1
|
González MA, Duvallet G, Morel D, de Blas I, Barrio E, Ruiz-Arrondo I. An Integrated Pest Management Strategy Approach for the Management of the Stable Fly Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). INSECTS 2024; 15:222. [PMID: 38667353 PMCID: PMC11050470 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, stand as formidable pests with a global impact, inflicting significant economic losses on the livestock sector. Larval development occurs in diverse substrates, including decomposing plant material and manure, while emerged adults pose a threat through blood-feeding on both animals and humans. Conventional chemical control methods, predominantly reliant on insecticides, not only pose environmental risks but also face challenges of resistance among stable fly populations. To address this pressing issue, we propose an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for stable fly control. This approach involved a combination of sanitary-cultural practices, animal protection, the release of natural enemies targeting immature stages, and a specialized trapping system for adults. The Stomoxycc® trap, designed for mass trapping of adult Stomoxys, was employed alongside the release of the predatory mite Macrocheles robustulus and two wasp parasitoids, Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor (under the commercial brands Biomite® and Biowasp®) on animal bedding as a key component of this IPM strategy. The implementation of this initiative has been undertaken at a significant sanctuary for donkeys and mules in western Spain. In this publication, we present the application and results of the IPM strategy utilized and provide insights into its use as a sustainable and environmentally friendly option for controlling stable fly populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikel A. González
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación y Cambio Global, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), 41092 Sevilla, Spain;
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER ESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gérard Duvallet
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Université Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 34199 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ignacio de Blas
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (I.d.B.); or (I.R.-A.)
| | - Elena Barrio
- El Refugio del Burrito, 06394 Bodonal de la Sierra, Spain;
| | - Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (I.d.B.); or (I.R.-A.)
- Center for Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, San Pedro University Hospital-CIBIR, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bonina V, Arpaia S. The use of RNA interference for the management of arthropod pests in livestock farms. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:631-646. [PMID: 37401856 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Pest management in farm animals is an important action to contain economic damage to livestock production and prevent transmission of severe diseases to the stock. The use of chemical insecticides is still the most common approach followed by farmers; however, avoiding possible toxic effects on animals is a fundamental task for pest control measures compatible with animal well-being. Moreover, legal constraints and insurgence of resistance by target species to the available insecticidal compounds are increasingly complicating farmers' operations. Alternatives to chemical pesticides have been explored with some promising results in the area of biological control or the use of natural products as sprays. The application of RNA interference techniques has enabled the production of new means of pest control in agriculture, and it is opening a promising avenue for controlling arthropod pests of livestock. Transcript depletion of specific target genes of the recipient organisms is based on the action of double-strand RNAs (dsRNA) capable of impairing the production of fundamental proteins. Their mode of action, based on the specific recognition of short genomic sequences, is expected to be highly selective towards non-target organisms potentially exposed; in addition, there are physical and chemical barriers to dsRNA uptake by mammalian cells that render these products practically innocuous for higher animals. Summarising existing literature on gene silencing for main taxa of arthropod pests of livestock (Acarina, Diptera, Blattoidea), this review explores the perspectives of practical applications of dsRNA-based pesticides against the main pests of farm animals. Knowledge gaps are summarised to stimulate additional research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bonina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Arpaia
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, TERIN-BBC Research Centre Trisaia, Rotondella, Matera, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schwarz L, Hamar F, Bernreiter-Hofer T, Loncaric I, Arnold M, Voglmayr T, Ladinig A. Bleeding skin lesions in gestating sows of a piglet producing farm in Austria. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:52. [PMID: 37964382 PMCID: PMC10647148 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stomoxys calcitrans, the stable fly, occurs in pig producing countries worldwide. While in cattle the impact of this blood sucking insect is quite well described, its role in pig production is poorly investigated. Here we describe a case of a massive stable fly overpopulation in the gestation unit of a piglet producing farm in Austria that resulted in bleeding skin lesions in bitten sows. CASE PRESENTATION In October 2021, the responsible herd veterinarian of the case farm reported of sows in the gestation area presenting with bloody crusts on the whole skin surface of the body and of bleeding skin lesions. 33/55 sows were affected by moderate to severe skin lesions. Reproductive performance decreased during the time of massive stable fly overpopulation. Sows in the gestation unit showed defensive behaviour and at a certain time point resigned and accepted being bitten by stable flies. After controlling the fly population, reproductive performance improved and even exceeded the performance before the massive overgrowth of the stable fly population. CONCLUSIONS Stable flies are a serious harm to pigs and should be kept in mind for improved animal health and welfare. Knowledge about the determination of Stomoxys calcitrans and early recognition of an increasing stable fly population in pig farming systems followed by proper insect control measures have to be performed to reduce losses caused by this harming insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schwarz
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Flora Hamar
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Bernreiter-Hofer
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Tierarztpraxis an der Nordbahn, Strasshof, Austria
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirjam Arnold
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Animal Health I, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Klakankhai W, Sathantriphop S, Ngoenklan R, Dada N, Muenworn V, Khawniam T, Tainchum K. Chemical Profiles and Lethal Toxicities of Native Botanical Insecticides for the Control of Musca domestica Linnaeus and Stomoxys indicus Picard (Diptera: Muscidae) in Songkhla Province, Thailand. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:249-255. [PMID: 36545896 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Livestock farming is currently reducing the use of synthetic insecticides because of the development of resistance in insect pests. Plant-based bioinsecticides are considered alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Therefore, the present study investigated the chemical composition and discriminating concentrations (DCs) of essential oils from Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and L. M. Perry (SA), Cinnamomum porrectum (Roxb.) Kosterm (CP), and Litsea cubeba (Loureiro) Persoon (LC) against laboratory-reared Musca domestica (larvae and adults) and field-derived Stomoxys indicus (adults) using larval dip and adult contact bioassays. All essential oils were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. The most common components in the SA, CP, and LC oils were eugenol, safrole, and terpenoids, respectively. The results of a larval test indicated that CP was most effective against M. domestica with a DC of 6.134% v/v. In adult bioassays, CP was also the most toxic oil against M. domestica (DC = 30.644% v/v), whereas SA displayed the greatest toxicity against S. indicus (DC = 1.434% v/v). Moreover, in the larval bioassay results of oils tested at 1, 5, and 10% v/v in M. domestica, 1% and 5% v/v CP had the shortest median lethal times values of 68.88 and 19.44 min, respectively, whereas, at 10% v/v, SA displayed the shortest median lethal time (0.03 min), followed by CP (1.74 min) and LC (19.02 min). However, additional data are needed to further evaluate the semi-field and field effects of CP and SA on M. domestica and S. indicus under realistic operational conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warin Klakankhai
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sunaiyana Sathantriphop
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Ratchadawan Ngoenklan
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nsa Dada
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Vithee Muenworn
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Tassanee Khawniam
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Krajana Tainchum
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lorn S, Klakankhai W, Nusen P, Sumarnrote A, Tainchum K. Pyrethroid Susceptibility in Stomoxys calcitrans and Stomoxys indicus (Diptera: Muscidae) Collected from Cattle Farms in Southern Thailand. INSECTS 2022; 13:711. [PMID: 36005336 PMCID: PMC9409396 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility to six pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin, deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and bifenthrin), each at the recommended concentration, was evaluated for two stable fly species-Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758) and Stomoxys indicus Picard, 1908 (Diptera: Muscidae)-through tarsal contact using a World Health Organization (WHO) cone bioassay procedure. The field populations of S. calcitrans were collected from the Songkhla and Phattalung provinces, while S. indicus were collected from the Phattalung and Satun provinces in Thailand. The stable flies were exposed to insecticide-treated filter paper for 30 min, and their knockdown counts at 30 min and 60 min and mortality counts at 12 h and 24 h were recorded. The S. calcitrans and S. indicus Songkhla and Phattalung populations were moderately susceptible to pyrethroids, as indicated by the 24 h mortality. Nonetheless, the Satun population of S. indicus was completely susceptible to permethrin, with 100% mortality, and showed the lowest susceptibility to deltamethrin and bifenthrin. The results indicate the generally low susceptibility of stable flies to pyrethroids in the southern provinces of Thailand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sokchan Lorn
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Department of Foundation Year, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh 12211, Cambodia
| | - Warin Klakankhai
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Pitunart Nusen
- Animal Production Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Anchana Sumarnrote
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Krajana Tainchum
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Desquesnes M, Thaisungnoen K, Chalermwong P, Nevot A, Fossaert C, Lucas A, Onju S, Boonsaen P, Jittapalapong S. The Use of “Tail-Pedometers” to Evaluate the Impact of Dipterans in Feeder Cattle. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070616. [PMID: 35886792 PMCID: PMC9320480 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Hematophagous flies are a pest for livestock due to their bites, annoyance and the diseases they transmit. Cattle exposed to biting flies exhibit defence movements such as tail flicks. The evaluation of biting fly density and annoyance by counting tail flicks of cattle has been validated in the past, but it is highly time consuming. In this study, we evaluated the use of sport pedometers attached to the tails of feeder cattle, in order to evaluate tails flick frequency in two groups of six feeder cattle: Group A was protected by a mosquito net, and Group B was in open-air. Tail flicks were also recorded visually. In addition, insect density was evaluated using three fly traps in the surrounding of Group B. A strong correlation was observed between fly density and visual records of tail flicks; a stronger correlation was found between fly density and tail pedometer records. The reports of tail flicks at night were even able to draw attention to a huge infestation by mosquitoes. Finally, in these experimental conditions, tail pedometers proved to be useful tools in evaluating density and the impact of dipterans on cattle behaviour. They will be useful tools to evaluate new biting fly control methods. Abstract Hematophagous flies are a pest for livestock; their direct impact reduces productivity, and they are vectors of parasites, bacteria and viruses. Their control using insecticides is inefficient and highly polluting. The validation of new control tools requires efficacy and cost-effectiveness evaluation. The quantification of hematophagous insects’ impact in livestock is a challenging prerequisite. Tail flicks counts can reliably evaluate fly-burden; however, visual records are tedious and time-consuming. In the present study, automation of tail flick counts was made through the use of pedometers attached to the tail, in two groups of feeder cattle. Group A was kept in a pen under the protection of a mosquito net, and Group B was kept in an open-air pen. The fly density of Group B was evaluated using fly traps. The apparent density per trap ranged from 130 to 1700 in the study. The mean pedometer records per 24 h ranged from 957+/−58 bits in Group A to 11,138+/−705 bits in Group B. The night/day records observed in Group A (200/800 bits) were drastically increased in Group B (1000–4000/4000–14,000 bits) and variable along seasons. A very high correlation was observed between fly density and visual records or pedometer records (PR). Two-hour PRs proved to be a reliable predictive tool for fly density. Moreover, the pedometers revealed an unsuspected but significant nuisance of mosquitoes, which should be thoroughly investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, UMR InterTryp, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31300 Toulouse, France
- InterTryp, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (A.N.); (C.F.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.T.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kornkanok Thaisungnoen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Piangjai Chalermwong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Adèle Nevot
- InterTryp, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (A.N.); (C.F.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Clément Fossaert
- InterTryp, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (A.N.); (C.F.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Antoine Lucas
- InterTryp, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (A.N.); (C.F.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Sathaporn Onju
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen 73140, Thailand;
| | - Phoompong Boonsaen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen 73140, Thailand;
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Saegerman C, Evrard J, Houtain JY, Alzieu JP, Bianchini J, Mpouam SE, Schares G, Liénard E, Jacquiet P, Villa L, Álvarez-García G, Gazzonis AL, Gentile A, Delooz L. First Expert Elicitation of Knowledge on Drivers of Emergence of Bovine Besnoitiosis in Europe. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070753. [PMID: 35889998 PMCID: PMC9323894 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine besnoitiosis (BB) is a chronic and debilitating parasitic disease in cattle caused by the protozoan parasite Besnoitia besnoiti. South European countries are affected and have reported clinical cases of BB. However, BB is considered as emerging in other countries/regions of central, eastern and northern Europe. Yet, data on drivers of emergence of BB in Europe are scarce. In this study, fifty possible drivers of emergence of BB in cattle were identified. A scoring system was developed per driver. Then, the scoring was elicited from eleven recognized European experts to: (i) allocate a score to each driver, (ii) weight the score of drivers within each domain and (iii) weight the different domains among themselves. An overall weighted score was calculated per driver, and drivers were ranked in decreasing order of importance. Regression tree analysis was used to group drivers with comparable likelihoods to play a role in the emergence of BB in cattle in Europe. Finally, robustness testing of expert elicitation was performed for the seven drivers having the highest probability to play a key role in the emergence of BB: i.e., (i) legal/illegal movements of live animals from neighbouring/European Union member states or (ii) from third countries, (iii) risk of showing no clinical sign and silent spread during infection and post infection, (iv) as a consequence, difficulty to detect the emergence, (v) existence of vectors and their potential spread, (vi) European geographical proximity of the pathogen/disease to the country, and (vii) animal density of farms. Provided the limited scientific knowledge on the topic, expert elicitation of knowledge, multi-criteria decision analysis, cluster and sensitivity analyses are very important to prioritize future studies, e.g., the need for quantitative import risk assessment and estimation of the burden of BB to evidence and influence policymaking towards changing (or not) its status as a reportable disease, with prevention and control activities targeting, firstly, the top seven drivers. The present methodology could be applied to other emerging animal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (J.B.); (L.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Julien Evrard
- Regional Association for Animal Registration and Health (ARSIA) asbl, 5590 Ciney, Belgium; (J.E.); (J.-Y.H.)
| | - Jean-Yves Houtain
- Regional Association for Animal Registration and Health (ARSIA) asbl, 5590 Ciney, Belgium; (J.E.); (J.-Y.H.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Alzieu
- Laboratoire Vétérinaire Départemental de l’Ariège (LVD09), 09008 Foix, Ariège, France;
| | - Juana Bianchini
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (J.B.); (L.D.)
| | - Serge Eugène Mpouam
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere P.O. Box 454, Cameroon;
| | - Gereon Schares
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Emmanuel Liénard
- UMR INTHERES/DGER, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, CEDEX 03, 31076 Toulouse, France;
| | - Philippe Jacquiet
- UMR INRA/DGER IHAP 1225, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, CEDEX 03, 31076 Toulouse, France;
| | - Luca Villa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.V.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Gema Álvarez-García
- SALUVET Group, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alessia Libera Gazzonis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.V.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Arcangelo Gentile
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy;
| | - Laurent Delooz
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (J.B.); (L.D.)
- Regional Association for Animal Registration and Health (ARSIA) asbl, 5590 Ciney, Belgium; (J.E.); (J.-Y.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Changbunjong T, Boonmasawai S, Sungpradit S, Weluwanarak T, Leesombun A. Contact and Fumigant Activities of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil against the Stable Fly Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1122. [PMID: 35567123 PMCID: PMC9102086 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), is a cosmopolitan hematophagous fly of medical and veterinary importance. It is widely considered a major livestock pest that can cause significant economic losses. This study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal activity of Citrus aurantium (L.) essential oil against S. calcitrans based on contact and fumigant toxicity tests. Chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the essential oil showed the dominance (93.79%) of limonene in the total essential oil composition. Furthermore, the insecticidal test results showed that the mortality of flies increased with concentration and time within 24 h of exposure. In the contact toxicity test, the median lethal dose was 105.88 µg/fly, while the 90% lethal dose was 499.25 µg/fly. As for the fumigant toxicity test, the median lethal concentration was 13.06 mg/L air, and the 90% lethal concentration was 43.13 mg/L air. These results indicate that C. aurantium essential oil exhibits insecticidal activity against S. calcitrans. Therefore, it can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides for achieving stable fly control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (T.C.); (S.B.); (S.S.)
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Sookruetai Boonmasawai
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (T.C.); (S.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sivapong Sungpradit
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (T.C.); (S.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Thekhawet Weluwanarak
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Arpron Leesombun
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (T.C.); (S.B.); (S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Leesombun A, Sungpradit S, Boonmasawai S, Weluwanarak T, Klinsrithong S, Ruangsittichai J, Ampawong S, Masmeatathip R, Changbunjong T. Insecticidal Activity of Plectranthus amboinicus Essential Oil against the Stable Fly Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) and the Horse Fly Tabanus megalops (Diptera: Tabanidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030255. [PMID: 35323553 PMCID: PMC8955824 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng., commonly known as Indian borage, has been reported to have insecticidal activity against various insects. In this study, the insecticidal properties (contact and fumigant toxicities) derived from P. amboinicus essential oil were investigated against the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, and the horse fly, Tabanus megalops. The results showed that P. amboinicus essential oil has both contact and fumigant toxicities against the target species and thus has potential as an alternative control agent. Abstract The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), and the horse fly, Tabanus megalops (Diptera: Tabanidae), are important ectoparasites of livestock in Thailand. These species affect animal health and cause economic losses. This study investigated the insecticidal activity of Plectranthus amboinicus essential oil against S. calcitrans and T. megalops through contact and fumigant toxicity tests and evaluated the effects of the essential oil on these flies through histopathological and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies. The results of the contact toxicity test indicated that the median lethal dose against S. calcitrans and T. megalops was 12.05 and 131.41 µg/fly, and the 90% lethal dose was 45.53 and 200.62 µg/fly, respectively. The results of the fumigant toxicity test showed that the median lethal concentration against S. calcitrans and T. megalops was 1.34 and 7.12 mg/L air, and the 90% lethal concentration was 4.39 and 30.37 mg/L air, respectively. Histopathology revealed neuronal degeneration in the brain of S. calcitrans and interstitial neuronal edema of the brain and ovarian necrosis in T. megalops. No external morphological changes were observed via SEM. Given its insecticidal properties against S. calcitrans and T. megalops, P. amboinicus essential oil could be developed into a natural insecticide to control these fly species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arpron Leesombun
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (A.L.); (S.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Sivapong Sungpradit
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (A.L.); (S.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Sookruetai Boonmasawai
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (A.L.); (S.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Thekhawet Weluwanarak
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Suriyo Klinsrithong
- The Center of Veterinary Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Jiraporn Ruangsittichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Roungthip Masmeatathip
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand;
| | - Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (A.L.); (S.S.); (S.B.)
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Grisez C, Bottari L, Prévot F, Alzieu JP, Liénard E, Corbière F, Rameil M, Desclaux X, Lacz C, Boulon C, Petermann J, Le Mével J, Vilardell C, Jacquiet P. Real-time PCR on skin biopsies for super-spreaders' detection in bovine besnoitiosis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:529. [PMID: 33092627 PMCID: PMC7579852 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine besnoitiosis, an emerging disease in Europe that can be transmitted by vectors, is caused by the apicomplexan Besnoitia besnoiti. Bovine besnoitiosis is difficult to control due to the complexity of its diagnosis in the acute stage of the disease, poor treatment success and chronically asymptomatic cattle acting as parasite reservoirs. When serological prevalence is low, detection and specific culling of seropositive cattle is feasible; however, economic considerations preclude this approach when serological prevalence is high. The aims of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of detection of super-spreaders in highly infected herds and to test their selective elimination as a new control strategy for bovine besnoitiosis. Methods Previous real-time PCR analyses performed on skin tissues from 160 asymptomatic animals sampled at slaughterhouses showed that the tail base was the best location to evaluate the dermal parasite DNA load. All seropositive animals (n = 518) from eight dairy or beef cattle farms facing a high serological prevalence of besnoitiosis were sampled at the tail base and their skin sample analysed by real-time PCR. A recommendation of rapid and selective culling of super-spreaders was formulated and provided to the cattle breeders. Subsequent serological monitoring of naïve animals was used to evaluate the interest of this control strategy over time. Results Among the 518 seropositive animals, a low proportion of individuals (14.5%) showed Cq values below 36, 17.8% had doubtful results (36 < Cq ≤ 40) and 67.8% had negative PCR results. These proportions were grossly similar on the eight farms, regardless of their production type (beef or dairy cattle), size, geographical location or history of besnoitiosis. Within two weeks of the biopsy, the rapid culling of super-spreaders was implemented on only three farms. The numbers of newly infected animals were lower on these farms compared to those where super-spreaders were maintained in the herd. Conclusions Real-time PCR analyses performed on skin biopsies of seropositive cattle showed huge individual variabilities in parasite DNA load. The rapid culling of individuals considered as super-spreaders seems to be a new and encouraging strategy for bovine besnoitiosis control.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Grisez
- UMR INRA/DGER 1225, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France.
| | - Leslie Bottari
- UMR INRA/DGER 1225, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France
| | - Françoise Prévot
- UMR INRA/DGER 1225, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Alzieu
- LVD 09, Laboratoire Départemental de l'Ariège, rue de Las Escoumes, 09008, Foix CDIS, France
| | - Emmanuel Liénard
- UMR INTHERES/DGER, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Fabien Corbière
- UMR INRA/DGER 1225, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France
| | - Marie Rameil
- LVD 09, Laboratoire Départemental de l'Ariège, rue de Las Escoumes, 09008, Foix CDIS, France
| | - Xavier Desclaux
- LVD 09, Laboratoire Départemental de l'Ariège, rue de Las Escoumes, 09008, Foix CDIS, France
| | - Christophe Lacz
- FRGDS Occitanie, 96, rue des agriculteurs - BP 102, 81003, Albi Cedex, France
| | | | - Julie Petermann
- GDMA Indre, 4 Rue Robert Mallet-Stevens, 36000, Châteauroux, France
| | - Jeanne Le Mével
- UMR INRA/DGER 1225, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France
| | - Carine Vilardell
- GDS des Alpes de Haute Provence, 66 Boulevard Gassendi, 04000, Digne-les-Bains, France
| | - Philippe Jacquiet
- UMR INRA/DGER 1225, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dillmann JB, Cossetin LF, de Giacometi M, Oliveira D, de Matos AFIM, Avrella PD, Garlet QI, Heinzmann BM, Monteiro SG. Adulticidal Activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) Essential Oil With High 1,8-Cineole Content Against Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1810-1815. [PMID: 32516369 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus 1758), is a hematophagous fly responsible for causing loss of performance in horses, causing losses in cattle productivity, and impacting the animals' health through the spread of pathogenic microorganisms. The objective of this work was to investigate the insecticidal activity of essential oil obtained from Melaleuca alternifolia (Cheel), presenting high 1,8-cineole content, against S. calcitrans adults. Insecticidal activity was determined using surface application methods and exposure to oil impregnated paper. It was observed that treatments at 25 and 50 μg/cm2 (P < 0.05) present fumigant activity through exposure to the impregnated paper, and in the first 15 min of exposure, the mortality rates obtained for these treatments were, respectively (96.6 ± 3.3% and 100%), equivalent to the positive control. Using the superficial application method, the only treatment concentration presenting adulticidal action was 5% (w/v) (P < 0.05). Respective toxicities LC50 (%, w/v) and LC80 for the impregnated paper method were 1.06 ± 0.02 and 1.47 ± 0.17; for the superficial application method, they were 3.82 ± 0.65 and 5.53 ± 0.74. As demonstrated, M. alternifolia essential oil presents adulticidal potential against S. calcitrans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Brand Dillmann
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Marjorie de Giacometi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Dionatan Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Pamela Daniele Avrella
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Quelen Iane Garlet
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, RS, Brazil
| | - Berta Maria Heinzmann
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvia Gonzalez Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cook D. A Historical Review of Management Options Used against the Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae). INSECTS 2020; 11:E313. [PMID: 32429109 PMCID: PMC7290918 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), remains a significant economic pest globally in situations where intensive animal production or horticultural production provide a suitable developmental medium. Stable flies have been recorded as pests of livestock and humans since the late 1800s to early 1900s. Over 100 years of research has seen numerous methodologies used to control this fly, in particular to protect cattle from flies to minimise production losses. Reduced milk production in dairy cows and decreased weight gain in beef cattle account for losses in the US alone of > $2000 million annually. Rural lifestyles and recreation are also seriously affected. Progress has been made on many control strategies against stable fly over a range of chemical, biological, physical and cultural options. This paper reviews management options from both a historical and a technical perspective for controlling this pest. These include the use of different classes of insecticides applied to affected animals as toxicants or repellents (livestock and humans), as well as to substrates where stable fly larvae develop. Arthropod predators of stable flies are listed, from which potential biological control agents (e.g., wasps, mites, and beetles) are identified. Biopesticides (e.g., fungi, bacteria and plant-derived products) are also discussed along with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) against stable flies for several animal industries. A review of cultural and physical management options including trapping, trap types and methodologies, farm hygiene, scheduled sanitation, physical barriers to fly emergence, livestock protection and amendments added to animal manures and bedding are covered. This paper presents a comprehensive review of all management options used against stable flies from both a historical and a technical perspective for use by any entomologist, livestock producer or horticulturalist with an interest in reducing the negative impact of this pest fly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Cook
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Besnoitia besnoiti is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan protozoan parasite, which causes bovine besnoitiosis. Recently increased emergence within Europe was responsible for significant economic losses in the cattle industry due to the significant reduction of productivity. However, still limited knowledge exists on interactions between B. besnoiti and host innate immune system. Here, B. besnoiti bradyzoites were successfully isolated from tissue cysts located in skin biopsies of a naturally infected animal, and we aimed to investigate for the first time reactions of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) exposed to these vital bradyzoites. Freshly isolated bovine PMN were confronted to B. besnoiti bradyzoites. Scanning electron microscopy (s.e.m.)- and immunofluorescence microscopy-analyses demonstrated fine extracellular networks released by exposed bovine PMN resembling suicidal NETosis. Classical NETosis components were confirmed via co-localization of extracellular DNA decorated with histone 3 (H3) and neutrophil elastase (NE). Live cell imaging by 3D holotomographic microscopy (Nanolive®) unveiled rapid vital NETosis against this parasite. A significant increase of autophagosomes visualized by specific-LC3B antibodies and confocal microscopy was observed in B. besnoiti-stimulated bovine PMN when compared to non-stimulated group. As such, a significant positive correlation (r = 0.37; P = 0.042) was found between B. besnoiti-triggered suicidal NETosis and autophagy. These findings suggest that vital- as well as suicidal-NETosis might play a role in early innate host defence mechanisms against released B. besnoiti bradyzoites from tissue cysts, and possibly hampering further parasitic replication. Our data generate first hints on autophagy being associated with B. besnoiti bradyzoite-induced suicidal NETosis and highlighting for first time occurrence of parasite-mediated vital NETosis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Barros ATMD, Rodrigues VD, Cançado PHD, Domingues LN. Resistance of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), to cypermethrin in outbreak areas in Midwestern Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2019; 28:802-806. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Population explosions of the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) have become a serious concern for livestock producers near sugarcane mills in some regions of Brazil due to the insect’s massive reproduction on sugarcane byproducts and waste. Despite the limited efficiency of insecticides for controlling stable fly outbreaks, producers still rely on chemical control to mitigate the alarming infestations in affected areas. This study evaluated the susceptibility of S. calcitrans populations to cypermethrin in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Stable flies were tested from three field populations and two colonies, established from flies previously collected at sugarcane mills. Wild flies were collected with Nzi traps in areas of sugarcane plantations. Both wild and colonized flies were exposed to eleven concentrations of cypermethrin in impregnated filter paper bioassays. All the populations proved to be resistant to cypermethrin, with resistance factors among field populations ranging from 6.8 to 38.6. The intensive use of insecticides has led to the development of pyrethroid resistance in stable fly populations in the proximities of sugarcane mills in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.
Collapse
|
15
|
Olafson PU, Kaufman PE, Duvallet G, Solórzano JA, Taylor DB, Fryxell RT. Frequency of kdr and kdr-his Alleles in Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Populations From the United States, Costa Rica, France, and Thailand. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1145-1149. [PMID: 30768670 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Anecdotal evidence of pyrethroid insecticide product failure for the control of stable fly [Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)] populations in the United States and worldwide prompted us to evaluate the frequency of knockdown resistance (kdr)-type polymorphisms within the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc) gene of field collected specimens from the United States, France, Costa Rica, and Thailand. The kdr-his allele (L1014H), associated with permethrin resistance, was detected in stable flies from the 10 states sampled in the United States, as well as from Costa Rica and France (Toulouse). Field collections of stable flies from California (Modesto) and New York (Cliffton Springs) exhibited reduced susceptibility upon exposure to a diagnostic permethrin concentration of 10× LC99, but survival did not appear to strictly associate with frequency of the kdr-his allele. This suggests that there are additional resistance mechanisms contributing to the phenotype in these states. The kdr allele (L1014F) was detected for the first time in stable flies originating in France and Thailand, and an improved, DNA-based diagnostic assay was developed and validated for use in future screens for kdr and kdr-his allele frequencies from field collections. The absence of kdr in United States and Costa Rica populations suggests that the allele is currently restricted to Europe and Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Untalan Olafson
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland US Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX
| | - Phillip E Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Gérard Duvallet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, France
| | - José-Arturo Solórzano
- Instituto Nacional Innovación y Transferencia en Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - David B Taylor
- USDA-ARS, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE
| | - Rebecca Trout Fryxell
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| |
Collapse
|