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Barrera JP, Montoya A, Marino V, Sarquis J, Checa R, Miró G. Cystoisospora spp. infection at a dog breeding facility in the Madrid region: Infection rate and clinical management based on toltrazuril metaphylaxis. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 48:100971. [PMID: 38316499 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Canine coccidiosis caused by Cystoisospora canis and Cystoisospora ohioensis-complex is common in kennels. While often underestimated, coccidiosis may cause severe clinical signs in puppies and sometimes even lead to death, so preventative measures are important. This study examines Cystoisospora spp. infection at a Labrador retriever breeding facility in Madrid, Spain. To identify environmental factors associated with infection, dams were examined throughout a reproductive cycle (from oestrus to 60 days postpartum) and their puppies during their first 60 days of life. Also assessed was the efficacy of combined treatment with emodepside (0.9 mg/ml) and toltrazuril (18 mg/ml) at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg of weight, equivalent to 0.45 mg/kg and 9 mg/kg, respectively, in puppies on day 35 of life. Oocyst shedding was detected in 4.6-18.6% of 45 dams examined and in 2.2-9.1% of their litters (315 puppies). In both cases, peak opg elimination was recorded on day 30 postpartum/of life. The species of Cystoisospora detected were C. canis (91.3%) and C. ohioensis-complex (8.7%). While in both dams and puppies opg counts were higher in autumn when rainfall was at its highest, correlation between opg and rainfall emerged as significant only in puppies (p = 0.031). The treatment of 35 day-old puppies with toltrazuril was 100% effective in controlling this infection in the kennel. Our findings therefore suggest the need for a strict hygiene regime and the use of toltrazuril as blanket treatment to reduce Cystoisospora transmission in dog breeding facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Barrera
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Montoya
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Valentina Marino
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juliana Sarquis
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rocío Checa
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
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Elshahawy IS, Fawaz M, Gomaa A, Mohammed E. Prevalence and first molecular identification of Sarcocystis species in feces of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) in Egypt. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:278. [PMID: 38110960 PMCID: PMC10726512 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03841-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcocystis species are obligatorily heteroxenous protozoan parasites with predator-prey life cycles. Global Knowledge about the epidemiology and the distribution pattern of different Sarcocystis species in dog feces are very scarce. Therefore, the current investigation was conducted to declare the occurrence of Sarcocystis in the fecal specimens of the most common canids in Egypt, the domestic dogs, and to identify the species present using various parasitological and molecular approaches. METHODS A total of 100 dog fecal samples were collected and screened using fecal sugar flotation test for the presence of Sarcocystis oocysts/sporocysts. Additionally, thirty samples were used for genomic DNA extraction. The 18S rRNA gene fragment was the target of primers for a PCR, followed by purification and sequencing of the amplicons. RESULTS Currently, the results obtained reviewed that 4% of fecal samples were positive for Sarcocystis spp. using LM. Additionally, Sarcocystis spp. were verified in sixteen dogs (53.3%, 16/30) using PCR and subsequent sequencing protocols. Statistically, insignificant difference in prevalence of sarcocystosis relative to age and gender was noticed. Morphologically, the detected sporocysts measured 13.2-16.0 × 9.4-11 μm. Based on the 18S rRNA gene, sequencing analysis of amplicons from sporocysts DNA revealed 99.82% nucleotide homology with published S. tenella partial nucleotide sequences from sheep in Iraq and Iran. CONCLUSIONS This is the first molecular evidence in support of the final host role of domestic dogs in the life cycle of S. tenella in Egypt, which provides a precious diagnostic tool for further epidemiological studies and for the assessment of the effectiveness of control measures for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail S Elshahawy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
| | - Marwa Fawaz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Aya Gomaa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Eman Mohammed
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
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Dendougui-Tadjine F, Pröhl R, Spies D, Hamann F, Schulz F, Terhalle W, Lange N, Scheid S, Polzer J. Residue depletion of toltrazuril and its metabolites in egg after an authorised application in hens. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolites after oral and parenteral administration of novel oil-based suspension based on micro-environmental pH-modifying solid dispersion in rabbits. Vet Parasitol 2021; 299:109580. [PMID: 34597913 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Toltrazuril (TOL) is a broad-spectrum anticoccidial drug which is widely used in poultry and livestock. A novel oral suspension based on soybean oil-based TOL micro-environmental pH-modifying solid dispersion (micro pHm SD) and a novel injectable suspension based on white oil-based TOL micro pHm SD were developed, showing high physicochemical stability and high drug release in vitro with good histocompatibility. The present study is to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of TOL and its major metabolites, e.g. toltrazuril sulfoxide (TOLSO) and toltrazuril sulfone (TOLSO2) in rabbits following oral or subcutaneous administration with these two TOL SD suspensions. The plasma concentrations of TOL, TOLSO and TOLSO2 were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Plasma concentration-time data were analyzed by a non-compartmental model analysis. The soybean oil-based TOL suspension after single oral administration at 20 mg/kg body weight (bw) significantly increased the plasma concentrations of TOL, TOLSO and TOLSO2 compared with Baycox® 5 % suspension. Following subcutaneous administration of the white oil-based TOL suspension (20 mg/kg bw), TOL was well absorbed and metabolized more slowly to TOLSO and TOLSO2, compared with oral administration, resulting in the significantly prolonged residence time in rabbits. The two suspensions significantly improved the relative bioavailability of TOL and its two metabolites, showing their potential usage in the control of coccidian in poultry and livestock.
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Soni S, Pali P, Ansari MA, Singh MS. Visible-Light Photocatalysis of Eosin Y: HAT and Complementing MS-CPET Strategy to Trifluoromethylation of β-Ketodithioesters with Langlois' Reagent. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10098-10109. [PMID: 32648747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A metal- and oxidant-free photoinduced strategy for thioxo sulfur-selective trifluoromethylation of β-ketodithioesters at room temperature is reported. Excellent Z/E-stereoselectivity has been achieved with cheap and viable Langlois' reagent (CF3SO2Na, sodium triflinate) in the presence of eosin Y, which acts as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalyst. The reaction proceeds via disulfide intermediate disulfanediylbis(3-(alkylthio)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-one) (a dimer of β-ketodithioester) followed by complementing proton-coupled electron transfer-mediated reverse HAT cycle of eosin Y. This operationally simple and efficient protocol allows direct access to triflinated α-oxoketene dithioacetals in good to excellent yields bearing diverse synthetically useful functional groups of different electronic and steric nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Pragya Pali
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Monish Arbaz Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Rostami A, Sepidarkish M, Ma G, Wang T, Ebrahimi M, Fakhri Y, Mirjalali H, Hofmann A, Macpherson CNL, Hotez PJ, Gasser RB. Global prevalence of Toxocara infection in cats. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 109:615-639. [PMID: 32381220 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic parasites, including Toxocara species, of pet and stray cats are of public health importance. Justification for, and the design and implementation of prevention and control of human toxocariasis may benefit from an understanding of the zoonotic potential and prevalence of parasites in this definitive host species. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies, conducted to estimate the prevalence of Toxocara infection(s) in cats by geographical location, type (rural vs urban and stray vs pet), gender and age. Pooled data were assessed using a random effects-model as well as several meta-regression and stratified analyses conducted. Of 1733 peer-reviewed articles, 143 were included in this review and represented 2,158,069 cats from 51 countries. The global pooled (95% CI) prevalence of Toxocara infection in cats was 17.0% (16.1-17.8%), being highest in African (43.3%, 28.3-58.4%) and lowest in South American (12.6%, 8.2-17.0%) countries. In other WHO regions, prevalence rates of Toxocara were as follows: Eastern Mediterranean (21.6%, 15.1-28.1%), North America (18.3%, 15.4-21.2%), Europe (17.8%, 15.9-19.7%), Western Pacific (17.3%, 14.7-19.9%), and South-East Asia (14.9%, 9.8-20.1%). Prevalence of Toxocara was higher in low-income tropical countries and also in stray (28.6%, 25.1-32.1%) and young (≤12 months of age) (27.7%, 23.4-32.0%) cats than in pet (11.6%, 10.7-12.5%) and older cats (>12 months of age) (23.8%, 14.8-32.7%). This review indicates that ~118-150 million cats worldwide serve as definitive hosts of Toxocara, shedding eggs and thus contributing to the public health risk of human infection. Prevention and control of this zoonosis in cats should receive greater attention by health officials and cat owners, particularly in countries where risk factors and prevalence are highest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Sepidarkish
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Guangxu Ma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Calum N L Macpherson
- School of Graduate Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, WINDREF, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Dubey JP, Lindsay DS. Coccidiosis in dogs—100 years of progress. Vet Parasitol 2019; 266:34-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Raza A, Rand J, Qamar AG, Jabbar A, Kopp S. Gastrointestinal Parasites in Shelter Dogs: Occurrence, Pathology, Treatment and Risk to Shelter Workers. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:E108. [PMID: 30004469 PMCID: PMC6070783 DOI: 10.3390/ani8070108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs entering shelters can carry gastrointestinal parasites that may pose serious risks to other animals, shelter staff and visitors. Shelters provide an environment that could facilitate the spread of parasitic infections between animals. Nematodes and protozoa that transmit through ingestion or skin penetration are major enteric parasites of concern in shelter settings. Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis and Dipylidium caninum are the major helminths while Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Isospora spp. and Sarcocystis spp. are the most prevalent protozoan parasites in shelter dogs. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in shelter dogs is typically higher than in owned dogs. A range of cost-effective drugs is available for prevention and control of helminths in shelters, notably fenbendazole, pyrantel, oxantel, and praziquantel. Parasiticide options for protozoan parasites are often cost-prohibitive or limited by a lack of veterinary registration for use in dogs. Environmental control measures reliant upon hygiene and facility management are therefore a mainstay for control and prevention of protozoan parasites in shelters. This philosophy should also extend to helminth control, as integrated parasite control strategies can allow anthelmintics to be used more sparingly and judiciously. The purpose of this article is to comprehensively review the current knowledge on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites most commonly found in dogs in shelters, canvass recommended treatment programs in shelter dogs, and to explore the likelihood that parasiticide resistance might emerge in a shelter environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raza
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Jacquie Rand
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
- Australian Pet Welfare Foundation, Kenmore, QLD 4069, Australia.
| | - Abdul Ghaffar Qamar
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia.
| | - Steven Kopp
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
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Joachim A, Altreuther G, Bangoura B, Charles S, Daugschies A, Hinney B, Lindsay DS, Mundt HC, Ocak M, Sotiraki S. W A A V P guideline for evaluating the efficacy of anticoccidials in mammals (pigs, dogs, cattle, sheep). Vet Parasitol 2018; 253:102-119. [PMID: 29604993 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This guideline is intended as an aid in the design, implementation and interpretation of studies for the assessment of drug efficacy against Eimeria in cattle and sheep, Cystoisospora in pigs and dogs, and Cryptosporidium in cattle. It deals with the most important aspects of how to conduct both experimental and field studies for dose determination, dose confirmation and assessment of field effectiveness. Also, guidance on the selection of animals, diagnostic techniques, statistical evaluation and methods for the preparation, maintenance and use of parasites is provided. The specific management conditions that may influence the course of natural infections and consequently determine treatment schemes are mentioned and suggestions for best practice in sampling and evaluation of data prior to conducting of efficacy studies are given. The guideline is also intended to assist investigators in carrying out specific studies, provide relevant information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, assist in the approval of anticoccidial drugs in the target species, and facilitate the world-wide adoption of standard procedures. Although currently not implemented, issues of drug resistance testing and alternative methods for drug testing are also discussed as future issues in drug testing against mammalian coccidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Berit Bangoura
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, WY 82070, USA.
| | - Sam Charles
- Bayer HealthCare, Animal Health, Shawnee, KS 66216, USA.
| | - Arwid Daugschies
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Barbara Hinney
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - David S Lindsay
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 1410 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | | | - Marion Ocak
- MD Research, An der Isar 10a, 82049 Pullach i. Isartal, Germany.
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, NAGREF Campus, PO Box 60272, 57001 Thermi, Greece.
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Garanayak N, Gupta AR, Patra RC. Successful therapeutic management of canine Isosporosis in puppies. J Parasit Dis 2017; 41:48-50. [PMID: 28316386 PMCID: PMC5339170 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-015-0747-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Four labrador male puppies were confirmed for the Isospora spp infection by direct smear and flotation method following complains of anorexia, haematemesis and haematochezia. The puppies were treated with trimethoprime and sulphamethoxazole @ 40 mg/kg body weight in combination with metronidazole @ 10 mg/kg body weight twice daily for 5 days which was supported with fluid therapy, aniemetics and plasma expanders. All the animals showed completed clinical recovery along with clearing of faecal oocyst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. R. Gupta
- Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha India
| | - R. C. Patra
- Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha India
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Use of ponazuril paste to treat coccidiosis in shelter-housed cats and dogs. Vet Parasitol 2014; 202:319-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Houk AE, O'Connor T, Pena HFJ, Gennari SM, Zajac AM, Lindsay DS. Experimentally induced clinical Cystoisospora canis coccidiosis in dogs with prior natural patent Cystoisospora ohioensis-like or C. canis infections. J Parasitol 2013; 99:892-5. [PMID: 23517349 DOI: 10.1645/13-197.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea caused by intestinal coccidia (Cystoisospora species) is a common problem in pet dogs and in dogs in animal shelters. Cystoisospora canis has the largest oocysts of the 4 named species of coccidia infecting dogs. The present study examined an isolate of C. canis obtained from a dog from São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Oocysts sporulated within 2 days at room temperature, and 20 sporulated oocysts were measured at 37.6 by 28.6 μm (range 35-42 by 26-31 μm). Most sporulated oocysts contained 2 sporocysts, each with 4 sporozoites, although a few (<1%) were Caryospora-like and contained 1 sporocyst with 8 sporozoites. Two experiments using a total of 11 female 6-wk-old beagles were conducted to determine the pathogenicity of oral infection with 5 × 10(4) sporulated oocysts of this isolate of C. canis. Five of the 11 dogs had natural infections with Cystoisospora ohioensis-like (n = 4) or C. canis (n = 1) species prior to the predicted patent period of 9-10 days. Ten of the dogs developed diarrhea with occasional blood, and 3 dogs were affected to the extent that clinical treatment for coccidiosis using sulfadimethoxine was recommended. Dog CRU had a natural C. canis infection and did not develop clinical disease after oral infection with C. canis oocysts. This dog had a prepatent period of 9 days and a patent period of 3 days, corresponding to experimental infection with the new isolate of C. canis. It excreted fewer C. canis oocysts than did the other dogs. The 4 dogs with natural C. ohioensis-like infection all developed clinical disease, and 1 required treatment. The prepatent period was 9-10 days, and the patent period was 10-11 days in these dogs. All 6 dogs not naturally infected with Cystoisospora developed clinical disease, and 2 required treatment. The prepatent period was 9-10 days, and the patent period was 8-12 days. The present study confirms that C. canis is a primary pathogen for young dogs. It demonstrates that prior infection with C. canis but not C. ohioensis-like coccidia confers some resistance to clinical disases and a decrease in oocyst production in dogs challenged with C. canis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Houk
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 1410 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0342
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Rauscher BA, Schäfer-Somi S, Ehling-Schulz M, Möstl K, Handl S, Hinney B, Spergser J, Schaper R, Joachim A. Control of Canine Endoparasites, Especially <i>Isospora</i> spp., with Procox<sup>®</sup> in Naturally Infected Puppies: Parasitological, Bacteriological and Health Parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2013.32020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Toltrazuil and Its Major Metabolites after Oral Administration in Broilers. J Poult Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0120050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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He P, Li J, Gong P, Huang J, Zhang X. Cystoisospora spp. from dogs in China and phylogenetic analysis of its 18S and ITS1 gene. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:254-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Field evaluations of the efficacy and safety of Emodepside plus toltrazuril (Procox® oral suspension for dogs) against naturally acquired nematode and Isospora spp. infections in dogs. Parasitol Res 2011; 109 Suppl 1:S21-8. [PMID: 21739372 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Three controlled, blinded and randomised multicentre field studies evaluated the efficacy and safety of a new formulation containing emodepside plus toltrazuril (Procox® suspension for dogs) against naturally acquired parasite infections in dogs. In two studies dogs positive for gastrointestinal nematodes and/or Isospora spp. were treated with emodepside/toltrazuril suspension (at least 0.45 mg emodepside plus 9 mg toltrazuril per kg body weight) or a reference product containing either milbemycin oxime plus praziquantel (Milbemax®) or sulfadimethoxine (Kokzidiol SD®) at recommended dose rates. The third study investigated efficacy against prepatent natural Isospora spp. infections in comparison to an untreated control group by enrolling Isospora- negative dogs that were at risk to develop a patent infection during the study.No suspected adverse drug reactions were observed in any of the 403 dogs enrolled in the three studies including 234 dogs treated with emodepside/toltrazuril suspension. In dogs treated with emodepside/toltrazuril suspension against nematode infection faecal egg counts were reduced by 100 % (reference product: 99.7 %). Similarly, in the dogs that had been treated against patent Isospora spp. infection, faecal oocyst counts were reduced by 100 % (reference product: 99.0 %). In both studies, statistical analysis demonstrated non-inferiority and even superiority to the reference products (p ≤ 0.009). Dogs treated with emodepside/toltrazuril suspension during suspected prepatent Isospora spp. infection had 98.7 % lower faecal oocyst counts after treatment compared to untreated dogs (p < 0.0001).The studies demonstrated that emodepside/toltrazuril suspension is safe and highly efficacious against nematodes and Isospora spp. under field conditions.
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Efficacy of Emodepside plus Toltrazuril Suspension (Procox® Oral Suspension for Dogs) against Prepatent and Patent Infection with Isospora canis and Isospora ohioensis-Complex in Dogs. Parasitol Res 2011; 109 Suppl 1:S9-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Efficacy of Emodepside/Toltrazuril Suspension (Procox® Oral Suspension for Dogs) against Mixed Experimental Isospora felis/Isospora rivolta Infection in Cats. Parasitol Res 2011; 109 Suppl 1:S29-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Results of Parasitological Examinations of Faecal Samples from Cats and Dogs in Germany between 2003 and 2010. Parasitol Res 2011; 109 Suppl 1:S45-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Lappin MR. Update on the diagnosis and management of Isospora spp infections in dogs and cats. Top Companion Anim Med 2011; 25:133-5. [PMID: 20937494 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lappin
- Colorado State University, Clinical Sciences, 300 West Drake Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA.
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22
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Kim MS, Lim JH, Hwang YH, Park BK, Song IB, Yun HI. Plasma disposition of toltrazuril and its metabolites, toltrazuril sulfoxide and toltrazuril sulfone, in rabbits after oral administration. Vet Parasitol 2010; 169:51-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Dubey JP, Lindsay DS, Lappin MR. Toxoplasmosis and other intestinal coccidial infections in cats and dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 39:1009-34, v. [PMID: 19932360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and related coccidians are intracellular protozoan parasites. Coccidia are obligate intracellular parasites normally found in the intestinal tract. Virtually all warm blooded animals, including humans are commonly infected with coccidians. This article reviews the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infections in cats and dogs related to Isospora spp, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum. Much remains to be learned concerning the pathogenesis of clinical coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
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Reinemeyer CR, Lindsay DS, Mitchell SM, Mundt HC, Charles SD, Arther RG, Settje TL. Development of Experimental Cystoisospora canis Infection Models in Beagle Puppies and Efficacy Evaluation of 5 % Ponazuril (Toltrazuril sulfone) Oral Suspension. Parasitol Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Safety of 5% Ponazuril (Toltrazuril sulfone) Oral Suspension and Efficacy against Naturally Acquired Cystoisospora ohioensislike Infection in Beagle Puppies. Parasitol Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mitchell SM, Zajac AM, Charles S, Duncan RB, Lindsay DS. CYSTOISOSPORA CANIS NEMESÉRI, 1959 (SYN. ISOSPORA CANIS), INFECTIONS IN DOGS: CLINICAL SIGNS, PATHOGENESIS, AND REPRODUCIBLE CLINICAL DISEASE IN BEAGLE DOGS FED OOCYSTS. J Parasitol 2007; 93:345-52. [PMID: 17539419 DOI: 10.1645/ge-1024r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine intestinal coccidiosis is a cause of diarrhea in young dogs and dogs that are immunocompromised. Reports in the literature indicate that experimental reproduction of clinical coccidiosis with Cystoisospora canis (syn. Isospora canis) is difficult, and few studies have been done with C. canis. Experimental oral infections were attempted in 22, 6- to 8-wk-old female beagles with 5 x 10(4) (n = 2) or 1 x 10(5) (n = 20) sporulated C. canis oocysts. Diarrhea was observed in all inoculated dogs. Diarrhea began 2-3 days before oocyst excretion. Five of the 22 dogs were given an anticoccidial (sulfadimethoxine) because of their clinical signs. The mean prepatent period was 9.8 days (range, 9-11 days, n = 22 dogs), and the patent period was 8.9 days (range, 7-18 days, n = 20 dogs). Two dogs exhibiting clinical coccidiosis were examined at necropsy 10 days after infection. Developmental stages of C. canis were present in cells in the lamina propria throughout the entire small intestine in both dogs. Microscopic lesions observed in both of these dogs were villous atrophy, dilation of lacteals, and hyperplasia of lymph nodes in Peyer's patches. Results of bacterial and viral examinations of these 2 dogs were negative, indicating that intestinal coccidiosis was the cause of the diarrhea. Our study indicates that C. canis can be a primary cause of diarrhea in young dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, 1410 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0342, USA
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Buehl IE, Prosl H, Mundt H, Tichy AG, Joachim A. Canine isosporosis - epidemiology of field and experimental infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 53:482-7. [PMID: 17123427 PMCID: PMC7165684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Isospora spp. are the causative agents of canine isosporosis. Of the 3590 diagnostic samples from Austrian dogs (≤2 years old), 8.7% contained Isospora oocysts, 78% of which from dogs up to 4 months of age. Non‐haemorrhagic and haemorrhagic diarrhoea were significantly more prevalent in Isospora‐infected animals than in coccidia‐negative ones. Twelve of 15 litters from a large commercial dog breeding unit (examined from the third to the 10th week of life) also excreted Isospora (average prevalence: 36.4%) in intensities from 333 to 35 000 oocysts per gram of faeces (opg). In experimental trials 26 3‐week‐old Beagle puppies were infected with low (600–6000), medium (10 000) or high (20 000) dose of Isospora ohioensis‐group or Isospora canis field isolates. Additionally 21 puppies were infected as above and treated with a symmetrical triazintrione. Parasitological and clinical parameters were examined. The two Isospora species differed significantly concerning intensity and duration of excretion. The pre‐patent period was 6–7 days for I. ohioensis and 10–12 days for I. canis. The latter species showed significantly longer excretion and higher opg. This was not influenced by simultaneous infections with both species. Individual patterns of faecal consistency were very variable, irrespective of the infection dose. Treatment significantly reduced both the intensity and the duration of oocysts excretion as well as diarrhoea in comparison with the infected, untreated group and thus proved to be effective against coccidiosis in experimental infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. E. Buehl
- Addresses of authors: Department of Pathobiology, Institute for Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - H. Prosl
- Addresses of authors: Department of Pathobiology, Institute for Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - H.‐C. Mundt
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health, Clinical Development, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - A. G. Tichy
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A. Joachim
- Addresses of authors: Department of Pathobiology, Institute for Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author: Tel.: +43 1 250 772 200; fax: +42 1 250 772 290; E‐mail:
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Billeter SA, Spencer JA, Chobotar B, Blagburn BL. Ponazuril inhibits the development of Eimeria vermiformis in experimentally infected outbred Swiss mice. Parasitol Res 2004; 95:172-5. [PMID: 15616859 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-004-1263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated a 15% paste formulation of ponazuril in outbred Swiss mice that were experimentally infected with Eimeria vermiformis. Thirty, 8-week-old female mice (approximately 20 g) were placed in one group of 10 mice and one group of 20 mice. Mice in both groups were gavaged with approximately 5,000 sporulated oocysts of E. vermiformis on day 0. Mice in group 2 (n=10) were treated orally on days 3 and 4 with ponazuril (suspended in 30% propylene glycol) at the rate of 20 mg/kg. Mice in group 1 (n=20) were gavaged with a similar volume of 30% propylene glycol. Rates of oocyst passage (oocysts/g feces) were determined on day 10 (peak patency) for treated and nontreated mice using a fecal aliquot oocyst counting technique. Oocysts were not observed in the feces of treated mice using the aliquot technique. Control mice passaged oocysts at a geometric mean rate of >104,000 oocysts/g feces. Control mice also produced significantly less feces on day 10. These results indicate that ponazuril is effective against E. vermiformis under the conditions utilized in this study, and that the E. vermiformis mouse model could be useful in predicting the efficacy of new anticoccidial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Billeter
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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