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Lee YS, Park YH, Hwang G, Seo H, Ki SH, Bai S, Son C, Roh SM, Park SJ, Lee DS, Lee JH, Seo YM, Shon WJ, Jeon D, Jang M, Kim SG, Seo BM, Lee G, Park JC. Cpne7 deficiency induces cellular senescence and premature aging of dental pulp. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14061. [PMID: 38105557 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Once tooth development is complete, odontoblasts and their progenitor cells in the dental pulp play a major role in protecting tooth vitality from external stresses. Hence, understanding the homeostasis of the mature pulp populations is just as crucial as understanding that of the young, developing ones for managing age-related dentinal damage. Here, it is shown that loss of Cpne7 accelerates cellular senescence in odontoblasts due to oxidative stress and DNA damage accumulation. Thus, in Cpne7-null dental pulp, odontoblast survival is impaired, and aberrant dentin is extensively formed. Intraperitoneal or topical application of CPNE7-derived functional peptide, however, alleviates the DNA damage accumulation and rescues the pathologic dentin phenotype. Notably, a healthy dentin-pulp complex lined with metabolically active odontoblasts is observed in 23-month-old Cpne7-overexpressing transgenic mice. Furthermore, physiologic dentin was regenerated in artificial dentinal defects of Cpne7-overexpressing transgenic mice. Taken together, Cpne7 is indispensable for the maintenance and homeostasis of odontoblasts, while promoting odontoblastic differentiation of the progenitor cells. This research thereby introduces its potential in oral disease-targeted applications, especially age-related dental diseases involving dentinal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Seon Lee
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeoung-Hyun Park
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R&D Center, HysensBio Co., Ltd., Gwacheon, GyeonggiDo, Korea
| | - Geumbit Hwang
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyejin Seo
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si Hyoung Ki
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shengfeng Bai
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Son
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R&D Center, HysensBio Co., Ltd., Gwacheon, GyeonggiDo, Korea
| | - Seong Min Roh
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R&D Center, HysensBio Co., Ltd., Gwacheon, GyeonggiDo, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R&D Center, HysensBio Co., Ltd., Gwacheon, GyeonggiDo, Korea
| | - Dong-Seol Lee
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R&D Center, HysensBio Co., Ltd., Gwacheon, GyeonggiDo, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R&D Center, HysensBio Co., Ltd., Gwacheon, GyeonggiDo, Korea
| | - You-Mi Seo
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Jun Shon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Daehyun Jeon
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Jang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sahng G Kim
- Division of Endodontics, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Byoung-Moo Seo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gene Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK 21, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R&D Center, HysensBio Co., Ltd., Gwacheon, GyeonggiDo, Korea
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Bai S, Lee JH, Son C, Lee DS, Park JC. CPNE7 regenerates periodontal ligament via TAU-mediated alignment and cementum attachment protein-mediated attachment. J Clin Periodontol 2022; 49:609-620. [PMID: 35373365 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Once the periodontal ligament (PDL) is damaged, it is difficult to regenerate its characteristic structure. Copine7 (CPNE7) reportedly plays a functional role in supporting periodontal attachment and PDL alignment. Here we demonstrate the regulatory mechanism of CPNE7 coordination with cytoskeleton reorganization and cementum attachment protein (CAP)-mediated attachment in PDL regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression and localization of CPNE7, α-TUBULIN, ACTIN, and microtubule associated protein tau (TAU) were investigated in vitro. The effects of recombinant CPNE7 (rCPNE7) and CPNE7-derived peptides (CPNE7-DP) on the regulation of CAP were analysed in vitro, and PDL repair capacity was analysed in vivo. RESULTS CPNE7 co-localized with F-ACTIN and induced α-TUBULIN expansion to the edge of human PDL cells (hPDLCs). ACTIN and α-TUBULIN protein expressions were not elevated in rCPNE7-treated hPDLCs. rCPNE7 elevated the protein expression of TAU, which co-localized with F-ACTIN and α-TUBULIN. Replantation studies on mice revealed that well-attached and well-aligned PDLs were repaired in the rCPNE7 group. CPNE7-DP directly up-regulate the expression of CAP in vitro and promote PDL regeneration in three-wall defect canine models in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that CPNE7 helps in PDL repair by supporting PDL alignment through TAU-mediated cytoskeleton reorganization and direct regulation of CAP-mediated PDL attachments of PDLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfeng Bai
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R and D Center, HysensBio Co., Ltd., Gwacheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Son
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seol Lee
- Regenerative Dental Medicine R and D Center, HysensBio Co., Ltd., Gwacheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Regenerative Dental Medicine R and D Center, HysensBio Co., Ltd., Gwacheon-si, Republic of Korea
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Lee YS, Park YH, Seo YM, Lee HK, Park JC. Tubular dentin formation by TGF-β/BMP signaling in dental epithelial cells. Oral Dis 2022; 29:1644-1656. [PMID: 35199415 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify formation of tubular dentin induced by Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling pathway in dental epithelial cells. METHODS We collected conditioned medium (CM) of rTGF-β1/rBMP-2 treated HAT-7 and treated to MDPC-23 cells. The expression levels of odontoblast differentiation markers, KLF4, DMP1, and DSP were evaluated by real-time PCR and western blot analysis. To evaluate whether CM of rTGF-β1/rBMP-2 induces tubular dentin formation, we made a beagle dog tooth defect model. RESULTS Here, we show that Cpne7 is regulated by Smad4-dependent TGF-β1/BMP2 signaling pathway in dental epithelial cells. CM of rTGF-β1/rBMP-2 treated HAT-7, or rCPNE7 raises the expression levels of KLF4, DMP1, and DSP in MDPC-23 cells. When rTGF-β1 or rBMP-2 is directly treated to MDPC-23 cells, however, expression levels of Cpne7-regulated genes remain unchanged. In a beagle dog defect model, application of rTGF-β1/BMP2 treated CM resulted in tubular tertiary dentin mixed with osteodentin at cavity-prepared sites, while rTGF-β1 group exhibited homogenous osteodentin. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, Smad4-dependent TGF-β1/BMP2 signaling regulates Cpne7 in dental epithelial cells, and CPNE7 protein secreted from pre-ameloblasts mediates odontoblast differentiation via epithelial-mesenchymal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Seon Lee
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanakro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoung-Hyun Park
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanakro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Regenerative Dental Medicine R and D Center, Hysensbio Co., Ltd, Seoul, South Korea
| | - You-Mi Seo
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanakro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Lee
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanakro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanakro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Park YH, Son C, Seo YM, Lee YS, Har A, Park JC. CPNE7-Induced Autophagy Restores the Physiological Function of Mature Odontoblasts. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:655498. [PMID: 33981704 PMCID: PMC8107363 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.655498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentin, which composes most of the tooth structure, is formed by odontoblasts, long-lived post-mitotic cells maintained throughout the entire life of the tooth. In mature odontoblasts, however, cellular activity is significantly weakened. Therefore, it is important to augment the cellular activity of mature odontoblasts to regenerate physiological dentin; however, no molecule regulating the cellular activity of mature odontoblasts has yet been identified. Here, we suggest that copine-7 (CPNE7) can reactivate the lost functions of mature odontoblasts by inducing autophagy. CPNE7 was observed to elevate the expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II (LC3-II), an autophagy marker, and autophagosome formation in the pre-odontoblast and mature odontoblast stages of human dental pulp cells. CPNE7-induced autophagy upregulated DSP and DMP-1, odontoblast differentiation and mineralization markers, and augmented dentin formation in mature odontoblasts. Furthermore, CPNE7 also upregulated NESTIN and TAU, which are expressed in the physiological odontoblast process, and stimulated the elongation of the odontoblast process by inducing autophagy. Moreover, lipofuscin, which progressively accumulates in long-lived post-mitotic cells and hinders their proper functions, was observed to be removed in recombinant CPNE7-treated mature odontoblasts. Thus, CPNE7-induced autophagy reactivated the function of mature odontoblasts and promoted the formation of physiological dentin in vivo. On the other hand, the well-known autophagy inducer, rapamycin, promoted odontoblast differentiation in pre-odontoblasts but did not properly reactivate the function of mature odontoblasts. These findings provide evidence that CPNE7 functionally reactivates mature odontoblasts and introduce its potential for dentinal loss-targeted clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeoung-Hyun Park
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Regenerative Dental Medicine R and D Center, HysensBio Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul Son
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - You-Mi Seo
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon Seon Lee
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Alix Har
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Laboratory for the Study of Regenerative Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Regenerative Dental Medicine R and D Center, HysensBio Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
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Tanaka Y, Sonoda S, Yamaza H, Murata S, Nishida K, Kyumoto-Nakamura Y, Uehara N, Nonaka K, Kukita T, Yamaza T. Acetylsalicylic Acid Treatment and Suppressive Regulation of AKT Accelerate Odontogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells from the Apical Papilla. J Endod 2019; 45:591-598.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Miyazaki T, T. Baba T, Mori M, Komori T. Collapsin Response Mediator Protein 1, a Novel Marker Protein for Differentiated Odontoblasts. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2018; 51:185-190. [PMID: 30647493 PMCID: PMC6328366 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.18030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the terminal differentiation of odontoblasts was inhibited in Runx2 transgenic {Tg(Col1a1-Runx2)} mice under the control of the 2.3-kb Col1a1 promoter. Odontoblasts in Tg(Col1a1-Runx2) mice lose their characteristic long cellular processes, and show marked reductions in the protein levels of markers for odontoblasts, such as dentin sialophosphoprotein, nestin, and microtubule-associated protein tau (Mapt). We herein demonstrated that collapsin response mediator protein 1 (CRMP1), a neuronal phosphoprotein that participates in various aspects of neuronal development, was specifically expressed in the differentiated odontoblasts of wild-type, but not Tg(Col1a1-Runx2) tooth germs by comparing expression profiles in wild-type and Tg(Col1a1-Runx2) mouse molars using microarray and immunohistochemical analyses. CRMP1 expression was detected at a slightly later differentiation stage in odontoblasts than type 1 collagen, nestin, and Mapt expression, which was observed from the onset of dentinogenesis. Among these proteins, CRMP1 was the most specifically localized in odontoblasts in the tooth germ. In erupted molars, odontoblast-specific CRMP1 expression decreased with age. These results indicate that CRMP1 is a novel marker protein for differentiated odontoblasts in mouse tooth germs, and suggest that CRMP1 participates in the morphogenesis of functioning odontoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Miyazaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tomomi T. Baba
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Masako Mori
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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Tanaka Y, Sonoda S, Yamaza H, Murata S, Nishida K, Hama S, Kyumoto-Nakamura Y, Uehara N, Nonaka K, Kukita T, Yamaza T. Suppression of AKT-mTOR signal pathway enhances osteogenic/dentinogenic capacity of stem cells from apical papilla. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:334. [PMID: 30486861 PMCID: PMC6264601 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP) are a subpopulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from the apical papilla of the developing tooth root apex of human teeth. Because of their osteogenic/dentinogenic capacity, SCAP are considered as a source for bone and dentin regeneration. However, little is understood about the molecular mechanism of osteogenic/dentinogenic differentiation of SCAP. Phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal pathway participates in regulating the differentiation of various cell types, such as MSCs. In this study, we examined the role of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signal pathway in the osteogenic/dentinogenic differentiation of SCAP. Moreover, we challenge to fabricate scaffold-free SCAP-based spheroidal calcified constructs. METHODS SCAP were pretreated with or without small interfering RNA for AKT (AKT siRNA), PI3K inhibitor LY294402, and mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and were cultured under osteogenic/dentinogenic differentiation to examine in vitro and in vivo calcified tissue formation. Moreover, SCAP-based cell aggregates were pretreated with or without LY294402 and rapamycin. The cell aggregates were cultured under osteogenic/dentinogenic condition and were analyzed the calcification of the aggregates. RESULTS Pretreatment with AKT siRNA, LY294402, and rapamycin enhances the in vitro and in vivo calcified tissue-forming capacity of SCAP. SCAP were fabricated as scaffold-free spheroids and were induced into forming calcified 3D constructs. The calcified density of the spheroidal constructs was enhanced when the spheroids were pretreated with LY294402 and rapamycin. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the suppression of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signal pathway plays a role in not only enhancing the in vivo and in vitro osteogenic/dentinogenic differentiation of SCAP, but also promoting the calcification of scaffold-free SCAP-based calcified constructs. These findings suggest that a suppressive regulation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signal pathway is a novel approach for SCAP-based bone and dentin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Tanaka
- Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Soichiro Sonoda
- Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Haruyoshi Yamaza
- Division of Oral Health, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Growth & Development, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sara Murata
- Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kento Nishida
- Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Kyushu University School of Dentistry, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shion Hama
- Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Kyushu University School of Dentistry, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yukari Kyumoto-Nakamura
- Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Norihisa Uehara
- Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nonaka
- Division of Oral Health, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Growth & Development, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshio Kukita
- Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Yamaza
- Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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