1
|
Bureš P, Elliott TL, Veselý P, Šmarda P, Forest F, Leitch IJ, Nic Lughadha E, Soto Gomez M, Pironon S, Brown MJM, Šmerda J, Zedek F. The global distribution of angiosperm genome size is shaped by climate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:744-759. [PMID: 38264772 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Angiosperms, which inhabit diverse environments across all continents, exhibit significant variation in genome sizes, making them an excellent model system for examining hypotheses about the global distribution of genome size. These include the previously proposed large genome constraint, mutational hazard, polyploidy-mediated, and climate-mediated hypotheses. We compiled the largest genome size dataset to date, encompassing 16 017 (> 5% of known) angiosperm species, and analyzed genome size distribution using a comprehensive geographic distribution dataset for all angiosperms. We observed that angiosperms with large range sizes generally had small genomes, supporting the large genome constraint hypothesis. Climate was shown to exert a strong influence on genome size distribution along the global latitudinal gradient, while the frequency of polyploidy and the type of growth form had negligible effects. In contrast to the unimodal patterns along the global latitudinal gradient shown by plant size traits and polyploid proportions, the increase in angiosperm genome size from the equator to 40-50°N/S is probably mediated by different (mostly climatic) mechanisms than the decrease in genome sizes observed from 40 to 50°N northward. Our analysis suggests that the global distribution of genome sizes in angiosperms is mainly shaped by climatically mediated purifying selection, genetic drift, relaxed selection, and environmental filtering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Bureš
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tammy L Elliott
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - Pavel Veselý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šmarda
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Félix Forest
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UK
| | | | | | | | - Samuel Pironon
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UK
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, CB3 0DL, UK
| | | | - Jakub Šmerda
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Zedek
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elliott TL, Muasya AM, Bureš P. Complex patterns of ploidy in a holocentric plant clade (Schoenus, Cyperaceae) in the Cape biodiversity hotspot. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:143-156. [PMID: 35226733 PMCID: PMC9904348 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It is unclear how widespread polyploidy is throughout the largest holocentric plant family - the Cyperaceae. Because of the prevalence of chromosomal fusions and fissions, which affect chromosome number but not genome size, it can be impossible to distinguish if individual plants are polyploids in holocentric lineages based on chromosome count data alone. Furthermore, it is unclear how differences in genome size and ploidy levels relate to environmental correlates within holocentric lineages, such as the Cyperaceae. METHODS We focus our analyses on tribe Schoeneae, and more specifically the southern African clade of Schoenus. We examine broad-scale patterns of genome size evolution in tribe Schoeneae and focus more intensely on determining the prevalence of polyploidy across the southern African Schoenus by inferring ploidy level with the program ChromEvol, as well as interpreting chromosome number and genome size data. We further investigate whether there are relationships between genome size/ploidy level and environmental variables across the nutrient-poor and summer-arid Cape biodiversity hotspot. KEY RESULTS Our results show a large increase in genome size, but not chromosome number, within Schoenus compared to other species in tribe Schoeneae. Across Schoenus, there is a positive relationship between chromosome number and genome size, and our results suggest that polyploidy is a relatively common process throughout the southern African Schoenus. At the regional scale of the Cape, we show that polyploids are more often associated with drier locations that have more variation in precipitation between dry and wet months, but these results are sensitive to the classification of ploidy level. CONCLUSIONS Polyploidy is relatively common in the southern African Schoenus, where a positive relationship is observed between chromosome number and genome size. Thus, there may be a high incidence of polyploidy in holocentric plants, whose cell division properties differ from monocentrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - A Muthama Muasya
- Bolus Herbarium, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Petr Bureš
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Zoology, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Danelli T, Laura M, Savona M, Landoni M, Adani F, Pilu R. Genetic Improvement of Arundo donax L.: Opportunities and Challenges. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1584. [PMID: 33207586 PMCID: PMC7696946 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Arundo donax L., the giant reed-being a long-duration, low-cost, non-food energy crop able to grow in marginal lands-has emerged as a potential alternative to produce biomass for both energy production, with low carbon emissions, and industrial bioproducts. In recent years, pioneering efforts have been made to genetically improve this very promising energy crop. This review analyses the recent advances and challenges encountered in using clonal selection, mutagenesis/somaclonal variation and transgenesis/genome editing. Attempts to improve crop yield, in vitro propagation efficiency, salt and heavy metal tolerance by clonal selection were carried out, although limited by the species' low genetic diversity and availability of mutants. Mutagenesis and somaclonal variation have also been attempted on this species; however, since Arundo donax is polyploid, it is very difficult to induce and select promising mutations. In more recent years, genomics and transcriptomics data are becoming available in Arundo, closing the gap to make possible the genetic manipulation of this energy crop in the near future. The challenge will regard the functional characterization of the genes/sequences generated by genomic sequencing and transcriptomic analysis in a complex polyploid genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Danelli
- Gruppo Ricicla Labs—Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape and Agroenergy, Università’ Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (T.D.); (F.A.)
- Agricultural Genetics Group—Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape and Agroenergy, Università’ Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Laura
- CREA, Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Corso Degli Inglesi 508, 18038 Sanremo, Italy; (M.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Marco Savona
- CREA, Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Corso Degli Inglesi 508, 18038 Sanremo, Italy; (M.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Michela Landoni
- Department of Biosciences, Università’ Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla Labs—Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape and Agroenergy, Università’ Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (T.D.); (F.A.)
- Agricultural Genetics Group—Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape and Agroenergy, Università’ Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Pilu
- Gruppo Ricicla Labs—Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape and Agroenergy, Università’ Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (T.D.); (F.A.)
- Agricultural Genetics Group—Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape and Agroenergy, Università’ Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|