11-15°C. The main systemic infection causing agent was initially identified based on morphological characteristics as an Exophiala species. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) ITS regions of the isolates were subsequently sequenced confirming the isolates belonged to Exophiala genus. All isolates fell in a single phylogenetic cluster, which is represented by Exophiala angulospora. Fish were treated with either formalin or Bronopol or a combination of both, but there was no effect on the pattern or numbers of mortalities. Isolates were also tested against three different concentrations of Latrunculin A, Amphotericin B and Itraconazole with no success. It is of utmost importance to increase the knowledge on pathogen-host interactions to successfully develop sustainable control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Saraiva
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, International Centre for Aquaculture Research and DevelopmentInstitute of Medical SciencesForesterhill, AberdeenUK
| | - Max J. Beckmann
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, International Centre for Aquaculture Research and DevelopmentInstitute of Medical SciencesForesterhill, AberdeenUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Pieter van West
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, International Centre for Aquaculture Research and DevelopmentInstitute of Medical SciencesForesterhill, AberdeenUK
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8
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Seilern-Moy K, Fernandez JRR, Macgregor SK, John SK, Linton C, Cunningham AA, Lawson B. Fatal phaeohyphomycosis due to Exophiala sp. infection in a free-living common toad Bufo bufo. Dis Aquat Organ 2019; 133:19-24. [PMID: 30997881 DOI: 10.3354/dao03341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A wild adult female common toad Bufo bufo found dead in Scotland in September 2016 was observed to have hepatomegaly, a large soft tissue mass in the coelomic cavity (2.7 g, 3.5 × 2.3 × 1.8 cm) and numerous dark-red papules (1-2 mm diameter) in the skin and subjacent tissue over the back and dorsal aspects of the limbs. Histopathological examination identified marked hepatitis and coelomitis associated with pigmented fungal hyphae, which are results consistent with a diagnosis of phaeohyphomycosis. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region and the D1-D2 region of the large subunit of the ribosomal RNA gene from affected liver tissue identified the presence of Exophiala (Chaetothyriales) sp., a black yeast previously identified as a cause of amphibian phaeohyphomycosis. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of Exophiala sp. in a wild or captive amphibian in Europe and the first description of phaeohyphomycosis affecting a free-living amphibian in Great Britain. Exophiala spp. are saprobes and opportunistic pathogens. It has been postulated that phaeohyphomycosis is a disease of immunocompromised amphibians; however, we found no evidence of significant concurrent infection or generalised debility in this common toad. Phaeohyphomycosis appears to be a sporadic cause of mortality in amphibians, and this report adds to the growing list of pathogens known to affect wild amphibians in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Seilern-Moy
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
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9
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Řehulka J, Kolařík M, Hubka V. Disseminated infection due to Exophiala pisciphila in Cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:1015-1024. [PMID: 27982440 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz, 1956), kept in an ornamental tank, was found to be affected by severe invasive mycosis. Externally, the disease manifested as abdominal swelling, and internally, the anterior part of the intestine was extremely bloated with abundant dematiaceous septate hyphae and an accumulation of fluid. Histopathologically, a granulomatous inflammatory response was observed in the intestine wall, kidney and spleen. We assume that the mycotic agent was primarily deposited in the intestine and was then gradually disseminated to the other organs. DNA sequencing of ITS and LSU rDNA regions and phenotypic characterization were used for identification of the isolated fungus. The obtained data confirmed that the infection was caused by Exophiala pisciphila. The disease was subsequently reproduced in the carp fingerling using intramuscular and intraperitoneal injection of a spore suspension. The 13th day after intramuscular infection, a marked elevation of neutrophils was recorded in the peripheral blood; this involved a proliferation of band forms and segmented forms. As far as we know, this is the first report of infection due to E. pisciphila in Cardinal tetra.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Řehulka
- Department of Zoology, Silesian Museum, Opava, Czech Republic
| | - M Kolařík
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - V Hubka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 4, Czech Republic
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10
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Jennings JE. Phaeohyphomycosis due to Pyrenophora phaeocomes and Drechslera nobleae in an Appaloosa mare. Can Vet J 2016; 57:431-433. [PMID: 27041763 PMCID: PMC4790237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A 21-year-old Appaloosa mare was presented with a pigmented cutaneous mass at the base of the right side of the neck. The diagnosis of phaeohyphomycosis due to pigmented fungi, known as Pyrenophora phaeocomes and Drechslera nobleae, was made based on a histopathology report followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 18S rRNA gene sequencing. The mass was surgically excised with clean margins, which is usually curative.
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Donnelly K, Waltzek TB, Wellehan JFX, Sutton DA, Wiederhold NP, Stacy BA. Phaeohyphomycosis resulting in obstructive tracheitis in three green sea turtles Chelonia mydas stranded along the Florida coast. Dis Aquat Organ 2015; 113:257-262. [PMID: 25850403 DOI: 10.3354/dao02843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Three wild immature green sea turtles Chelonia mydas were found alive but lethargic on the shores of the Indian River Lagoon and Gulf of Mexico in Florida, USA, and subsequently died. Necropsy findings in all 3 turtles included partial occlusion of the trachea by a mass comprised of granulomatous inflammation. Pigmented fungal hyphae were observed within the lesion by histology and were characterized by culture and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 domain of the rRNA gene and D1/D2 region of the fungal 28s gene. The dematiaceous fungus species Veronaea botryosa was isolated from the tracheal mass in 2 cases, and genetic sequence of V. botryosa was detected by polymerase chain reaction in all 3 cases. Genetic sequencing and fungal cultures also detected other dematiaceous fungi, including a Cladosporium sp., an Ochroconis sp., and a Cochliobolus sp. These cases are the first report of phaeohyphomycosis caused by V. botryosa in wild marine animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Donnelly
- University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, PO Box 110880, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
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Overy DP, Groman D, Giles J, Duffy S, Rommens M, Johnson G. Exophiala angulospora Causes Systemic Mycosis in Atlantic Halibut: a Case Report. J Aquat Anim Health 2015; 27:12-19. [PMID: 25496596 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2014.953266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous black yeasts from the genus Exophiala are ubiquitous, opportunistic pathogens causing both superficial and systemic mycoses in warm- and cold-blooded animals. Infections by black yeasts have been reported relatively frequently in a variety of captive and farmed freshwater and marine fishes. In November 2012, moribund and recently dead, farm-raised Atlantic Halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus were necropsied to determine the cause of death. Histopathology revealed that three of seven fish were affected by a combination of an ascending trans-ductual granulomatous mycotic nephritis, necrotizing histiocytic encephalitis, and in one fish the addition of a fibrogranulomatous submucosal branchitis. Microbial cultures of kidney using selective mycotic media revealed pure growth of a black-pigmenting septated agent. Application of molecular and phenotypic taxonomy methodologies determined that all three isolates were genetically consistent with Exophiala angulospora. This is the first report of E. angulospora as the causal agent of systemic mycosis in Atlantic Halibut.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Overy
- a Department of Pathology and Microbiology , University of Prince Edward Island , 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 , Canada
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13
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Costa Sidrim JJ, Carvalho VL, Branco de Souza Collares Maia DC, Nogueira Brilhante RS, de Meirelles ACO, Negrão Silva CP, de Aguiar Cordeiro R, Bezerra Moreira JL, de Jesus Pinheiro Gomes Bandeira T, Gadelha Rocha MF. Bipolaris hawaiiensis as an emerging cause of cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis in an Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus. Dis Aquat Organ 2015; 113:69-73. [PMID: 25667338 DOI: 10.3354/dao02827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phaeohyphomycoses are emerging and opportunistic diseases caused by dematiaceous fungi that infect many animal species. This paper describes a case of cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis in an Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus caused by Bipolaris hawaiiensis. Blackish skin lesions were observed in an Antillean manatee calf held captive in Brazil. Direct examination of skin scraping from the affected areas revealed the presence of dematious hyphae. Culture of skin fragments led to the isolation and subsequent identification of B. hawaiiensis as the etiologic agent. Treatment with itraconazole for 14 d was effective. Infections by Bipolaris spp. are rare in animals, and this is the first report of B. hawaiiensis in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center (CEMM), Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-270 Brazil
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14
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Camus A, Berliner A, Hyatt M, Hatcher N, Clauss T. Exophiala xenobiotica aerocystitis in a Queensland grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch). J Fish Dis 2015; 38:221-225. [PMID: 24397705 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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15
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Gjessing MC, Davey M, Kvellestad A, Vrålstad T. Exophiala angulospora causes systemic inflammation in atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Dis Aquat Organ 2011; 96:209-219. [PMID: 22132499 DOI: 10.3354/dao02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Species of Exophiala are opportunistic fungal pathogens that may infect a broad range of warm- and cold-blooded animals, including salmonids and Atlantic cod. In the present study, we observed abnormal swimming behaviour and skin pigmentation and increased mortality in cod kept in an indoor tank. Necropsy revealed foci of different sizes with a greyish to brownish colour in internal organs of diseased fish. The foci consisted of ramifying darkly pigmented fungal hyphae surrounded by distinct layers of inflammatory cells, including macrophage-like cells. In the inner layer with many hyphae, the macrophage-like cells were dead. We observed no apparent restriction of fungal growth by the inflammatory response. A darkly pigmented fungus was repeatedly isolated in pure culture from foci of diseased fish and identified as Exophiala angulospora using morphological and molecular characters. This species has not been previously reported to cause disease in cod, but has been reported as an opportunistic pathogen of both marine and freshwater fish. Based on the morphology and sequence analysis presented here, we conclude that E. angulospora caused the observed chronic multifocal inflammation in internal organs of cod, leading to severe disease and mortality.
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Haschek WM, Kasali OB. A case of cutaneous feline phaeohyphomycosis caused by Phialophora gougerotti. Cornell Vet 1977; 67:467-471. [PMID: 25087299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A case of severe focal granulomatous dermatitis in a 10-year-old neutered male domestic short-haired cat due to a dematiaceous fungus, Phialophora gougerotii is described. The infection is believed to be secondary to squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal septum.
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