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Banecka-Majkutewicz Z, Kadziński L, Grabowski M, Bloch S, Kaźmierkiewicz R, Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka J, Gabig-Cimińska M, Węgrzyn G, Węgrzyn A, Banecki B. Evidence for interactions between homocysteine and genistein: insights into stroke risk and potential treatment. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1855-1860. [PMID: 28748495 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated plasma homocysteine (2-amino-4-sulfanylbutanoic acid) level is a risk factor for stroke. Moreover, it has been suggested that high levels of homocysteine in the acute phase of an ischemic stroke can predict mortality, especially in stroke patients with the large-vessel atherosclerosis subtype. In clinical studies, supplementation with genistein (5, 7-dihydroxy-3- (4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) decreased plasma homocysteine levels considerably. Therefore, genistein could be considered as a potential drug for prevention and/or treatment of stroke. However, the mechanism of the effect of genistein on homocysteine level remains to be elucidated. In this report, direct functional interactions between homocysteine and genistein are demonstrated in in vitro experimental systems for determination of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MetF) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, reconstructed with purified compounds, and in a simple in vivo system, based on measurement of growth rate of Vibrio harveyi and Bacillus subtilis cultures. Results of molecular modelling indicated that homocysteine can directly interact with genistein. Therefore, genistein-mediated decrease in plasma levels of homocysteine, and alleviation of biochemical and physiological effects of one of these compounds by another, might be ascribed to formation of homocysteine-genistein complexes in which biological activities of these molecules are abolished or alleviated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leszek Kadziński
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Grabowski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bloch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Rajmund Kaźmierkiewicz
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Gabig-Cimińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (affiliated with the University of Gdańsk), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Alicja Węgrzyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (affiliated with the University of Gdańsk), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bogdan Banecki
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
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2
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Kuznetsova A, Domingues PM, Silva T, Almeida A, Zheludkevich ML, Tedim J, Ferreira MGS, Cunha A. Antimicrobial activity of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole released from environmentally friendly nanostructured layered double hydroxides. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1207-1218. [PMID: 28251734 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this work was to assess the antibacterial effect of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), used as model-biocide, immobilized in a layered double hydroxide (LDH) structure, under different conditions of pH and salinity, envisaging possible applications of the system in active antifouling and anticorrosion coatings. METHODS AND RESULTS Biological effects of MBT immobilized in LDH were assessed by monitoring bacterial bioluminescence of cell suspensions of either Allivibrio fischeri or a recombinant strain of Escherichia coli, as a proxy for bacterial activity. Salinity (1, 2 and 3% NaCl) and pH (4, 5, 6 and 7) of the suspension media were experimentally manipulated and biocide release tests were performed in parallel. The release profiles obtained by UV-visible spectrophotometry indicated a fast release of biocide from MBT@LDH, slightly enhanced in 3% NaCl and under alkaline conditions. However, biological effects were more pronounced at 1% NaCl and at neutral pH. CONCLUSIONS The release and toxic effect of MBT immobilized in LDH is dependent on the concentration of solutes in the suspension medium. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results confirm LDH as a biologically compatible material with potential to be used for biocide delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kuznetsova
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - P M Domingues
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - T Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Almeida
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M L Zheludkevich
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Centre for Materials and Coastal Research GmbH, Institute of Materials Research - MagIC, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - J Tedim
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M G S Ferreira
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Cunha
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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3
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Maciąg-Dorszyńska M, Węgrzyn G, Guzow-Krzemińska B. Antibacterial activity of lichen secondary metabolite usnic acid is primarily caused by inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 353:57-62. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology; University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
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4
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Kim T, Spiegel DA. Serendipitous discovery of two highly selective inhibitors of bacterial luciferase. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Ma J, Ibekwe AM, Leddy M, Yang CH, Crowley DE. Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) in soil water extracts using Vibrio harveyi BB721 and its implication for microbial biomass. PLoS One 2012; 7:e28519. [PMID: 22679477 PMCID: PMC3322128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) is commonly used to measure the growth potential of microorganisms in water, but has not yet been investigated for measuring microbial growth potential in soils. In this study, a simple, rapid, and non-growth based assay to determine AOC in soil was developed using a naturally occurring luminous strain Vibrio harveyi BB721 to determine the fraction of low molecular weight organic carbon in soil water extract. Calibration of the assay was achieved by measuring the luminescence intensity of starved V. harveyi BB721 cells in the late exponential phase with a concentration range from 0 to 800 µg l−1 glucose (equivalent to 0–16.0 mg glucose C kg−1 soil) with the detection limit of 10 µg l−1 equivalent to 0.20 mg glucose C kg−1 soil. Results showed that bioluminescence was proportional to the concentration of glucose added to soil. The luminescence intensity of the cells was highly pH dependent and the optimal pH was about 7.0. The average AOC concentration in 32 soils tested was 2.9±2.2 mg glucose C kg−1. Our data showed that AOC levels in soil water extracts were significantly correlated (P<0.05) with microbial biomass determined as microbial biomass carbon, indicating that the AOC concentrations determined by the method developed might be a good indicator of soil microbial biomass. Our findings provide a new approach that may be used to determine AOC in environmental samples using a non-growth bioluminescence based assay. Understanding the levels of AOC in soil water extract provides new insights into our ability to estimate the most available carbon pool to bacteria in soil that may be easily assimilated into cells for many metabolic processes and suggest possible the links between AOC, microbial regrowth potential, and microbial biomass in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincai Ma
- United States Salinity Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - A. Mark Ibekwe
- United States Salinity Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Menu Leddy
- Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, California, United States of America
| | - Ching-Hong Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David E. Crowley
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
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6
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Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy in aquaculture: photoinactivation studies of Vibrio fischeri. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20970. [PMID: 21698119 PMCID: PMC3117864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) combines light, a light-absorbing molecule that initiates a photochemical or photophysical reaction, and oxygen. The combined action of these three components originates reactive oxygen species that lead to microorganisms' destruction. The aim was to evaluate the efficiency of PACT on Vibrio fischeri: 1) with buffer solution, varying temperature, pH, salinity and oxygen concentration values; 2) with aquaculture water, to reproduce photoinactivation (PI) conditions in situ. Methodology/Principal Findings To monitor the PI kinetics, the bioluminescence of V. fischeri was measured during the experiments. A tricationic meso-substituted porphyrin (Tri-Py+-Me-PF) was used as photosensitizer (5 µM in the studies with buffer solution and 10–50 µM in the studies with aquaculture water); artificial white light (4 mW cm−2) and solar irradiation (40 mW cm−2) were used as light sources; and the bacterial concentration used for all experiments was ≈107 CFU mL−1 (corresponding to a bioluminescence level of 105 relative light units - RLU). The variations in pH (6.5–8.5), temperature (10–25°C), salinity (20–40 g L−1) and oxygen concentration did not significantly affect the PI of V. fischeri, once in all tested conditions the bioluminescent signal decreased to the detection limit of the method (≈7 log reduction). The assays using aquaculture water showed that the efficiency of the process is affected by the suspended matter. Total PI of V. fischeri in aquaculture water was achieved under solar light in the presence of 20 µM of Tri-Py+-Me-PF. Conclusions/Significance If PACT is to be used in environmental applications, the matrix containing target microbial communities should be previously characterized in order to establish an efficient protocol having into account the photosensitizer concentration, the light source and the total light dose delivered. The possibility of using solar light in PACT to treat aquaculture water makes this technology cost-effective and attractive.
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7
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Meujo DAF, Kevin DA, Peng J, Bowling JJ, Liu J, Hamann MT. Reducing oyster-associated bacteria levels using supercritical fluid CO2 as an agent of warm pasteurization. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 138:63-70. [PMID: 20022650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
An innovative approach to Post-Harvest Processing (PHP) of oysters is introduced focusing on the effects of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) on bacterial contaminants trapped in the digestive system of oysters. Oysters were exposed to scCO(2) under two conditions: (1) 100 bar and 37 degrees C for 30 min and (2) 172 bar and 60 degrees C for 60 min. Using FDA standard guidelines for food analysis, variations in the Aerobic Plate Count (APC) were assessed. It was established that exposing oysters to CO(2) at 100 bar and 37 degrees C for 30 min and at 172 bar and 60 degrees C for 60 min induced 2-log and 3-log reductions in the APC respectively. The decrease in the microbial load as a result of treatment with scCO(2) was found to be significant (P=0.002). A release of adductor muscles from the shell was noted in oysters treated at 172 bar and 60 degrees C for 60 min; this was not the case for oysters treated at 100 bar and 37 degrees C for 30 min. A blind study allowing sensory analysis of treated vs. untreated oysters was also completed and no significant change in the physical appearance, smell, or texture was recorded. In this paper, we also report the effect of scCO(2) on several bacterial isolates, including a referenced ATCC strain of a non-pathogenic Vibrio (Vibrio fischeri) as well as several other bacterial isolates cultured from oyster' tissues and found to share biochemical features common to pathogenic Vibrio strains. A complete inactivation (minimum 7-log reduction) was achieved with these latter bacterial isolates. A 6-log reduction was observed with V. fischeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris A F Meujo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
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8
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Assessment of antibacterial effects of flavonoids by estimation of generation times in liquid bacterial cultures. Biologia (Bratisl) 2007. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-007-0042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Ulanowska K, Tkaczyk A, Konopa G, Wegrzyn G. Differential antibacterial activity of genistein arising from global inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in some bacterial strains. Arch Microbiol 2005; 184:271-8. [PMID: 16328542 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-005-0063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial activities of various flavonoids have been reported previously, but mechanism(s) of their action on bacterial cells remain(s) largely unknown. Here, we investigated effects of genistein, an isoflavone, and representatives of other flavonoids: daidzein (another isoflavone), apigenin (a flavone), naringenin (a flavanone) and kaempferol (a flavonol), on commonly used laboratory strains of model bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Vibrio harveyi and Bacillus subtilis. We found that E. coli was resistant to all tested flavonoids at concentrations up to 0.1 mM, while high sensitivity of V. harveyi to most of them (except daidzein, which exhibited significantly less pronounced effect) was observed. Effects of the flavonoids on B. subtilis were relatively intermediate to the two extremes, i.e., E. coli and V. harveyi. Action of genistein on bacterial cells was investigated in more detail to indicate changed cell morphology (formation of filamentous cells) of V. harveyi and drastic inhibition of global synthesis of DNA and RNA as shortly as 15 min after addition of this isoflavone to a bacterial culture to a final concentration of 0.1 mM. Protein synthesis inhibition was also apparent, but delayed. Both cell morphology and synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins were unaffected in E. coli cultures under analogous conditions. Studies on cell survival suggest that genistein is a bacteriostatic agent rather than a bactericidal compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Ulanowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
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10
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Lyzeń R, Wegrzyn G. Sensitivity of dark mutants of various strains of luminescent bacteria to reactive oxygen species. Arch Microbiol 2005; 183:203-8. [PMID: 15717160 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-005-0764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Revised: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicated that bioluminescence of the marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi may both stimulate DNA repair and contribute to detoxification of deleterious oxygen derivatives. Therefore, it was also proposed that these reactions can be considered biological roles of bacterial luminescence and might act as evolutionary drives in development of luminous systems. However, experimental evidence for the physiological role of luciferase in protection of cells against oxidative stress has been demonstrated only in one bacterial species, raising the question whether this is a specific or a more general phenomenon. Here we demonstrate that in the presence of various oxidants (hydrogen peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide and ferrous ions) growth of dark mutants of different strains of Vibrio fischeri and Photobacterium leiognathi is impaired relative to wild-type bacteria, though to various extents. Deleterious effects of oxidants on the mutants could be reduced (with different efficiency) by addition of antioxidants, A-TEMPO or 4OH-TEMPO. These results support the hypotheses that (1) activities of bacterial luciferases may detoxify deleterious oxygen derivatives, and (2) significantly different efficiencies of this reaction are characteristic for various luciferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lyzeń
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
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11
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Yoshimune K, Galkin A, Kulakova L, Yoshimura T, Esaki N. DnaK from Vibrio proteolyticus: Complementation of a dnaK-null mutant of Escherichia coli and the role of its atpase domain. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 99:136-42. [PMID: 16233770 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.99.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We cloned the 4.8-kbp DNA fragment containing the dnaK gene from the chromosomal DNA of Vibrio proteolyticus. It contained four genes arranged unidirectionally in the order of grpE, gltP, dnaK and dnaJ. The DnaK gene of V. proteolyticus (VprDnaK) allowed a dnaK-null mutant of Escherichia coli (DeltadnaK52) to propagate lambda phages but not to grow at 43 degrees C. However, a chimeric DnaK gene comprising the regions corresponding to the N-terminal ATPase domain of E. coli DnaK (EcoDnaK) and the C-terminal region of VprDnaK including the substrate-binding domain, enabled the mutant to grow at 43 degrees C. The temperature dependence for the ATPase activity of the chimeric DnaK was similar to that of EcoDnaK. Fluorometric analyses showed that the chimeric DnaK is much more thermostable than EcoDnaK and VprDnaK. These findings indicate that the thermal stability of the ATPase domain of DnaK is responsible for its chaperone action at high temperatures such as 43 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Yoshimune
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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12
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Zielke R, Sikora A, Dutkiewicz R, Wegrzyn G, Czyż A. Involvement of the cgtA gene function in stimulation of DNA repair in Escherichia coli and Vibrio harveyi. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2003; 149:1763-1770. [PMID: 12855728 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CgtA is a member of the Obg/Gtp1 subfamily of small GTP-binding proteins. CgtA homologues have been found in various prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Nevertheless, despite the fact that cgtA is an essential gene in most bacterial species, its function in the regulation of cellular processes is largely unknown. Here it has been demonstrated that in two bacterial species, Escherichia coli and Vibrio harveyi, the cgtA gene product enhances survival of cells after UV irradiation. Expression of the cgtA gene was found to be enhanced after UV irradiation of both E. coli and V. harveyi. Moderate overexpression of cgtA resulted in higher UV resistance of E. coli wild-type and dnaQ strains, but not in uvrA, uvrB, umuC and recA mutant hosts. Overexpression of the E. coli recA gene in the V. harveyi cgtA mutant, which is very sensitive to UV light, restored the level of survival of UV-irradiated cells to the levels observed for wild-type bacteria. Moreover, the basal level of the RecA protein was lower in a temperature-sensitive cgtA mutant of E. coli than in the cgtA(+) strain, and contrary to wild-type bacteria, no significant increase in recA gene expression was observed after UV irradiation of this cgtA mutant. Finally, stimulation of uvrB gene transcription under these conditions was impaired in the V. harveyi cgtA mutant. All these results strongly suggest that the cgtA gene product is involved in DNA repair processes, most probably by stimulation of recA gene expression and resultant activation of RecA-dependent DNA repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Zielke
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Sikora
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Rafał Dutkiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of the University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wegrzyn
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Św. Wojciecha 5, 81-347 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Agata Czyż
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (affiliated with the University of Gdańsk), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
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13
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Kuchanny-Ardigò D, Lipińska B. Cloning and characterization of the groE heat-shock operon of the marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2003; 149:1483-1492. [PMID: 12777488 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The DNA region of the Vibrio harveyi chromosome containing the heat-shock genes groES and groEL was cloned, and the genes were sequenced. These genes are arranged in the chromosome in the order groES-groEL. Northern hybridization experiments with RNA from V. harveyi and a DNA probe carrying both groES and groEL genes showed a single, heat-inducible transcript of approximately 2200 nt, indicating that these genes form an operon. Primer extension analysis revealed a strong, heat-inducible transcription start site 59 nt upstream of groES, preceded by a sequence typical for the Escherichia coli heat-shock promoters recognized by the sigma(32) factor, and a weak transcription start site 25 nt upstream the groES gene, preceded by a sequence typical for sigma(70) promoters. Transcription from the latter promoter occurred only at low temperatures. The V. harveyi groE operon cloned in a plasmid in E. coli cells was transcribed in a sigma(32)-dependent manner; the transcript size and the sigma(32)-dependent transcription start site were as in V. harveyi cells. Comparison of V. harveyi groE transcription regulation with the other well-characterized groE operons of the gamma subdivision of proteobacteria (those of E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) indicates a high conservation of the transcriptional regulatory elements among these bacteria, with two promoters, sigma(32) and sigma(70), involved in the regulation. The ability of the cloned groESL genes to complement E. coli groE mutants was tested: V. harveyi groES restored a thermoresistant phenotype to groES bacteria and enabled lambda phage to grow in the mutant cells. V. harveyi groEL did not abolish thermosensitivity of groEL bacteria but it complemented the groEL mutant with respect to growth of lambda phage. The results suggest that the GroEL chaperone may be more species-specific than the GroES co-chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Lipińska
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Gdańsk, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
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14
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Czyz A, Plata K, Wegrzyn G. Stimulation of DNA repair as an evolutionary drive for bacterial luminescence. LUMINESCENCE 2003; 18:140-4. [PMID: 12701089 DOI: 10.1002/bio.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It was demonstrated recently that luminescence of a free-living marine bacterium, Vibrio harveyi, stimulates DNA repair, most probably by activation of the photoreactivation process. Here, we ask whether the stimulation of DNA repair could be an evolutionary drive that ensured maintenance and development of early bacterial luminescent systems. To test this hypothesis, we cultivated V. harveyi lux(+) bacteria and luxA mutants in mixed cultures. Initial cultures were mixed to obtain a culture consisting of roughly 50% lux(+) cells and 50% luxA mutants. Then bacteria were cultivated for several days and ratio of luminescent to dark bacteria was measured. Under these conditions, luxA mutants became highly predominant within a few days of cultivation. This indicates that, without a selective pressure, the luminescence is a disadvantage for bacteria, perhaps due to consumption of significant portion of cell energy. However, when the same experiments were repeated but cultures were irradiated with low UV doses, luminescent bacteria started to predominate shortly after the irradiation. Therefore, we conclude that stimulation of photoreactivation may be an evolutionary drive for bacterial bioluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Czyz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (affiliated with the University of Gdańsk), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
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15
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Kuczyńska-Wisńik D, Laskowska E, Taylor A. Transcription of the ibpB heat-shock gene is under control of sigma(32)- and sigma(54)-promoters, a third regulon of heat-shock response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 284:57-64. [PMID: 11374870 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the ibpAibpB heat-shock operon of Escherichia coli was found previously not to conform to the known pattern of expression of the sigma(32)-regulated operons because the rpoH gene mutation inactivating the sigma(32) protein did not abolish the ibp induction. We show here that this effect can depend partly on the sigma(54)-promoter that is inducible by heat shock, located upstream of the ibpB, the distal gene of the operon. It may also depend on a metabolic signal, postulated by others, and possibly required for the expression of the ibpAB genes. Thus, the ibpB gene can be translated from the transcript covering the whole operon starting from the sigma(32)-promoter and from the ibpB gene transcript starting from the sigma(54)-promoter. These results indicate that the ibpB gene is a second member of the sigma(54)-heat-shock regulon in E. coli besides pspA-E operon. Thus, heat-shock response involves three regulons controlled by sigma(32), sigma(24), and sigma(54) RNA polymerase subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kuczyńska-Wisńik
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Gdańsk, Kladki 24, Gdańsk, 80 822, Poland
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Czyz A, Zielke R, Konopa G, Wegrzyn G. A Vibrio harveyi insertional mutant in the cgtA (obg, yhbZ) gene, whose homologues are present in diverse organisms ranging from bacteria to humans and are essential genes in many bacterial species. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:183-91. [PMID: 11160812 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-1-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cgtA gene product is a member of the subfamily of small GTP-binding proteins that have been identified in diverse organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. In bacteria that sporulate or display another special developmental programme, this gene (referred to as cgtA, obg or yhbZ) appears to be involved in the regulation of these processes. However, this gene has also been found to be essential in all bacterial species investigated to date, although its role in bacteria that do not sporulate and do not undergo a specific development remains unknown. Here the authors characterize a Vibrio harveyi mutant bearing a transposon insertion into the cgtA gene. This mutant reveals a multiple phenotype: it grows more slowly than the wild-type strain in a rich medium; its growth is completely inhibited in minimal media; its survival in 3% NaCl is dramatically reduced; it is very sensitive to UV irradiation; it is more susceptible to mutation upon treatment with different mutagens; its luminescence is decreased; its quorum-sensing regulation is less effective than in the wild-type strain; and the elongated shape of the mutant cells may suggest problems with the regulation of cell division and/or DNA replication. These defects in diverse cellular processes found in the insertional cgtA mutant of V. harveyi indicate that in a bacterium that does not sporulate and does not display other special development programmes, the CgtA protein is involved in the regulation of many crucial biochemical reactions, possibly at the stage of signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Czyz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (affiliated with the University of Gdansk), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
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17
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Czyz A, Jasiecki J, Bogdan A, Szpilewska H, Wegrzyn G. Genetically modified Vibrio harveyi strains as potential bioindicators of mutagenic pollution of marine environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:599-605. [PMID: 10653723 PMCID: PMC91868 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.2.599-605.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For biodetection of mutagenic pollution of marine environments, an organism naturally occurring in these habitats should be used. We found that marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi may be an appropriate bioindicator of mutagenic pollution. For positive selection of mutants, we developed a simple method for isolation of V. harveyi mutants resistant to neomycin. We constructed genetically modified V. harveyi strains that produce significantly more neomycin-resistant mutants upon treatment with low concentrations of mutagens than the wild-type counterpart. The sensitivity of the mutagenicity test with the V. harveyi strains is at least comparable to (if not higher than) that of the commonly used Ames test, which uses Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains. Therefore, we consider that the V. harveyi strains described in this report could be used as potential bioindicators of mutagenic pollution of marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Czyz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Poland
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18
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Czyz A, Wróbel B, Węgrzyn G. Vibrio harveyi bioluminescence plays a role in stimulation of DNA repair. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2000; 146 ( Pt 2):283-288. [PMID: 10708366 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-2-283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the genetics and biochemistry of bacterial luminescence have been investigated extensively, the biological role of this phenomenon remains unclear. Here it is shown that luxA, luxB and luxD mutants (unable to emit light) of the marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi are significantly more sensitive to UV irradiation when cultivated in the dark after irradiation than when cultivated under a white fluorescent lamp. This difference was much less pronounced in the wild-type (luminescent) V. harveyi strain. Survival of UV-irradiated Escherichia coli wild-type cells depended on subsequent cultivation conditions (in the dark or in the presence of external light). However, after UV irradiation, the percentage of surviving E. coli cells that bear V. harveyi genes responsible for luminescence was significantly higher than that of non-luminescent E. coli, irrespective of the subsequent cultivation conditions. Moreover, it is demonstrated that luminescence of V. harveyi can be stimulated by UV irradiation even in diluted cultures, under conditions when light emission by these bacteria is normally impaired due to quorum sensing regulation. It is proposed that luminescent bacteria have an internal source of light which could be used in DNA repair by a photoreactivation process. Therefore, production of internal light ensuring effective DNA repair seems to be at least one of the biological functions of bacterial luminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Czyz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland1
| | - Borys Wróbel
- Marine Biology Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Św. Wojciecha 5, 81-347 Gdynia, Poland2
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland1
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Macario AJ, Conway de Macario E. The archaeal molecular chaperone machine: peculiarities and paradoxes. Genetics 1999; 152:1277-83. [PMID: 10430558 PMCID: PMC1460693 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/152.4.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A major finding within the field of archaea and molecular chaperones has been the demonstration that, while some species have the stress (heat-shock) gene hsp70(dnaK), others do not. This gene encodes Hsp70(DnaK), an essential molecular chaperone in bacteria and eukaryotes. Due to the physiological importance and the high degree of conservation of this protein, its absence in archaeal organisms has raised intriguing questions pertaining to the evolution of the chaperone machine as a whole and that of its components in particular, namely, Hsp70(DnaK), Hsp40(DnaJ), and GrpE. Another archaeal paradox is that the proteins coded by these genes are very similar to bacterial homologs, as if the genes had been received via lateral transfer from bacteria, whereas the upstream flanking regions have no bacterial markers, but instead have typical archaeal promoters, which are like those of eukaryotes. Furthermore, the chaperonin system in all archaea studied to the present, including those that possess a bacterial-like chaperone machine, is similar to that of the eukaryotic-cell cytosol. Thus, two chaperoning systems that are designed to interact with a compatible partner, e.g., the bacterial chaperone machine physiologically interacts with the bacterial but not with the eucaryal chaperonins, coexist in archaeal cells in spite of their apparent functional incompatibility. It is difficult to understand how these hybrid characteristics of the archaeal chaperoning system became established and work, if one bears in mind the classical ideas learned from studying bacteria and eukaryotes. No doubt, archaea are intriguing organisms that offer an opportunity to find novel molecules and mechanisms that will, most likely, enhance our understanding of the stress response and the protein folding and refolding processes in the three phylogenetic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Macario
- Wadsworth Center, Division of Molecular Medicine, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA.
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