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Zhang R, Zhang Y, Yan SW, Cheng YK, Zheng WW, Long SR, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Galactomannan inhibits Trichinella spiralis invasion of intestinal epithelium cells and enhances antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity related killing of larvae by driving macrophage polarization. Parasite 2024; 31:6. [PMID: 38334686 PMCID: PMC10854486 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2024002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that recombinant Trichinella spiralis galectin (rTsgal) is characterized by a carbohydrate recognition domain sequence motif binding to beta-galactoside, and that rTsgal promotes larval invasion of intestinal epithelial cells. Galactomannan is an immunostimulatory polysaccharide composed of a mannan backbone with galactose residues. The aim of this study was to investigate whether galactomannan inhibits larval intrusion of intestinal epithelial cells and enhances antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), killing newborn larvae by polarizing macrophages to the M1 phenotype. The results showed that galactomannan specially binds to rTsgal, and abrogated rTsgal facilitation of larval invasion of intestinal epithelial cells. The results of qPCR, Western blotting, and flow cytometry showed that galactomannan and rTsgal activated macrophage M1 polarization, as demonstrated by high expression of iNOS (M1 marker) and M1 related genes (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), and increased CD86+ macrophages. Galactomannan and rTsgal also increased NO production. The killing ability of macrophage-mediated ADCC on larvae was also significantly enhanced in galactomannan- and rTsgal-treated macrophages. The results demonstrated that Tsgal may be considered a potential vaccine target molecule against T. spiralis invasion, and galactomannan may be a novel adjuvant therapeutic agent and potential vaccine adjuvant against T. spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhang
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Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Yao Zhang
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Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Shu Wei Yan
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Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Yong Kang Cheng
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Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Wen Wen Zheng
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Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Shao Rong Long
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Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
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Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Jing Cui
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Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 China
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Liu RD, Meng XY, Le Li C, Xu QY, Lin XZ, Dong BR, Ye CY, Miao TT, Si XY, Long SR, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Trichinella spiralis cathepsin L induces macrophage M1 polarization via the NF-κB pathway and enhances the ADCC killing of newborn larvae. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:433. [PMID: 37993938 PMCID: PMC10666456 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the early stages of Trichinella spiralis infection, macrophages predominantly undergo polarization to the M1-like phenotype, causing the host's inflammatory response and resistance against T. spiralis infection. As the disease progresses, the number of M2-type macrophages gradually increases, contributing to tissue repair processes within the host. While cysteine protease overexpression is typically associated with inflammation, the specific role of T. spiralis cathepsin L (TsCatL) in mediating macrophage polarization remains unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the killing effect of macrophage polarization mediated by recombinant T. spiralis cathepsin L domains (rTsCatL2) on newborn larvae (NBL). METHODS rTsCatL2 was expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21. Polarization of the rTsCatL2-induced RAW264.7 cells was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative PCR (qPCR), western blot, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. The effect of JSH-23, an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), on rTsCatL2-induced M1 polarization investigated. Cytotoxic effects of polarized macrophages on NBL were observed using in vitro killing assays. RESULTS Following the co-incubation of rTsCatL2 with RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells, qPCR and ELISA revealed increased transcription and secretion levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in macrophages. Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in iNOS protein expression, while the expression level of arginase-1 protein remained unchanged. Flow cytometry revealed a substantial increase in the number of CD86-labeled macrophages. The western blot results also indicated that rTsCatL2 increased the expression levels of phospho-NF-κB and phospho-nuclear factor-κB inhibitor alpha (IκB-α) proteins in a dose-dependent manner, while immunofluorescence revealed that rTsCatL2 induced nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB (NF-κB p65) protein in macrophages. The inhibitory effect of JSH-23 suppressed and abrogated the effect of rTsCatL2 in promoting M1 macrophage polarization. rTsCatL2 mediated polarization of macrophages to the M1-like phenotype and enhanced macrophage adhesion and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) killing of NBL. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that rTsCatL2 induces macrophage M1 polarization via the NF-κB pathway and enhances the ADCC killing of NBL. This study provides a further understanding of the interaction mechanism between T. spiralis and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiang Yu Meng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Chen Le Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Qiu Yi Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xin Zhi Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Bo Rang Dong
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Chu Yan Ye
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Tian Tian Miao
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xin Yi Si
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Stachyra A, Wesołowska A. Immunomodulatory in vitro effects of Trichinella cystatin-like protein on mouse splenocytes. Exp Parasitol 2023; 252:108585. [PMID: 37437683 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Trichinella parasites have developed specific mechanisms allowing successful completion of their life cycle. These mechanisms are in a great part involved in immunomodulation and studying them may provide a valuable insight into the functioning of the immune system. Trichinella products may be also used as potential therapeutic agents to treat immune diseases. This study investigates the immunomodulatory potential of recombinant multi cystatin-like protein (CLP) derived from T. britovi to determine whether CLP has anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. CLP is a highly antigenic glycoprotein present in Trichinella excetory-secretory (ES) products. AlphaFold structure prediction confirms that it consists of three type-two cystatin-like domains. Mouse splenocytes were stimulated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and co-stimulated with recombinant CLP. The culture supernatants were collected and tested for secreted cytokine levels using ELISA. CLP was found to reduce LPS-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6. On the contrary, in some experimental groups, co-stimulation with CLP resulted in increased secretion of the regulatory cytokine IL-10. The obtained results indicate that CLP has anti-inflammatory properties and future research on its function is advisable, specifically in the context of the therapy of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stachyra
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland; Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Wesołowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland; Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679, Warsaw, Poland
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Bąska P, Schabussova I, Zawistowska-Deniziak A. Editorial: "You shall not pass" or "Let`s make a deal" - crosstalk between helminths and the host immune system. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1244429. [PMID: 37520436 PMCID: PMC10381937 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1244429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bąska
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irma Schabussova
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Sun Q, Huang J, Gu Y, Liu S, Zhu X. Dynamic changes of macrophage activation in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108716. [PMID: 35344812 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a serious food-borne parasitic zoonosis worldwide. Different host macrophage subsets play various roles during helminth infection; however, the dynamic changes in macrophage subsets following Trichinella spiralis infection have not been reported. Here, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to assess macrophage activation in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), spleen, intestine, and muscle from T. spiralis-infected mice at 1, 5, 15, and 30 days post infection (dpi). Macrophages in the intestine, MLN, and spleen tended to be activated M1-type at 1 and 5 dpi, while at 15 dpi, M2-type macrophages started to become a major constituent of the spleen macrophage population, and in the intestine and MLN, macrophages were primarily mixed M1 and M2 type. At 30 dpi, macrophages in the intestine, muscle, MLN, and spleen were all mainly activated M2 cells. Additionally, mouse macrophages were cleared and the adult T. spiralis load were determined to evaluate the impact of macrophages on adult parasite expulsion. The results suggested that predominantly M1 macrophages contribute to adult T. spiralis expulsion in the enteral stage of infection. At the newborn larvae migration stage, M2 macrophage-mediated immunity had a weak scavenging effect on adults, but primarily promoted tissue repair and assisted muscle larva immune escape. Our study reveals further details of the interaction between T. spiralis and the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yuan Gu
- Experimental Center for Basic Medical Teaching, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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