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Ramachandrappa S, Kulkarni A, Gandhi H, Ellis C, Hutt R, Roberts L, Hamid R, Papageorghiou A, Mansour S. SHOX haploinsufficiency presenting with isolated short long bones in the second and third trimester. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:350-358. [PMID: 29330548 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-017-0080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the transcription factor short stature homeobox (SHOX) manifests as a spectrum of clinical phenotypes, ranging from disproportionate short stature and Madelung deformity to isolated short stature. Here, we describe five infants with molecularly confirmed diagnoses of SHOX haploinsufficiency who presented in utero with short long bones during routine antenatal scanning from as early as 19 weeks gestation. Other foetal growth parameters were normal. The molecular basis of SHOX haploinsufficiency was distinct in each case. In four cases, SHOX haploinsufficiency was inherited from a previously undiagnosed parent. In our de novo case, SHOX haploinsufficiency reflected the formation of a derivative sex chromosome during paternal meiosis. Final adult height in the SHOX-deficient parents ranged from -1.9 to -1.2 SDS. All affected parents had disproportionately short limbs and two affected mothers had bilateral Madelung deformity. To our knowledge, SHOX haploinsufficiency has not previously been reported to present in utero. Our experience illustrates that SHOX deficiency should form part of the differential diagnosis of foetal short long bones and suggests a low threshold for genetic testing. This should be particularly targeted at, but not limited to, families with a history of features suggestive of SHOX deficiency. Data on the postnatal growth of our index cases is presented which demonstrates that antenatal presentation of SHOX haploinsufficiency is not indicative of severe postnatal growth restriction. Early identification of SHOX deficiency will enable accurate genetic counselling reflecting a good postnatal outcome and facilitate optimal initiation of growth hormone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetha Ramachandrappa
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Unit, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Abhijit Kulkarni
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Unit, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Hina Gandhi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Canada Avenue, Redhill, RH1 5RH, UK
| | - Cheryl Ellis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Wrythe Lane, Carshalton, SM5 1AA, UK
| | - Renata Hutt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Egerton Road, Guildford, GU2 7XX, UK
| | - Lesley Roberts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Egerton Road, Guildford, GU2 7XX, UK
| | - Rosol Hamid
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Croydon Health Services NHS Trust, London Road, Croydon, CR7 7YE, UK
| | - Aris Papageorghiou
- Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Sahar Mansour
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Unit, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
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Marchini A, Ogata T, Rappold GA. A Track Record on SHOX: From Basic Research to Complex Models and Therapy. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:417-48. [PMID: 27355317 PMCID: PMC4971310 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SHOX deficiency is the most frequent genetic growth disorder associated with isolated and syndromic forms of short stature. Caused by mutations in the homeobox gene SHOX, its varied clinical manifestations include isolated short stature, Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis, and Langer mesomelic dysplasia. In addition, SHOX deficiency contributes to the skeletal features in Turner syndrome. Causative SHOX mutations have allowed downstream pathology to be linked to defined molecular lesions. Expression levels of SHOX are tightly regulated, and almost half of the pathogenic mutations have affected enhancers. Clinical severity of SHOX deficiency varies between genders and ranges from normal stature to profound mesomelic skeletal dysplasia. Treatment options for children with SHOX deficiency are available. Two decades of research support the concept of SHOX as a transcription factor that integrates diverse aspects of bone development, growth plate biology, and apoptosis. Due to its absence in mouse, the animal models of choice have become chicken and zebrafish. These models, therefore, together with micromass cultures and primary cell lines, have been used to address SHOX function. Pathway and network analyses have identified interactors, target genes, and regulators. Here, we summarize recent data and give insight into the critical molecular and cellular functions of SHOX in the etiopathogenesis of short stature and limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Marchini
- Tumour Virology Division F010 (A.M.), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Oncology (A.M.), Luxembourg Institute of Health 84, rue Val Fleuri L-1526, Luxembourg; Department of Pediatrics (T.O.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; and Department of Human Molecular Genetics (G.A.R.), Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Tumour Virology Division F010 (A.M.), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Oncology (A.M.), Luxembourg Institute of Health 84, rue Val Fleuri L-1526, Luxembourg; Department of Pediatrics (T.O.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; and Department of Human Molecular Genetics (G.A.R.), Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gudrun A Rappold
- Tumour Virology Division F010 (A.M.), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Oncology (A.M.), Luxembourg Institute of Health 84, rue Val Fleuri L-1526, Luxembourg; Department of Pediatrics (T.O.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; and Department of Human Molecular Genetics (G.A.R.), Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Dobek WA, Kim HG, Walls CA, Chorich LP, Tho SP, Wang ZX, McDonough PG, Layman LC. Long-term follow-up of females with unbalanced X;Y translocations-reproductive and nonreproductive consequences. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:13. [PMID: 25737742 PMCID: PMC4347569 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Females with Xp;Yq translocations manifest short stature and normal fertility, but rarely have follow-up. The study purpose was to define the phenotype of a family with t(X;Y)(p22.3;q11.2), determine long-term reproductive function, and compare to all reported female cases. Methods Comprehensive clinical and molecular analyses were performed on the female proband, who had regular menses, normal endocrine function, and three pregnancies spanning seven years--a normal liveborn male and two with unbalanced translocations (liveborn female and stillborn male). Results The translocation truncated KAL1 and deleted 44 genes on der(X). Our report constitutes the longest follow-up of an X;Y translocation female. She had no evidence of Kallmann syndrome, gonadoblastoma, or cardiovascular disease. Detailed analysis of 50 published female cases indicated a uniform lack of follow-up and significant morbidity—intellectual disability (10%), facial dysmorphism (28%), eye abnormalities (14%), and skeletal defects (28%). Conclusions Our findings indicate normal ovarian function to date in a woman with an t(X;Y)(p22.3;q11.2). However, additional published studies in the literature suggest careful follow-up is necessary and contradict the generalization that females with Xp;Yq translocations are usually normal except for short stature. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13039-015-0112-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney A Dobek
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA USA ; Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Cedric A Walls
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Lynn P Chorich
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA USA ; Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Sandra Pt Tho
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA USA ; Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Zi-Xuan Wang
- Department of Surgery and Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Paul G McDonough
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA USA ; Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Lawrence C Layman
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA USA ; Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA USA ; Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA USA
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4
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Gatta V, Palka C, Chiavaroli V, Franchi S, Cannataro G, Savastano M, Cotroneo AR, Chiarelli F, Mohn A, Stuppia L. Spectrum of phenotypic anomalies in four families with deletion of the SHOX enhancer region. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 15:87. [PMID: 25056248 PMCID: PMC4112833 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-15-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SHOX alterations have been reported in 67% of patients affected by Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD), with a larger prevalence of gene deletions than point mutations. It has been recently demonstrated that these deletions can involve the SHOX enhancer region, rather that the coding region, with variable phenotype of the affected patients.Here, we report a SHOX gene analysis carried out by MLPA in 14 LWD patients from 4 families with variable phenotype. CASE PRESENTATION All patients presented a SHOX enhancer deletion. In particular, a patient with a severe bilateral Madelung deformity without short stature showed a homozygous alteration identical to the recently described 47.5 kb PAR1 deletion. Moreover, we identified, for the first time, in three related patients with a severe bilateral Madelung deformity, a smaller deletion than the 47.5 kb PAR1 deletion encompassing the same enhancer region (ECR1/CNE7). CONCLUSIONS Data reported in this study provide new information about the spectrum of phenotypic alterations showed by LWD patients with different deletions of the SHOX enhancer region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gatta
- Department of Psychological, Humanities and Territory Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G, d'Annunzio" University of Chieti, via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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5
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Mazen IM, Kamel AK, Mohamed AM, Hussien HA, Essawi ML, Hassan HA, El-Ruby MO, Aref A, Mekkawy MK. Unique karyotype: mos 46,X,dic(X;Y)(p22.33;p11.32)/ 45,X/45,dic(X;Y)(p22.33;p11.32) in an Egyptian patient with Ovotesticular disorder of sexual development. Sex Dev 2013; 7:235-43. [PMID: 23689268 DOI: 10.1159/000351039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovotesticular disorder of sexual development (OT-DSD) is an unusual form of DSD, characterized by the coexistence of testicular and ovarian tissue in the same individual. In this report, we present clinical, cytogenetic and molecular data of an Egyptian patient with ambiguous genitalia and OT-DSD, who had a unique karyotype comprising 3 different cell lines: mos 46,X,dic(X;Y)(p22.33;p11.32)/45,X/ 45,dic(X;Y)(p22.33;p11.32). This mosaic karyotype probably represents 2 different events: abnormal recombination between the X and Y chromosomes during paternal meiosis and postzygotic abnormality in mitotic segregation of the dic(X;Y) chromosome, resulting in a mosaic karyotype. The presence of the sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene explains the development of testicular tissue. On the other hand, other factors, including the presence of a 45,X cell line, partial SRY deletion, X inactivation pattern, and position effect, could be contributed to genital ambiguity. Explanation of the patient's phenotype in relation to the genotype is discussed with a literature review. We conclude that FISH analysis with X- and Y-specific probes and molecular analysis of the SRY gene are highly recommended and allow accurate diagnosis for optimal management of cases with ambiguous genitalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Mazen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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6
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Chen CP, Su YN, Chern SR, Su JW, Chen YT, Lee CC, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis and array comparative genomic hybridization characterization of a de novo X;Y translocation. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 51:485-8. [PMID: 23040947 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2012.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Guichard G, Rebibou JM, Ducloux D, Simula-Faivre D, Tiberghien P, Chalopin JM, Bittard H, Saas P, Kleinclauss F. Lymphocyte Subsets in Renal Transplant Recipients with de novo Genitourinary Malignancies. Urol Int 2008; 80:257-63. [DOI: 10.1159/000127337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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Abstract
The Short Stature Homeobox-containing Gene SHOX was identified as the genetic cause of the short stature phenotype in patients with Turner Syndrome and in certain patients with idiopathic short stature. Shortly after, SHOX mutations were also associated with the growth failure and skeletal deformities seen in patients with Léri - Weill dyschondrosteosis and Langer mesomelic dysplasia. Today it is estimated that SHOX mutations occur with an incidence of roughly 1:1,000 in newborns, making mutations of this gene one of the most common genetic defects leading to growth failure in humans. This review summarises the involvement of SHOX in several short stature syndromes and describes recent advances in our understanding of SHOX functions and regulation. We also discuss the current evidence in the literature that points to a role of this protein in growth and bone development. These studies have improved our knowledge of the SHOX gene and protein functions, and have given insight into the etiopathogenesis of short stature. However, the exact role of SHOX in bone development still remains elusive and poses the next major challenge for researchers in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Marchini
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Inserm U375, Heidelberg, Germany.
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9
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Gatta V, Antonucci I, Morizio E, Palka C, Fischetto R, Mokini V, Tumini S, Calabrese G, Stuppia L. Identification and characterization of different SHOX gene deletions in patients with Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosys by MLPA assay. J Hum Genet 2006; 52:21-27. [PMID: 17091221 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-006-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Deletions of the SHOX gene (Xp22-Yp11.3) are associated with Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosys (LWD) and idiopathic short stature. It has been estimated that SHOX deletions occur in 1,000-2,000 individuals in the total population, suggesting that this alteration should be investigated in all cases with unexplained short stature. SHOX deletions are currently investigated using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or molecular analysis of intragenic CA repeats. However, both techniques show some limitations. In the present study, the use of the multiple ligation probe amplification (MLPA) assay for the identification and characterization of SHOX deletions in 15 LWD patients, 3 of which carriers of chromosome abnormalities involving the SHOX gene, is reported. MLPA analysis demonstrated the heterozygous deletion of SHOX in seven patients (46.6%), disclosing the presence of two different proximal breakpoints. In patients with abnormal karyotype, MLPA analysis was able to identify the chromosomal rearrangement, showing, in addition to the SHOX deletions, the gain or loss of other genes mapped on the X and Y chromosomes. Since MLPA analysis can be carried out on a simple buccal swab, avoiding invasive peripheral blood collection, this technique represents a fast, simple and high throughput approach in the screening of SHOX deletions, able to provide more information as compared to FISH and microsatellite analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gatta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Via dei Vestini 35, Chieti-Pescara, 66013, Italy
| | - Ivana Antonucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Via dei Vestini 35, Chieti-Pescara, 66013, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Palka
- IRCCS-CSS San Giovanni Rotondo and CSS-Mendel Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Fischetto
- Azienda Ospedaliera ''Di Venere'' e ''Giovanni XXIII'', Sezione di Genetica Medica, Bari, Italy
| | - Vahe Mokini
- Service of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Center "Mother Theresa", Tirana, Albania
| | - Stefano Tumini
- Dipartimento di Pediatria e Ginecologia, Università "G D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Via dei Vestini 35, Chieti-Pescara, 66013, Italy
- Service of Human Genetics, Pescara Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Via dei Vestini 35, Chieti-Pescara, 66013, Italy.
- I.T.O.I.-CNR, Bologna, Italy.
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10
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Borie C, Léger J, Dupuy O, Hassan M, Ledu N, Lebbar A, Czernichow P, Eydoux P. Translocation (Y;22) resulting in the loss of SHOX and isolated short stature. Am J Med Genet A 2004; 125A:186-90. [PMID: 14981722 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements involving both chromosome Y and chromosome 22 are rare, and may result in a number of different phenotypes. We report on a 4-year-old child with short stature and a dicentric chromosome with a deletion of the distal end of chromosome Yp. The pregnancy was uneventful, until intra-uterine growth retardation was noted. Prenatal karyotyping showed a (Y;22) translocation. No structural fetal abnormality was shown at ultrasound examination, and the pregnancy went to term. A growth-retarded boy with an otherwise normal physical examination was delivered at 39 weeks. At age 4, the child had short stature (-3 SD) without mental retardation. Radiological examination of the wrist was normal. A blood karyotype confirmed the chromosomal rearrangement previously seen on the amniotic fluid cells. C-banding showed a dicentric chromosome, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with centromeric probes confirmed the presence of both chromosome Y and 22 centromeres on the derivative chromosome. The karyotype was thus 45,X,der(Y;22)(p11;q11)del(Y)(p11p11). Our patient's phenotype and chromosomal rearrangement prompted us to further investigate the distal Yp region. FISH using a subtelomeric probe showed a deletion of the distal Yp region. This technique also revealed that this chromosomal rearrangement resulted in the deletion of SHOX but not SRY. Although haploinsufficiency of SHOX may result in Léri-Weill Dyschondrosteosis, this diagnosis did not seem obvious in this young patient. This observation confirms the importance of FISH in the investigation of chromosomal abnormalities, and further delineates the phenotype of SHOX deleted patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Borie
- Cytogenetics Unit, Hospital Robert Debre, Paris, France
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11
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Morizio E, Stuppia L, Gatta V, Fantasia D, Guanciali Franchi P, Rinaldi MM, Scarano G, Concolino D, Giannotti A, Verrotti A, Chiarelli F, Calabrese G, Palka G. Deletion of the SHOX gene in patients with short stature of unknown cause. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 119A:293-6. [PMID: 12784295 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) study was performed in 56 patients with short stature of unknown cause in order to establish the role of deletion of the SHOX gene in this population. FISH analysis was carried out on metaphase spreads and interphase lymphocytes from blood smears using a probe specific for the SHOX gene. Deletion of SHOX was found in four patients (7.1%). No skeletal abnormalities were detected in these patients either at the physical examination or at X-rays of the upper and lower limbs. Present results indicate that SHOX plays an important role also in short stature of unknown cause, and FISH analysis appears as an easy, appropriate, and inexpensive method for the detection of SHOX deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Morizio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università "G D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
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12
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Cormier-Daire V, Huber C, Munnich A. Allelic and nonallelic heterogeneity in dyschondrosteosis (Leri-Weill syndrome). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 106:272-4. [PMID: 11891678 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dyschondrosteosis (DCS) is an autosomal dominant form of mesomelic dysplasia that has been recently ascribed to large-scale deletions and nonsense mutations of the SHOX gene on the pseudoautosomal region of chromosome X and Y [Belin et al., 1998: Nat Genet 19:67-69; Shears et al., 1998: Nat Genet 19:70-73]. Here, we report the molecular analysis of a total of 23 DCS families including 16 previously reported pedigrees [Belin et al., 1998: Nat Genet 19:67-69; Huber et al., 2001: J Med Genet 38:281-284] and 7 novel DCS families. Linkage analyses in 21 of 23 families were consistent with linkage to the pseudoautosomal region. However, in 2 of 23 families, linkage studies excluded SHOX as the disease-causing gene, suggesting that this condition is genetically heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cormier-Daire
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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13
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Wei F, Cheng S, Badie N, Elder F, Scott C, Nicholson L, Ross JL, Zinn AR. A man who inherited his SRY gene and Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis from his mother and neurofibromatosis type 1 from his father. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2001; 102:353-8. [PMID: 11503163 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20010901)102:4<353::aid-ajmg1481>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report on a man with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD). His father had NF1. His mother had LWD plus additional findings of Turner syndrome (TS): high arched palate, bicuspid aortic valve, aortic stenosis, and premature ovarian failure. The proband's karyotype was 46,X,dic(X;Y)(p22.3;p11.32). Despite having almost the same genetic constitution as 47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome, he was normally virilized, although slight elevation of serum gonadotropins indicated gonadal dysfunction. His mother's karyotype was mosaic 45,X[17 cells]/46,X,dic(X;Y)(p22.3;p11.32)[3 cells].ish dic(X;Y)(DXZ1 +,DYZ1 + ). The dic(X;Y) chromosome was also positive for Y markers PABY, SRY, and DYZ5, but negative for SHOX. The dic(X;Y) chromosome was also positive for X markers DXZ1 and a sequence < 300 kb from PABX, suggesting that the deletion encompassed only pseudoautosomal sequences. Replication studies indicated that the normal X and the dic(X;Y) were randomly inactivated in the proband's lymphocytes. LWD in the proband and his mother was explained by SHOX haploinsufficiency. The mother's female phenotype was most likely due to 45,X mosaicism. This family segregating Mendelian and chromosomal disorders illustrates extreme sex chromosome variation compatible with normal male and female sexual differentiation. The case also highlights the importance of karyotyping for differentiating LWD and TS, especially in patients with findings such as premature ovarian failure or aortic abnormalities not associated with isolated SHOX haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wei
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical School, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8591, USA
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14
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Stankiewicz P, Hélias-Rodzewicz Z, Jakubów-Durska K, Bocian E, Obersztyn E, Rappold GA, Mazurczak T. Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of two isodicentric Y chromosomes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2001; 101:20-5. [PMID: 11343332 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report the results of detailed molecular-cytogenetic studies of two isodicentric Y [idic(Y)] chromosomes identified in patients with complex mosaic karyotypes. We used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the structure and genetic content of the abnormal chromosomes. In the first patient, classical cytogenetics and FISH analysis with Y chromosome-specific probes showed in peripheral blood lymphocytes a karyotype with 4 cell lines: 45,X[128]/46,X,+idic(Y)(p11.32)[65]/47,XY,+idic(Y)(p11.32)[2]/47,X,+2idic(Y)(p11.32)[1]. No Y chromosome material was found in the removed gonads. For precise characterization of the Yp breakpoint, FISH and fiberFISH analysis, using a telomeric probe and a panel of cosmid probes from the pseudoautosomal region PAR1, was performed. The results showed that the breakpoint maps approximately 1,000 Kb from Ypter. The second idic(Y) chromosome was found in a boy with mild mental retardation, craniofacial anomalies, and the karyotype in lymphocytes 47,X,+idic(Y)(q11.23),+i(Y)(p10)[77]/46,X,+i(Y)(p10)[23]. To our knowledge, such an association has not been previously described. FISH and PCR analysis indicated the presence of at least two copies of the SRY gene in all analyzed cells. Using 17 PCR primers, the Yq breakpoint was shown to map between sY123 (DYS214) and sY121 (DYS212) loci in interval 5O in AZFb region. Possible mechanisms of formation of abnormal Y chromosomes and karyotype-phenotype correlations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stankiewicz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland.
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Palka G, Stuppia L, Guanciali Franchi P, Chiarelli F, Fischetto R, Borrelli P, Giannotti A, Fioretti G, Rinaldi MM, Mingarelli R, Rappold GA, Calabrese G. Short arm rearrangements of sex chromosomes with haploinsufficiency of the SHOX gene are associated with Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis. Clin Genet 2000; 57:449-53. [PMID: 10905666 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2000.570609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Twelve patients with different features of Turner syndrome, and with Xp and Yp rearrangements involving the pseudoautosomal region (PAR1) are described. In all patients, FISH analysis showed loss of one copy of the Short Stature Homeobox (SHOX)-containing gene. Ten patients had short stature and one disproportionate (mesomelic) normal stature, while the last one had normal stature. Skeletal abnormalities, including shortened ulna, were detected in nine subjects, and in six of them Madelung deformity was observed. These clinical data indicated a genotype phenotype correlation between haploinsufficiency of SHOX, and short stature and skeletal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Palka
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università G D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
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